Information Quality Assessment for Facility Management

Assessing the quality of building information models (BIMs) is an important yet challenging task within the construction industry as projects are increasingly being delivered with BIM. This is particularly essential for facility management (FM) users as downstream information consumers that depend on the quality of models developed in the previous project phases. The research presented in this paper addresses this challenge by introducing a framework for information quality assessment (IQA) of BIMs for FM uses. The IQA framework is the outcome of an extensive study of two large owner organizations involving numerous BIM projects. The framework is structured based on the essential FM subjects: assets, spaces, and systems, and the model characteristics: objects, attributes, relationships, and spatial information. The framework is then operationalized through the development and evaluation of information quality (IQ) tests using BIM model checking tools across three projects with different levels of detail and complexity. The proposed IQA framework and associated tests advance the state of knowledge about BIM quality in terms of methods to represent and evaluate conformance to owner requirements.     

An approach to combine progressively captured point clouds for BIM update

Building information models (BIMs) provide opportunities to serve as an information repository to store and deliver as-built information. Since a building is not always constructed exactly as the design information specifies, there will be discrepancies between a BIM created in the design phase (called as-designed BIM) and the as-built conditions. Point clouds captured by laser scans can be used as a reference to update an as-designed BIM into an as-built BIM (i.e., the BIM that captures the as-built information). Occlusions and construction progress prevent a laser scan performed at a single point in time to capture a complete view of building components. Progressively scanning a building during the construction phase and combining the progressively captured point cloud data together can provide the geometric information missing in the point cloud data captured previously. However, combining all point cloud data will result in large file sizes and might not always guarantee additional building component information. This paper provides the details of an approach developed to help engineers decide on which progressively captured point cloud data to combine in order to get more geometric information and eliminate large file sizes due to redundant point clouds.     

Plane-based registration of construction laser scans with 3D/4D building models

With the development of building information modelling (BIM) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in the architecture, engineering, construction and facility management (AEC/FM) industry, the registration of site laser scans and project 3D (BIM) models in a common coordinate system is becoming critical to effective project control. The co-registration of 3D datasets is normally performed in two steps: coarse registration followed by fine registration. Focusing on the coarse registration, model-scan registration has been well investigated in the past, but it is shown in this article that the context of the AEC/FM industry presents specific (1) constraints that make fully-automated registration very complex and often ill-posed, and (2) advantages that can be leveraged to develop simpler yet effective registration methods.This paper thus presents a novel semi-automated plane-based registration system for coarse registration of laser scanned 3D point clouds with project 3D models in the context of the AEC/FM industry. The system is based on the extraction of planes from the laser scanned point cloud and project 3D/4D model. Planes are automatically extracted from the 3D/4D model. For the point cloud data, two methods are investigated. The first one is fully automated, and the second is a semi-automated but effective one-click RANSAC-supported extraction method. In both cases, planes are then manually but intuitively matched by the user. Experiments, which compare the proposed system to software packages commonly used in the AEC/FM industry, demonstrate that at least as good registration quality can be achieved by the proposed system, in a simpler and faster way. It is concluded that, in the AEC/FM context, the proposed plane-based registration system is a compelling alternative to standard point-based registration techniques.     

Automated continuous construction progress monitoring using multiple workplace real time 3D scans

In recent years, exponential growth has been detected in research efforts focused on automated construction progress monitoring. Despite various data acquisition methods and approaches, the success is limited. This paper proposes a new method, where changes are constantly perceived and as-built model continuously updated during the construction process, instead of periodical scanning of the whole building under construction. It turned out that low precision 3D scanning devices, which are closely observing active workplaces, are sufficient for correct identification of the built elements. Such scanning devices are small enough to fit onto workers’ protective helmets and on the applied machinery. In this way, workers capture all workplaces inside and outside of the building in real time and record partial point clouds, their locations, and time stamps. The partial point clouds are then registered and merged into a complete 4D as-built point cloud of a building under construction. Identification of as-designed BIM elements within the 4D as-built point cloud then results in the 4D as-built BIM. Finally, the comparison of the 4D as-built BIM and the 4D as-designed BIM enables identification of the differences between both models and thus the deviations from the time schedule. The differences are reported in virtual real-time, which enables more efficient project management.     

