改进无线传感器网络路由算法的仿真研究

研究无线传感器路由高层设计的优化问题,由于无线传感器的节点能量有限,传统无线传感器路由算法存在簇首机制不合理、节点能耗不均衡、整个网络生命周期短等问题.为了延长整个网络生命周期,提出一种改进的无线传感器路由算法.算法首先将网络监测区域划分为若干个子区域,并采用静态分簇方式建立簇首,保证簇首选举的合理性,然后采用单跳和多跳相结合的混合通信方式,使网络负载更加均衡,防止节点能量过早耗完,最后利用NS2仿真工具对算法进行测试实验.实验结果表明,改进无线传感器路由算法使簇首选择更加合理,减少了能量消耗,网络负载更加均衡,有效延长了整个网络的生命周期.     

多级能量异构传感器网络能量有效的路由算法

能量异构在无线传感器网络中普遍存在,由于多级能量异构无线传感器网络节点的初始能量在一定范围内随机分布,为了能有效地利用节点能量的异构性降低网络能耗、延长网络稳定周期,提出一种适用于能量异构环境的多级能量异构传感器网络能量有效的路由算法。节点根据其当前剩余能量与网络平均能量的比值决定其成为簇首的概率,通过调整节点的阈值,并基于此决定是否成为簇首,且在簇间采用多跳路由协议。仿真结果表明多级能量异构传感器网络能量有效的路由算法可以有效地均衡网络能量消耗,延长网络稳定周期。     

基于云安全模型的簇状树形无线传感器网络路由协议

由于传统的簇状树形无线传感器网络路由协议簇首能耗方差较大,导致存活节点数量和节点剩余能量较少,降低了无线传感器网络的使用寿命,为此设计一种基于云安全模型的簇状树形无线传感器网络路由协议。通过计算簇状树形无线传感器网络在接收与发送数据时的传输能耗,利用云安全模型获取云安全态势各种要素之间的不确定关系,预测节点的综合信任值,以预测结果为基础,采用蚁群算法获取分区节点的最优路径,完成簇状树形无线传感器网络路由协议。实验结果表明,本文设计的路由协议簇首能耗方差较小,存活节点数和节点剩余能量更多,接收数据包量比其他2种协议分别高出了48.1%和22.6%。由此可见,本文设计的路由协议延长了簇状树形无线传感器网络的使用寿命。     

ZigBee传感网络Cluster-Tree改进路由算法研究

ZigBee技术的无线传感器网络是基于分布式地址分配的一种支持拓扑变化、节点移动的新型无线传感网络,拥有强大的自组网能力.针对ZigBee网络的Cluster-Tree算法对簇首能量要求高及节点间非最佳路由的问题,结合节点能量分析提出新的簇首产生办法,并结合AODVjr算法的思路来寻求节点间的最佳路由.仿真结果表明,改进的算法能够有效地提高数据发送成功率,降低网络中的死亡节点数,减小端到端的报文传输时延,提高网络的使用价值.     

能耗均衡的多跳多路径认知分层路由算法

为了缓解频谱资源紧缺的现状,提高认知无线传感器网络能量消耗的均衡性,并减少网络的能量消耗,提出了一种适用于异构认知无线传感器网络的能耗均衡多跳多路径认知分层路由EMMCH算法。首先,根据节点剩余能量、节点位置和邻居节点密度改进了簇首选举概率;其次,结合竞争半径的概念,平衡区域簇首能耗;然后,根据节点信道可用性和剩余能量选举最优簇首,簇首总数依据动态选举的思想确定;最后,簇首节点选取剩余能量高、距离汇聚节点近且存在空闲信道的节点进行多跳传输路径规划,再结合沿途消耗和不均衡程度选取最优路径。仿真结果显示,与对比算法相比,EMMCH算法具有更长的生命周期、更高的稳定性、更多的数据传输量和更均衡的网络能耗。     

基于小样本无梯度学习的无线传感器网络分簇路由方法

针对无线传感器网络由于某些样本数量较少、网络节点间剩余能量差高,导致路由分簇困难、分类准确率低的问题,提出基于小样本无梯度学习的无线传感器网络分簇路由方法。采用条件生成对抗网络处理小样本数据,在有限样本中获取更丰富的信息,通过LEACH协议算法划分无线传感器网络中各传感器节点为簇,通过无梯度学习的GABP算法优化簇首节点和簇首数量,构建无线传感器网络分簇路由方法。实验结果表明,所提方法的簇首数量均分布在4个～7个处,最高网络节点间剩余能量差为0.015 8,网络寿命达到241轮,因此,所提方法能够选择更理想的簇首数量、增强网络能耗均衡性、延长网络寿命。     

基于最优分簇的能量异构无线传感器网络路由协议

为了进一步均衡网络能耗,延长网络生命周期,提出了一种基于最优分簇的能量异构无线传感器网络路由协议(OCRP).OCRP协议考虑了最优簇首数K,将待测区域划分为K个固定分区,优化了成簇过程;在簇首选择阶段,充分考虑了节点的剩余能量、整个网络的能量以及节点与基站之间的距离,改进了簇头选举机制.仿真结果表明,该协议在延长网络寿命和能量消耗方面的性能优于EH-LEACH和DEEC路由协议.     

