基于宽波束激励的高帧频超声成像方法研究

超声成像的帧频是影响超声成像应用的一个关键因素,成像系统的帧频决定了系统捕捉运动组织的能力,如3D成像、心脏成像、彩色多普勒等。传统超声成像采用延迟聚焦方法可获得较好的图像,但成像帧频较低。目前提高超声成像帧频主要有平面波成像和宽波束激励成像两种方法。平面波成像是通过激励所有阵元同时发射并同时接收超声波,虽在帧频上获得了显著提高,但由于它使用非聚焦技术,分辨率的提高仍然比较有限,特别是当要维持较高帧率而使用较少的扫描角度时,得到的图像质量仍然不高。宽波束成像技术利用多阵元同时发射超声波、远点聚焦、动态实现孔径变迹等方法可极大地提高图像的帧频、均匀性和空间分辨率。文章通过美国 Verasonics公司 V-1数据采集系统采集宽波束数据,进行波束合成建立宽波束超声图像,并与平面波成像和传统聚焦成像技术进行了对比和分析。实验结果表明,相较于平面波成像和传统聚焦成像方法,宽波束成像具有更好的横向分辨率和轴向分辨率,且可获得比传统聚焦方法更高的帧频。     

水下三维场景实时成像系统

针对目前水下三维声纳实时成像系统前端信号通道多、波束形成计算量大的问题,提出一种基于现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）的水下三维场景实时成像系统。采用FPGA阵列控制多路信号同步采样,优化波束形成算法对海量数据进行并行处理,同时利用嵌入式处理器PowerPC控制系统,最终由主控PC完成三维图像实时显示。实验结果表明,该系统能够在水下200m的范围内实现分辨率为2cm的三维成像,三维图像刷新率可达20帧／秒。     

几种提高分布式雷达方位向分辨率方法的分析与比较

分析比较了三种提高分布式合成孔径雷达方位向分辨率的方法:时域扩频,展宽等效多普勒带宽,分辨率虽有提高,但存在频谱混叠,影响成像效果;提高频谱利用率,实现全孔径成像,达到理论分辨率,但多普勒分量提取以及模糊抑制的计算量过大;利用统计分析及估计理论对成像进行空域滤波虽然扩展了清晰成像面积,但没有提高绝对分辨率,且由于矩阵的伪逆操作,计算量惊人。针对上述算法的不足,借鉴扩频思想,提出空间频率滤波方法以改善合成信号的频域特性,从而提高方位向分辨率。给出了仿真结果以说明所提出方法的有效性。     

基于真延时的时控阵雷达波束形成方法

提出一种基于真延时的时控阵雷达方案,并给出时控阵雷达波束形成方法。该方法对信号带宽内所有频率分量实现波程差精确补偿,实现阵元回波的精确延时,解决了宽带相控阵雷达孔径渡越和频率色散的问题。文中以宽带线性调频信号为例进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,基于真延时的宽带时控阵不存在宽带相控阵的孔径渡越和频率色散的问题,提高了宽带阵列的天线增益、方位分辨率和距离分辨率。基于真延时的时控阵雷达波束形成技术对调制信号波形没有要求,可用于各种宽带和超宽带雷达。     

基于星载旋转扫描雷达的高分辨率实现

为了提高传统星载真实孔径雷达(微波散射计)空间分辨率、满足地球物理参数(雪水当量、冰雪冻融等)的观测需求,开展了扫描体制散射计的高分辨率分析和研究。基于距离向脉冲压缩处理和方位向多普勒处理技术,提出了一种旋转扫描体制下的分辨率提高方法。针对笔形波束圆锥扫描散射计的观测方位角在天线扫描过程中不断变化的特点,在正侧视和斜侧视时对模型分别进行了仿真验证。验证表明利用散射计旋转扫描多普勒信息能够建立与方位向分辨率的关系,可以有效提高微波散射计的空间分辨率。当正侧视时,方位向分辨率可以达到2km,斜前视或者斜后视时,方位向分辨率能够达到2~5km。针对雪水当量模型数据进行分析验证,设计的系统传递误差Kpc在5km分辨率下可以达到0.3,在2km分辨率下达到0.3~0.5。     

基于转台成像的SAR分辨率分析

传统SAR的分辨率公式在超宽带信号和大转动角度的成像情形下不再适用,故通过分析转台成像的点扩展函数,分析了SAR成像的方位向分辨率,特别是考虑了相对带宽对分辨率的影响,提出了超宽带信号下方位向分辨率的修正公式;并通过仿真实验,得出了大转动角度时方位向分辨率的经验公式,分析了转台成像的方位向极限分辨率.对于距离向分辨率,仅提供了分辨率的近似公式,并进行了距离向的极限分辨率分析.     