GIS+BIM的水利工程两层级架构智能建造系统研究

传统水利工程通常存在管理模式复杂、施工信息繁多、数据收集困难、可视化程度低等问题,研究在复杂管理模式下的信息化的工程管理手段,可有效提高水利工程管理的效率和水平,实现工程精细化管理。以海南省重大水利工程智能建造系统为例,提出 GIS + BIM 的水利工程两层级（集团级和项目级）架构的工程数字化管理系统的管理模式,可通过 PC 端和移动端 App 操作,结合工程建设期内各建设、监理、施工、设计及其他参建单位的工程建设管理需求,实现工程进度、质量、投资、安全等全要素的智能化管控。实际工程应用表明：该模式在复杂管理组织模式下能较快适应现场实际需求,发挥作用,为管理模式复杂的大型水利工程项目群施工期的建设管理提供参考。     

BIM perspective definition metadata for interworking facility management data

The purpose of this research is to suggest and develop a building information modeling (BIM) database based on BIM perspective definition metadata for connecting external facility management (FM) and BIM data, which considers variability and expandability from the user’s perspective. The BIM-based FM system must be able to support different use cases per user role and effectively extract information required by the use cases from various heterogeneous data sources. If the FM system’s user perspective becomes structurally fixed when developing the system, the lack of expandability can cause problems for maintenance and reusability. BIM perspective definition (BPD) metadata helps increase expandability and system reusability because it supports system variability, which allows adding or changing the user perspective even after the system has been developed. The information to be dealt with differs according to the user’s role, which also means that the data model, data conversion rules, and expression methods change per perspective. The perspective should be able to extract only the user-requested data from the heterogeneous system’s data source and format it in the style demanded by the user. In order to solve such issues, we analyzed the practice of FM and the benefits of using BIM-based FM, and we proposed a BPD that supports data extraction and conversion and created a prototype.     

长距离引调水工程建设期 BIM 技术应用研究

针对长距离引调水工程建设期线路长、现场监管难、参与方多沟通难等问题，以滇中引水工程建设期为例，根据项目特点及管理要求，建立 BIM 标准体系，创建建设期 BIM 模型，实现 BIM 协同，进行施工模拟及可视化交底。应用 BIM 技术实现电子沙盘及虚拟漫游，并通过 BIM 模型将建设期数据整合挂接至“智慧滇中引水”建设管理信息系统，融合 GIS 技术，进行工程建设辅助管理及文明施工监管，从而对安全质量、投资控制、进度管控、施工形象、现场监控等工程建设期核心内容，进行协同监测及管控并实现可视化图表展示，落实工程建设期的标准化和规范化管理，为 BIM 技术在长距离引调水工程的应用提供参考。     

A cloud approach to unified lifecycle data management in architecture,engineering, construction and facilities management: Integrating BIMs and SNS

The problem of data integration throughout the lifecycle of a construction project among multiple collaborative enterprises remains unsolved due to the dynamics and fragmented nature of the construction industry. This study presents a novel cloud approach that, focusing on China’s special construction requirements, proposes a series of as-built BIM (building information modeling) tools and a self-organised application model that correlates project engineering data and project management data through a seamless BIM and BSNS (business social networking services) federation. To achieve a logically centralised single-source data structure, a unified data model is constructed that integrates two categories of heterogeneous databases through the adoption of handlers. Based on these models, key technical mechanisms that are critical to the successful management of large amounts of data are proposed and implemented, including permission, data manipulation and file version control. Specifically, a dynamic Generalised List series is proposed to address the sophisticated construction file versioning issue. The proposed cloud has been successfully used in real applications in China. This research work can enable data sharing not only by individuals and project teams but also by enterprises in a consistent and sustainable way throughout the life of a construction project. This system will reduce costs for construction firms by providing effective and efficient means and guides to complex project management, and by facilitating the conversion of project data into enterprise-owned properties.     

