基于Spark的分布式并行推理算法

现有的RDF数据分布式并行推理算法大多需要启动多个MapReduce任务,有些算法对于含有多个实例三元组前件的OWL规则的推理效率低下,使其整体的推理效率不高.针对这些问题,文中提出结合TREAT的基于Spark的分布式并行推理算法（DPRS）.该算法首先结合RDF数据本体,构建模式三元组对应的alpha寄存器和规则标记模型;在OWL推理阶段,结合MapReduce实现TREAT算法中的alpha阶段;然后对推理结果进行去重处理,完成一次OWL全部规则推理.实验表明DPRS算法能够高效正确地实现大规模数据的并行推理.     

一种基于Spark的大规模语义数据分布式推理框架

随着大规模语义数据的涌现,研究高效的并行化语义推理成为热点问题之一。现有推理框架大多存在可扩展性方面的不足,难以满足大规模语义数据的需求。针对现有推理框架的不足,提出一种基于Spark的大规模语义数据分布式推理框架。该框架主要包括语义建模、规则提取和基于Spark的并行推理机等3个模块。通过过程分析和推理实例验证,提出的分布式并行推理的计算性能(T(n)＝O(log₂n))远远优于顺序式推理的计算性能(T(n)＝O(n))。     

结合Rete的RDF数据分布式并行推理算法*

现有的资源描述框架(RDF)数据分布式并行推理算法大多需要启动多个MapReduce任务,但有些算法对于含有实例三元组前件的RDFS/OWL规则的推理效率低下,整体推理效率不高。针对此问题,文中提出结合Rete的RDF数据分布式并行推理算法(DRRM)。首先结合RDF数据本体,构建模式三元组列表和规则标记模型。在RDFS/OWL推理阶段,结合MapReduce实现Rete算法中的alpha阶段和beta阶段。然后对推理结果进行去重处理,完成一次RDFS/OWL全部规则推理。实验表明,文中算法能高效正确地实现大规模数据的并行推理。     

动态描述逻辑推理的并行计算技术

在设计用于处理大规模本体和数据的推理引擎时,推理引擎的可扩展性是一个需要研究的重要问题.动态描述逻辑要在真实环境中获得成功应用,需要在推理中采用并行计算技术.提出了两种方法将并行计算技术应用于动态描述逻辑推理.方法1是设计分布式动态描述逻辑框架.分布式动态描述逻辑由若干独立的动态描述逻辑所组成,这些动态描述逻辑两两之间通过桥规则联系起来.提出了基于Tableau的分布式推理算法,从而为分布式动态描述逻辑提供了全局推理能力,并且该算法可以将大的推理任务分解为若干子任务,而这些子任务可以被不同的推理主体并行处理.方法2是并行化动态描述逻辑的Tableau算法的不确定分支.不确定分支的并行计算使得推理任务可以在若干独立机器上同时执行.最后,介绍了推理引擎的原型实现并评估了其性能.实验结果表明提出的两种方法取得了明显的推理加速效果.     

基于Spark的大规模语义规则后向链推理系统

近年来,语义网数据快速增长,适合于处理静态小规模语义数据的前向链语义推理技术暴露出了需对数据进行频繁更新等问题。面对大规模动态语义网数据,对数据更新不敏感的后向链语义推理开始成为新的研究热点。后向链语义推理由查询目标驱动,在查询时根据规则集推理出查询结果。后向链语义推理具有推理过程复杂、规则扩展深度大等特点,在大规模语义数据上推理的效率和可扩展性上有一定的挑战。该文立足于已有的后向链推理技术,详细分析了语义推理规则集的特点,并结合当前主流的大数据处理平台Spark,设计了一套较为高效并且可扩展的大规模并行化语义规则后向链推理系统。该文的主要研究工作分为三个部分: (1)采用预计算本体数据闭包的方法,避免了本体模式在实时推理阶段的重复推理; (2)在后向链语义推理的逆向推理和查询阶段设计了优化措施,进一步提高了推理效率; (3)设计实现了一种基于Spark平台的大规模分布式RDFS/OWL后向链语义推理系统。实验数据显示,该文提出的RDFS/OWL后向链语义推理系统在合成数据集LUBM和真实数据集DBpedia上都表现出了良好的推理性能,在亿条三元组上的推理开销是几秒到几十秒,并且表现出了良好的数据可扩展性和节点可扩展性。     