一种新的基于LEACH的WSN路由算法

研究无线传感器网络路由算法,无线传感器网络由能量有限的节点组成,因此高效节能的路由算法是无线传感器网络组网的基础.针对低功耗自适应分簇(LEACH)路由算法存在簇首节点选择不合理以及簇首节点与基站在远距离通信过程中能量消耗大的不足,提出了一种改进的LEACH路由算法.改进的算法在簇建立阶段的簇首选举过程中,引入节点剩余能量因素,且进行均匀分簇,有效地降低剩余能量较小和位置不佳节点成为簇首的可能性,均衡了网络的能量消耗,在簇稳定工作阶段,节点间的数据传输采用单跳和多跳相结合的通信方式,从而降低网络能耗.仿真结果表明,与传统的LEACH算法相比,改进的LEACH算法能量均衡性更好,并显著地延长了网络的存活时间.     

优化聚类分簇结合自适应中继策略的双簇首WSNs路由算法

针对无线传感器网络中分簇路由算法节点能量利用率低、能量消耗不均匀等问题,提出了一种优化聚类分簇结合自适应中继策略的双簇首无线传感器网络路由算法.该算法对分簇路由协议中的三个阶段分别进行优化设计.成簇阶段,首先对双簇首模型下最优成簇规模与网络能耗的关系进行理论分析,然后使用改进的算术优化算法计算模糊C均值算法的初始聚类中心,提高了模糊C均值算法聚类成簇的准确率和鲁棒性.簇首选举阶段,引入双簇首策略,以节点的位置、能量和中心度为影响因子,根据承担任务的不同分别为内外簇首设计独立的簇首评价函数,以评价值为依据由节点分布式动态选举簇首减少了广播数量,同时可以将整个簇的能量负载平均分配到每个簇成员节点中.数据传输阶段,设置了多跳中继策略的距离适用条件,并以能量消耗速率为依据选择中继节点,避免了节点提前过载.仿真结果表明：在多种规模的网络中,该算法相较于对比算法在均衡网络负载、提高能量利用效率方面效果更好,从而延长了网络的有效感测时间.     

基于ZigBee的无线传感网络Cluster-Tree算法研究

ZigBee技术的无线传感器网络是基于分布式地址分配的一种支持拓扑变化、节点移动的新型无线传感网络,拥有强大的自组网能力。针对ZigBee网络的Cluster-Tree算法对簇首能量要求高及节点间非最佳路由的问题,结合节点能量分析提出新的簇首产生办法,并结合AODVjr算法的思路来寻求节点间的最佳路由。仿真结果表明,改进的算法能够有效地提高数据发送成功率,降低网络中的死亡节点数,减小端到端的报文传输时延,提高网络的使用价值。     

Joint routing, scheduling, and power control for multichannel wireless sensor networks with physical interference

Reliability and real-time requirements bring new challenges to the energy-constrained wireless sensor networks, especially to the industrial wireless sensor networks. Meanwhile, the capacity of wireless sensor networks can be substantially increased by operating on multiple nonoverlapping channels. In this context, new routing, scheduling, and power control algorithms are required to achieve reliable and real-time communications and to fully utilize the increased bandwidth in multichannel wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we develop a distributed and online algorithm that jointly solves multipath routing, link scheduling, and power control problem, which can adapt automatically to the changes in the network topology and offered load. We particularly focus on finding the resource allocation that realizes trade-off among energy consumption, end-to-end delay, and network throughput for multichannel networks with physical interference model. Our algorithm jointly considers 1) delay and energy-aware power control for optimal transmission radius and rate with physical interference model, 2) throughput efficient multipath routing based on the given optimal transmission rate between the given source-destination pairs, and 3) reliable-aware and throughput efficient multichannel maximal link scheduling for time slots and channels based on the designated paths, and the new physical interference model that is updated by the optimal transmission radius. By proving and simulation, we show that our algorithm is provably efficient compared with the optimal centralized and offline algorithm and other comparable algorithms.     