A novel Data-Driven framework based on BIM and knowledge graph for automatic model auditing and Quantity Take-off

Model auditing is a critical step before conducting Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based Quantity Take-off (QTO) because these models may contain various human errors and mistakes, leading to insufficient semantic information and inconsistent modeling style in BIM models. The traditional object-oriented approach has difficulties in representing unstructured BIM data (e.g., interrelationships), while rule-based methods involve tremendous human efforts to develop rule sets, lacking flexibility for different requirements. Therefore, this study aims to establish a novel data-driven framework based on BIM and knowledge graph (KG) to represent unstructured BIM data for automatic inferences of auditing results of BIM model mistakes. It starts by establishing a BIM-KG data model via identifying required information for auditing purposes. Subsequently, BIM data is automatically transformed into the BIM-KG representations, the embeddings of which are trained using a knowledge graph embedding model. Automatic mechanisms are then developed to utilize the computable embeddings to effectively identify mistake BIM elements. The framework is validated using illustrative examples and the results show that 100% mistake elements can be identified successfully without human intervention.     

基于 BIM 及 3D GIS 的城市水务应用项目管理平台

通过分析上海市2018年水务重大工程建设项目的现状及水务重大工程2019年建设计划,上海市水务水利工程数量、体量和复杂度逐年增加。为了贯彻落实上海市及水务局关于推广BIM应用技术的文件精神,顺应政府工程监管信息化的发展,缓解工程管理监管难度,上海市水务局在前期已开展的相关BIM模型轻量化展示、3D GIS等关键技术预研的基础上,决定建设BIM数据中心及相应的水务应用管理协同平台。项目管理平台利用云架构,大数据,BIM,3D GIS,无人机数据采集等技术,系统基于B/S结构,BIM模型轻量化采用WebGL 3D绘图协议,实现二维与三维结合、实景和BIM模型结合。该平台在模型共享、工程数据共享、工程展示及监管中发挥了一定作用。     

基于BIM技术的建筑建模与成本控制

本论文根据潍坊市寒亭区农村住宅F9C住宅楼,建筑面积195.5 m2,使用面积169.7 m2,根据住宅图纸建立模型、通过建筑建模解决问题、运用BIM建模发现的问题。建立模型当中屋顶的绘制和玻璃斜板的绘制是难点,出于图纸设计和整体美观的考虑,改变部分墙体、楼板和玻璃斜板的坡度,使屋顶更加美观,优化了玻璃斜板的施工方法。由于BIM建模处于施工阶段的前一项工作,能够全面地体现整体建筑,做好数据信息和几何信息的控制,同时可以监控施工中工程信息的变化的同时更改信息实时记录,弥补了传统成本控制中事前控制和事中控制的缺失,不仅对图纸设计进行改良避免了施工过程的损失,还对工期和质量的控制保障有所提高。对于BIM这个新兴产品,在国内没有被广泛的接受,原因不单单包括大部分人对BIM的陌生和只有少数人拥有BIM技术,还包括计算机技术的提升和投资方不愿意对该业务资金的投入,BIM在国内发展缓慢。经过时间累计,BIM对工程成本控制的优点会被越来越多的人看到,也将会带动建筑业的发展。     

Automated facility inspection using robotics and BIM: A knowledge-driven approach

Facility inspection is crucial for ensuring the performance of built assets. A traditional inspection, characterized by humans’ physical presence, is laborious, time-consuming, and becomes difficult to implement because of travel restrictions amid the pandemic. This laborious practice can potentially be automated by emerging smart technologies such as robotics and building information model (BIM). However, little has been known on how such automation can be achieved, concerning the knowledge-intensive nature of facility inspection. To fill the gap, this research aims to develop a knowledge-driven approach that can synergize knowledge of diverse sources (e.g., explicit knowledge from BIM, and tacit experience in human minds) to allow autonomous implementation of facility inspection by robotic agents. At the core the approach is an integrated scene-task-agent (iSTA) model that formalizes engineering priori in facility management and integrates the rich contextual information from BIM. Experiments demonstrated the applicability of the approach, which can endow robots with autonomy and knowledge to navigate the challenging built environments and deliver facility inspection outcomes. The iSTA model is publicized online, in hope of further extension by the research community and practical deployment to enable automated facility inspection using robotics and BIM.     