RDF数据分布式并行语义编码算法

现有的RDF数据分布式并行压缩编码算法均未考虑结合本体文件,导致编码后的RDF数据没有表示任何语义信息,不利于分布式查询或推理。针对这些问题,提出SCOM(Semantic Coding with Ontology on MapReduce)算法在分布式MapReduce下完成RDF数据的语义并行编码。该算法首先结合RDF数据本体,构建类关系和属性关系模型;在三元组项分类与过滤之后,对三元组项进行编码并生成字典表,最终完成RDF数据带有语义信息且具有规律性的编码。此外,SCOM算法能够很容易地将编码后的RDF数据文件恢复为原始文件。实验表明,SCOM算法能够高效地实现大规模数据的分布式并行编码。     

基于Hadoop平台的LDA算法的并行化实现

随着互联网的飞速发展,需要处理的数据量不断增加,在互联网数据挖掘领域中传统的单机文本聚类算法无法满足海量数据处理的要求,针对在单机情况下,传统LDA算法无法分析处理大规模语料集的问题,提出基于MapReduce计算框架,采用Gibbs抽样方法的并行化LDA主题模型的建立方法。利用分布式计算框架MapReduce研究了LDA主题模型的并行化实现,并且考察了该并行计算程序的计算性能。通过对Hadoop并行计算与单机计算进行实验对比,发现该方法在处理大规模语料时,能够较大地提升算法的运行速度,并且随着集群节点数的增加,在加速比方面也有较好的表现。基于Hadoop平台并行化地实现LDA算法具有可行性,解决了单机无法分析大规模语料集中潜藏主题信息的问题。     

RDF数据的Skyline优化查询

为解决海量RDF数据的Skyline查询问题,通过分析现有Skyline查询算法的优缺点,提出一种针对海量RDF数据的查询机制。对RDF数据的存储结构进行分析,根据RDF数据垂直存储结构,设计一种候选Skyline点筛选策略,提前修剪部分非Skyline元组,减少Skyline支配点计算的数据量;在筛选的基础上,给出基于MapReduce的Skyline并行化查询算法。实验结果表明,提前筛选能有效减小查询的数据集,并行化算法能够有效提高查询的效率。     

时空推理研究进展

与时态和空间有关的推理问题是人工智能研究中重要的组成部分,在地理信息系统、时空数据库、CAD/CAM等领域有着重要应用.从本体、表示模型和推理方法3个方面分别介绍了时态推理和空间推理的发展,并在此基础上综述了时空结合推理的研究进展.讨论了目前时空推理领域存在的问题,并指出了今后的发展方向.     

Reasoning situated in time I: basic concepts*

Abstract

The needs of a real-time reasoner situated in an environment may make it appropriate to view error-correction and non-monotonicity as much the same thing. This has led us to formulate situated (or step) logic, an approach to reasoning in which the formalism has a kind of real-time self-reference that affects the course of deduction itself. Here we seek to motivate this as a useful vehicle for exploring certain issues in commonsense reasoning. In particular, a chief drawback of more traditional logics is avoided: from a contradiction we do not have all wffs swamping the (growing) conclusion set. Rather, we seek potentially inconsistent, but nevertheless useful, logics where the real-time self-referential feature allows a direct contradiction to be spotted and corrective action taken, as part of the same system of reasoning. Some specific inference mechanisms for real-time default reasoning are suggested, notably a form of introspection relevant to default reasoning. Special treatment of ‘now’ and of contradictions are the main technical devices here. We illustrate this with a computer-implemented real time solution to R. Moore's Brother Problem.     