认知无线网适用于视频的分簇路由算法

随着可用频谱的日益稀缺和无线业务量剧增,认知无线网相关的研究逐渐成为热点;视频流具有延迟敏感、高带宽需求等特征,动态频谱分配环境下的路由设计和服务质量具有挑战性。针对该问题,为视频业务提出一种基于分簇的路由方法。考虑到频谱的异构性和动态分配特征,对网络节点的分簇规模进行分析和优化,获取能够降低传输失真的分簇方案,并提出一个基于重要度的簇头选举规则;在分簇的基础上设计了与频谱选择相结合的多媒体路由算法。仿真结果表明,该文提出的算法能够为认知环境下的视频传输提供可靠的峰值信噪比、视觉效果和服务质量保障。     

无线Ad Hoc网络中QoS感知的跨层资源分配算法

在分析无线Ad Hoc网络资源分配模型的基础上,提出一种QoS感知的跨层资源分配算法CL-QARA (cross layer QoS aware resource allocation).其主要思想是,引入价格作为资源分配的度量指标,以QoS带宽需求为参数,将网络层的动态资源分配信息与MAC层CSMA/CA接入机制相结合,以改进MAC层的冲突退避算法.设计了改进的退避算法和呼叫接入控制算法,以实现MAC层与网络层的跨层技术.通过QoS感知的资源分配算法和跨层技术协同工作,为QoS服务提供了业务保障.仿真结果表明,CL-QARA算法具有良好的收敛性和稳定性.与其他算法相比,CL-QARA能够有效地提供QoS保证,提高了网络的效用和性能.     

Heuristic routing with bandwidth and energy constraints in sensor networks

Most of the routing algorithms devised for sensor networks considered either energy constraints or bandwidth constraints to maximize the network lifetime. In the real scenario, both energy and bandwidth are the scarcest resource for sensor networks. The energy constraints affect only sensor routing, whereas the link bandwidth affects both routing topology and data rate on each link. Therefore, a heuristic technique that combines both energy and bandwidth constraints for better routing in the wireless sensor networks is proposed. The link bandwidth is allocated based on the remaining energy making the routing solution feasible under bandwidth constraints. This scheme uses an energy efficient algorithm called nearest neighbor tree (NNT) for routing. The data gathered from the neighboring nodes are also aggregated based on averaging technique in order to reduce the number of data transmissions. Experimental results show that this technique yields good solutions to increase the sensor network lifetime. The proposed work is also tested for wildfire application.     

IRPL: An energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

This study aims to overcome the disadvantages of the original RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy networks) routing protocol (RPL including problems with energy consumption and energy load balance). We developed a relatively balanced RPL – the improved protocol (IRPL). This protocol is based on an efficient clustering algorithm and an effective topology control model of the loop domain communication route. The clustering algorithm can be used to calculate the optimal number of cluster heads by assumption of the network model. Combined with the clustering probability model and the node competition mechanism, the cluster head node in the wireless sensor network was used to complete the clustering process. In the topology control model, the wireless sensor network was divided into concentric rings with equal areas. Nodes determined the best network route, depending on different levels of ring domain and the optimal forwarding communication area defined in this study. Simulation results indicate that the IRPL routing protocol can reduce overall network energy consumption, balance network energy consumption, and prolong network lifetime.     

A new approach to dynamic bandwidth allocation in Quality of Service networks: Performance and bounds

Efficient dynamic resource provisioning algorithms are necessary to the development and automation of Quality of Service (QoS) networks. The main goal of these algorithms is to offer services that satisfy the QoS requirements of individual users while guaranteeing at the same time an efficient utilization of network resources.In this paper we introduce a new service model that provides per-flow bandwidth guarantees, where users subscribe for a guaranteed rate; moreover, the network periodically individuates unused bandwidth and proposes short-term contracts where extra-bandwidth is allocated and guaranteed exclusively to users who can exploit it to transmit at a rate higher than their subscribed rate.To implement this service model we propose a dynamic provisioning architecture for intra-domain Quality of Service networks. We develop a set of dynamic on-line bandwidth allocation algorithms that take explicitly into account traffic statistics and users’ utility functions to increase users’ benefit and network revenue.Further, we propose a mathematical formulation of the extra-bandwidth allocation problem that maximizes network revenue. The solution of this model allows to obtain an upper bound on the performance achievable by any on-line bandwidth allocation algorithm.We demonstrate through simulation in realistic network scenarios that the proposed dynamic allocation algorithms are superior to static provisioning in providing resource allocation both in terms of total accepted load and network revenue, and they approach, in several network scenarios, the ideal performance provided by the mathematical model.     