大藤峡工程项目管理系统的设计与实现

为全面掌控大藤峡水利枢纽工程建设,在详细分析大藤峡水利枢纽工程项目建设基础上,基于项目管理软件产品的多种引擎支撑及功能模块的实现使系统数据互联互通,通过 BIM 技术建立模型实现工程建模可视化、虚拟化管理,完成大藤峡水利枢纽工程建设项目管理系统的建设。项目管理系统可为工程建设管理的各部门提供协同工作平台,实现数据信息的填报、发送、处理,以及业务的协同共享,提高大藤峡水利枢纽工程建设管理的信息化程度和项目投资预测水平。     

Artificial intelligence for BIM content management and delivery: Case study of association rule mining for construction detailing

The proliferation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) applications, in tandem with the extensive variation of building products, pose new demands on design and engineering firms to efficiently manage and reuse BIM content (i.e., data-rich parametric model objects and assembly details). Tasks such as classifying BIM objects, indexing them with meta-data (e.g., category), and searching digital libraries to load objects into models still plague practice with inefficient manual workflows. This research aims to improve the productivity of BIM content management and retrieval by developing an AI-backed BIM content recommender system. Using data from a case-study firm, this research extracted content from over 30,000 technical BIM views (e.g., plans, sections, details) in historical projects to build an unsupervised machine-learning prototype with association rule mining. This prototype explicated the strength of relationships among co-occurring BIM objects. Using this prototype as the backbone AI-engine in live BIM sessions, this research developed a context-aware recommender system that dynamically provides BIM users with a set of objects associable with their modeling context (e.g., type of view, existing objects in the model) and human–computer interactions (e.g., objects selected by the user). By mining association data from hundreds of historical projects, this development marks a departure from the existing prototypes that rely on explicit coding, recurring user input, or subjective ratings to recommend BIM content to users. The simulation and experimental implementation of this recommender system yielded high efficacy in predicting content needs and achieved significant savings in the time spent on conventional BIM workflows.     

基于4D-BIM的曲港高速公路质量与安全研究

摘 要：为增强高速公路施工质量安全管理水平,将 4D 与 BIM (4D-BIM)技术应用于项目施 工的实际管理过程中,开发了基于 BIM 的曲港(河北曲阳至黄骅港)高速公路建设管理系统。在高 速公路工程中,进行了施工安全与质量监控及分析,并应用了 4D-BIM 时变结构安全分析系统。 引入物联网、智能传感技术、数字监测等技术,对重点桥梁施工安全进行动态监测,实现基于物 联网施工的数字化管理,从而提升公路工程质量安全管理水平。为 BIM 在高速公路工程质量安 全管理中的应用提供了方法和实例,对深化施工阶段 BIM 应用具有重要价值。     

A BIM-Oriented Model for supporting indoor navigation requirements

Existing indoor navigation approaches such as navigation based on 2D geometries and pre-defined routing remain insufficient for many applications such as emergency response, delivery, utility maintenance and facility management. The insufficiencies caused by existing navigation approaches can be overcome by making use of the advanced semantic and geometric information included in intelligent building models. A key example of such models is Building Information Models (BIMs) which contain detailed geometric and semantic information about buildings. In fact, the BIMs’ structure is very complex for facilitating navigation. This paper presents a new BIM Oriented Modeling methodology resulting in the definition of a new BIM based model (BO-IDM) dedicated for facilitating indoor navigation. The paper later describes the transformation of information from a standard BIM (IFC) into the new model (BO-IDM). The innovation aspects of BO-IDM can be summarized as follows: (i) it provides highly detailed semantic information for indoor navigation and (ii) it represents the non-geo-referenced structure and complex geometries of BIMs with ISO 19107 compliant representations. Therefore this model is well suited for indoor navigation.     