一种轨道宽带SAR数据采集与成像处理实验系统

提出了一种宽带合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统,用于检测伪装目标在电磁环境下的伪装效果。该系统采用数据中频接收和高速数字信号处理技术来实现高分辨率、高速二维成像。详细介绍了系统所采用的二维成像算法,并针对系统运动特性提出了一种相位补偿方法,从而大大提高了方位维聚焦精度。实测结果表明,系统工作正常,距离维和方位维分辨率均优于0.5 m。     

基于全球定位系统的高精度事件顺序记录系统

为了满足事件顺序记录（SOE）系统数百微秒级分辨率的要求,系统必须实现精确到微秒级的全局时钟同步。通过对现有同步方法的评估并对时钟同步过程误差产生原因的着重分析,利用全球定位系统（GPS）信号为时间源的网络时钟协议（NTP）校时服务器,提出了一种基于改进NTP服务器同步法和1PPS秒脉冲同步法相结合的新方法。新方法利用先进的NTP服务器同步全局秒时钟,消除控制站间时钟误差,并解决同步过程中出现的“跨秒”问题;用1PPS秒脉冲同步毫秒计数器时钟,消除现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）晶振累积误差。该方法实现简单,同步精度高,系统稳定性好。使用该同步方法实现的SOE系统分辨率达0.5ms,并成功应用于某火电厂汽轮机保护装置。     

MIMO阵列信号空时两维优化的生命探测设计

针对常规生命探测方法所存在的测距分辨力不高、在杂波环境中难以检测到微弱生命信号、没有横向(方位)探测能力等缺陷,该文提出一种采用MIMO阵列信号空时两维优化的生命探测方法,结合不同发射波形的频率差,进行综合脉冲处理以获得高的距离分辨率,解决距离定位问题。同时通过收发"同时波束形成",并且结合超分辨阵列信号处理方法来提高空间定位能力,并且通过自适应波束形成技术来提高系统抗干扰能力,以及通过长时间积累方法提高对目标速度分辨率。新方法具有距离、角度定位精度高,抗干扰能力强,同时具有精细的速度分辨潜力,在灾害环境下地杂波中对低频生命信号检测能力更强。     

基于遗传算法的宽带目标波束空间DOA估计

提出一种基于遗传算法的宽带目标到达方位(DOA)估计新方法,该方法首先通过傅立叶变换方法设计频域恒定束宽转换矩阵,并使用该矩阵将阵元空间的数据转换到波束空间,同时,利用宽带波束空间遗传算法进行DOA估计。计算机仿真表明:在低信噪比条件下该算法相比于CSS类子空间算法、CSS类最大似然算法和阵元空间遗传算法有更高的分辨概率,更小的均方误差。     

大斜视双基地SAR的二维可分离成像算法

提出了大斜视双基地SAR的二维可分离成像算法.首先建立了大斜视双基地SAR回波信号模型,并对其距离徙动和方位调频率的变化特性进行了分析;在此基础上,将二维可分离成像算法推广应用到了双基地SAR领域,解决了大斜视双基地SAR回波信号线性距离徙动补偿后方位调频率在方位向出现的空变性问题.算法采用了由平移不变双基地SAR几何关系所确定的新匹配函数,并考虑了3次相位项对成像效果的影响,改善了成像的效果.最后通过点目标仿真验证了算法的有效性.     

A novel spaceborne SAR wide-swath imaging approach based on Poisson disk-like nonuniform sampling and compressive sensing

Since the range swath width in the conventional single channel spaceborne synthetic aperture radar(SAR)is restricted by the system parameters,there is a trade-off between the azimuth resolution and the swath width in order to satisfy the Nyquist sampling criterion.In this paper,we propose a novel spaceborne SAR wide-swath imaging scheme based on compressive sensing(CS)for the sparse scene.The proposed method designs a Poisson disk-like nonuniform sampling pattern in the azimuth direction,which meets the demand of wider swath by restricting the smallest time interval between any two azimuth samples,with the conventional sampling pattern preserved in the range direction.By a similar way to the processing procedure of spectral analysis(SPECAN)algorithm,the linear range migration correction(RMC)is realized while carrying out range compression,which can meet the demand for focusing with middle level resolution.To reduce the computation load of CS reconstruction,we propose a novel fast reconstruction algorithm based on nonuniform fast Fourier transform(NUFFT),which greatly reduces the computation complexity from O(2M N)to O(4N log N).Experiment results validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods via the point target simulation and the Radarsat-1 raw data processing in F2 mode.     

On the TOPS mode spaceborne SAR

TOPS (terrain observation by progressive scans) is a recently proposed SAR mode for wide swath acquisition, which aims at achieving the same coverage and resolution as the SCAN mode besides creating scalloping-free images. In this paper, a general SAR imaging model used in TOPS and other SAR modes is introduced, where the antenna sweep rate, Doppler centroid rate, illumination time and azimuth resolution are described by a parameter defined as the mode factor. After analyzing the characteristics of TOPS sig...     

Sparse SAR imaging based on L1/2 regularization

In this paper,a novel method for synthetic aperture radar(SAR)imaging is proposed.The approach is based on L1/2 regularization to reconstruct the scattering field,which optimizes a quadratic error term of the SAR observation process subject to the interested scene sparsity.Compared to the conventional SAR imaging technique,the new method implements SAR imaging effectively at much lower sampling rate than the Nyquist rate,and produces high-quality images with reduced sidelobes and increased resolution.Also,over the prevalent greedy pursuit and L1 regularization based SAR imaging methods,there are remarkable performance improvements of the new method.On one hand,the new method significantly reduces the number of measurements needed for reconstruction,as supported by a phase transition diagram study.On the other hand,the new method is more robust to the observation noise.These fundamental properties of the new method are supported and demonstrated both by simulations and real SAR data experiments.     