Management,control, and design of integrated networks with real-time dynamic routing

Integrated real-time dynamic routing (IRR) networks provide dynamic routing features for multiple classes-of-service on an integrated transport network. In this paper it is shown that IRR networks allow reduced network management costs since with real-time dynamic routing a number of network operations are simplified or eliminated. These simplifications include eliminating the storage of voluminous routing tables in the network switches, eliminating the calculation of routing tables in network design, simplifying the routing administration operations which require downloading new routing information to the network, and eliminating the automatic rerouting function in on-line traffic management. A new bandwidth allocation technique is described here which is based on the optimal solution of a network bandwidth allocation model for IRR networks. The model achieves significant improvement in both the average network blocking and node pair blocking distribution when the network is in a congested state such as under peak-day loads. In a paper to appear in the next Journal issue we further describe a new algorithm for the transport design of IRR networks which achieves near-optimal capacity engineering. These optimization techniques attain significant capital cost reductions and network performance improvements by properly modeling the more efficient operation of IRR networks.     

A high performance optimal dynamic routing algorithm with unicast multichannel QoS guarantee in communication systems

Dynamic routing protocols play an important role in today??s networks. In communication networks, in a current data transmission session, failing nodes and links is a destructor event which loses packets immediately and it can also waste network resources and services seriously. Sometimes failing nodes can disconnect data transmission and, therefore, lost packets must be retransmitted by new session. In this situation, the routing algorithm must discard failed nodes and must repair paths of session by rerouting them. In this case, static routing algorithms and some existing dynamic routing algorithms cannot manage faulty paths fairly and network efficiency is seriously declined. The capability to compensate for topology changes is the most important advantage dynamic routing offers over static routing. An efficient dynamic routing algorithm tries to reroute and change faulty paths without disconnecting sessions and keeps packet transmission in a desirable rate. It is important to tell that a dynamic routing algorithm should provide multi essential parameters, such as acceptable delay, jitter, bandwidth, multichannel paths, virtual channel connections, label switching technology, optimal resource allocation, optimal efficiency in the case of multimedia, and real time applications. This paper proposes a new dynamic framework which transforms static routing algorithms to dynamic routing algorithms. Using the new dynamic framework, this paper constructs an Optimal Dynamic Unicast Multichannel QoS Routing (ODUMR) algorithm based on the Constrained Based Routing (CBR) and Label Switching Technology which is called as ODUMR Algorithm. The performance of ODUMR is analyzed by network simulator tools such as OpNet, MATLAB, and WinQSB. ODUMR produces results better than the existing static and dynamic routing algorithms in terms of necessary parameters.     

一种异构环境下覆盖多播网络路由算法

由于IP多播在部署上的困难,覆盖多播网络(overlay multicast networks,简称OMN)作为构建通用的多播服务平台的另一可行途径正不断为人们所认可.针对实时多媒体应用对带宽需求的异构性,研讨了异构环境下OMN的路由问题.通过对度约束模型进行扩展,描述了一种新的适应异构环境的OMN网络模型.采用分层的带宽分配策略,提出了一种异构环境下构造OMN最小延时半径多播树的启发式算法--分层的压缩树(1ayered compact tree,简称LCT)算法,并对其性质进行了理论证明和分析.仿真实验结果表明,随着分配带宽的减少,LCT算法能够有效地降低多播树的高度和网络资源使用量,并保持较低的多播树延时半径增幅.     

异构无线网络密集部署场景下高效网络接入及频谱分配

如何在异构网络重叠覆盖场景下实现动态耦合频谱资源高效分配以满足用户流量需求是下一代无线通信网络的重要挑战。综合考虑网络域频谱属性差异化及用户域需求多样化问题，以用户获得总带宽最大化为目标，将频谱资源分配建模为非线性多约束条件0-1整数规划问题，并设计了两种求解方法。首先，设计了一种基于改进匈牙利算法的化简方法，该方法通过对约束条件进行化简，将复杂模型转化为标准形式0-1规划，并通过对匈牙利算法进行改进，有效求解了该复杂的频谱分配问题；其次，设计了一种改进的遗传算法，把主网络干扰约束及次用户需求融合进适应度评估中，以修正不符合要求的基因，并利用精英主义思想保留优秀个体，以进化迭代到优秀个体。最后通过实验对提出的方法与粒子群优化方法的性能进行对比分析，实验结果显示化简方法具有较大的效率优势，而改进遗传算法可得到更大的带宽。