基于层次分析法的BIM 内容库网站评价研究

随着计算机信息技术在建筑行业的应用不断普及,建筑信息模型(BIM)已经成为建 筑行业先进且实用的技术,在工程建设领域发挥着重要的作用。BIM 内容库是用来对建筑信息 模型中的构件进行存储和管理的数据系统,是为构建工程设施的BIM 模型提供最底层的构件资 源支撑。国内外现有的BIM 内容库普遍存在构件组织混乱、资源利用率低下的问题,学术界对 BIM 内容库的组织和利用的相关研究也很匮乏。通过对BIM 内容库相关网站进行了调查,运用 层次分析法对BIM 内容库网站进行评价研究,建立BIM 内容库网站的评价标准,寻找出最优 的BIM 内容库组织结构,为BIM 内容库网站建设提供理论基础和应用指导。     

Automated classification of building information modeling (BIM) case studies by BIM use based on natural language processing (NLP) and unsupervised learning

This paper comparatively analyzes a method to automatically classify case studies of building information modeling (BIM) in construction projects by BIM use. It generally takes a minimum of thirty minutes to hours of collection and review and an average of four information sources to identify a project that has used BIM in a manner that is of interest. To automate and expedite the analysis tasks, this study deployed natural language processing (NLP) and commonly used unsupervised learning for text classification, namely latent semantic analysis (LSA) and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). The results were validated against one of representative supervised learning methods for text classification—support vector machine (SVM). When LSA and LDA detected phrases in a BIM case study that had higher similarity values to the definition of each BIM use than the threshold values, the system determined that the project had deployed BIM in the detected approach. For the classification of BIM use, the BIM uses specified by Pennsylvania State University were utilized. The approach was validated using 240 BIM case studies (512,892 features). When BIM uses were employed in a project, the project was labeled as “1”; when they were not, the project was labeled as “0.” The performance was analyzed by changing parameters: namely, document segmentation, feature weighting, dimensionality reduction coefficient (k-value), the number of topics, and the number of iterations. LDA yielded the highest F1 score, 80.75% on average. LDA and LSA yielded high recall and low precision in most cases. Conversely, SVM yielded high precision and low recall in most cases and fluctuations in F1 scores.     

The recognition algorithm for lane line of urban road based on feature analysis

The building information model/modeling(BIM) technology is currently applied in a broad range of applications and research for facility management(FM), while the BIM-based mobile FM is difficult owing to various factors and environments. For example, the mobile applications usually require frequent cross-equipment compatibility. This paper proposes a reasonable BIM-based FM cross-platform framework and develops a mobile application on the basis of an existing BIM-based FM system. The developed mobile application is applied in a case study of a metro station project in Guangzhou to verify its effectiveness in FM practice. It helps maintenance staff in viewing BIMs, accessing related information, and updating maintenance records in a unique platform. The test results demonstrate that the proposed BIM-based cross-platform framework meet the FM application requirements and supports the extension of FM functions.     

生态河湖工程设计BIM技术全流程综合应用研究

为解决传统设计模式下手工设计效率低、二维图纸不直观、协同设计难开展及存在信息孤岛的问题,针对生态河湖工程设计阶段涉及的河道堤防、水工建筑物、生态景观及多专业协同,通过 BIM 技术建立更加真实的三维地形模型,进行参数化、联动式河道堤防设计,再建立水工、景观等建筑物 BIM 模型,利用多专业协同技术,对模型进行整合,构建 BIM 技术全流程设计体系。该体系贯穿整个设计阶段,对工程项目进行数字化、可视化表达,构建可实现各参与方协同工作、数据共享的同一数据模型,设计更快速高效,整个工程项目更加直观,可提高项目设计全流程精细化管理水平,显著提升工程生产效率、质量和社会经济效益。