合成孔径雷达图像的自适应旁瓣抑制算法分析和实验研究

合成孔径雷达是有源相干高分辨率成像系统,常规成像算法对接收数据进行二维匹配滤波,实现成像。由于成像系统的二维频域支持域有限,使成像系统的方位向和距离向脉冲响应为sinc函数,又SAR图像具有动态范围大的特点,使SAR图像中的强目标旁瓣使弱目标主瓣发生畸变,所以要对SAR图像进行旁瓣抑制。讨论并比较了两种自适应旁瓣抑制算法,并利用模拟数据和中科院电子所的L-SAR系统的雷达图像对这两种算法进行了实验研究。     

A new generic processing scheme for large baseline spaceborne bistatic SAR data imaging

Standard synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processors use analytically derived transfer functions that rely on the assumption of hyperbolic range histories of monostatic SARs with straight flight paths. The range histories for bistatic SARs are no longer hyperbolic and simple analytic transforms do not exist. In this article, a bistatic subsection hyperbolic range history (BS-HRH) model is proposed and based on it; a generic processing scheme for bistatic SAR imaging is given with which simple analytic transforms for standard monostatic SARs can still be applied. One-dimensional and two-dimensional signal-level simulations are done using the orbit parameters of Envisat and a classic pendulum-like bistatic configuration under different baselines. It is found that the proposed BS-HRH algorithm performs well for spaceborne bistatic SARs even with extreme bistatic configurations and/or very high azimuth resolution. Compared with the existing analytical ‘method of series reversion (MSR)’ and the numerical ‘NuSAR’ algorithm, easy implementation, high efficiency and accuracy, and mathematical simplicity are among the advantages of the proposed algorithm. The approach of BS-HRH has the potential to solve the general HRH-deviation problem for other new SARs with more complex imaging geometry.     

A novel Scan SAR imaging method for maritime surveillance via Lp regularization

In this article, a novel Scan mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging method for maritime surveillance is presented. Conventional Scan SAR is generally operated with severe azimuth resolution loss in order to cover a large area. The proposed imaging method changes the way Scan SAR illuminates sub-scenes and presents a new radar illuminating strategy based on ships’ spatial distribution in each sub-scene. To gain ships’ spatial distribution, a scene sensing algorithm based on radar range profiles together with a peak-seeking and clustering algorithm is introduced. After that, a Markov transfer-probability matrix is generated to make sure that radar illuminates each sub-scene randomly under the probability we calculated before. Finally, an imaging algorithm within the L_p (0 < p ≤ 1) regularization framework is utilized to reconstruct each sub-scene; the regularization problem is solved by an improved iterative thresholding algorithm. The whole wide swath image is joined by putting all the sub-scenes together. Experimental results support that the proposed imaging method can perform high-resolution wide swath SAR imaging effectively and efficiently without reducing the image resolution.     

星载SAR影像上船舶方位向模糊去除算法

目的 掌握海上船舶分布状态对于海上交通流分析和通航安全管理具有重要作用。遥感技术,特别是星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)技术的发展,为大范围海上船舶检测提供了有效的手段,但受SAR成像机制影响,海上船舶目标在星载SAR影像上通常存在着不同程度的方位向模糊噪声,这些噪声易被误判为船舶,导致船舶识别中虚警率提高。方法 本文简述了方位向模糊噪声的产生原因,提出了一种新的星载SAR影像上船舶方位向模糊去除算法,该算法的核心是构建目标方位向角度一致性、方位向位置偏移距离和方位向模糊能量衰减3个判别规则,对潜在SAR影像亮斑目标进行逐层筛选,实现船舶真实目标和方位向模糊目标的判别。结果 选取中国渤海海域和黄海海域的30 m分辨率的Radarsat-2数据进行案例分析,并与船舶自动识别系统(AIS)实测数据进行比对校验,结果表明,传统的双参数恒虚警率(CFAR)算法和基于K分布的CFAR等算法对于船舶难以剔除方位向模糊,容易造成虚警,而本文算法对实验影像的船舶方位向模糊去除准确率优于95.8%,能够有效剔除船舶方位向模糊。结论 该算法为星载SAR影像上船舶方位向模糊去除提供了新的手段,有助于提高SAR影像上船舶目标检测的准确性。     

小转角下空间目标双基地ISAR二维成像算法

为了解决小转角下空间目标双基地ISAR方位向分辨率下降的问题,提出基于AR模型数据外推的双基地ISAR成像算法.双基地ISAR成像时,小转角下的方位向回波可认为服从AR模型,据此建立线性预测方程,利用Burg熵最大法中的Levions递推估计预测系数,然后对方位向回波进行外推,最后基于原始数据和外推后的数据共同进行谱估...