自动推理技术发展的回顾与展望

介绍了国内外自动推理技术研究的历史,给出了自动推理的分类方法,阐述了各种自动推理技术的逻辑基础和基本思想,对各种推理模型的优缺点进行了系统的比较,并探讨了自动推理技术的发展趋势。     

A logical approach to representing and reasoning about space

The need for a formal language in which to express and reason about spatial concepts is of crucial importance in many areas of AI and visual systems. For the last five years, spatial reasoning research by the Qualitative Spatial Reasoning Group, University of Leeds, has centred on the development and application of such a language — the RCC spatial logic. Below, we briefly describe the work of the group in this area.     

Modality and interrupts

We suggest that modal operators, in addition to their well-understood semantic role in declarative systems, also mark points at which these systems can be interrupted. We use this idea to describe an interruptible declarative system that gradually refines its responses to queries. Although initial responses may be in error, a correct answer will be provided if arbitrarily large computational resources are available. The ideas presented generalize existing work on stratification of logic programs and the treatment of floundered subgoals.     

定性空间推理的分层递阶框架

定性空间推理是定性推理和空间推理的重要组成部分 .拓扑和形状是定性空间推理研究的关键问题 .针对定性空间推理已有一般框架存在的问题 ,提出了定性空间推理的分层递阶框架 ,并结合拓扑和形状方面的定性空间推理研究工作阐述了所提出的框架的有效性和合理性 .最后总结了分层递阶框架的要点并提出了基于该框架的进一步研究工作 .     

Multi-modal diagnosis combining case-based and model-based reasoning: a formal and experimental analysis

Integrating different reasoning modes in the construction of an intelligent system is one of the most interesting and challenging aspects of modern AI. Exploiting the complementarity and the synergy of different approaches is one of the main motivations that led several researchers to investigate the possibilities of building multi-modal reasoning systems, where different reasoning modalities and different knowledge representation formalisms are integrated and combined. Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is often considered a fundamental modality in several multi-modal reasoning systems; CBR integration has been shown very useful and practical in several domains and tasks. The right way of devising a CBR integration is however very complex and a principled way of combining different modalities is needed to gain the maximum effectiveness and efficiency for a particular task. In this paper we present results (both theoretical and experimental) concerning architectures integrating CBR and Model-Based Reasoning (MBR) in the context of diagnostic problem solving. We first show that both the MBR and CBR approaches to diagnosis may suffer from computational intractability, and therefore a careful combination of the two approaches may be useful to reduce the computational cost in the average case. The most important contribution of the paper is the analysis of the different facets that may influence the entire performance of a multi-modal reasoning system, namely computational complexity, system competence in problem solving and the quality of the sets of produced solutions. We show that an opportunistic and flexible architecture able to estimate the right cooperation among modalities can exhibit a satisfactory behavior with respect to every performance aspect. An analysis of different ways of integrating CBR is performed both at the experimental and at the analytical level. On the analytical side, a cost model and a competence model able to analyze a multi-modal architecture through the analysis of its individual components are introduced and discussed. On the experimental side, a very detailed set of experiments has been carried out, showing that a flexible and opportunistic integration can provide significant advantages in the use of a multi-modal architecture.     

A hybrid system applied to epidemic screening

Although many knowledge-based systems (KBSs) focus on single-paradigm approaches to encoding knowledge (such as production rules), human experts rarely use a single type of knowledge to solve a real-world problem. A human expert usually combines a number of reasoning mechanisms. In recent years, rule-based reasoning (RBR), case-based reasoning (CBR) and model-based reasoning (MBR) have emerged as important and complementary reasoning methodologies in the intelligent systems area. For complex problem solving, it is useful to integrate RBR, CBR and MBR. In this paper, a hybrid epidemic screening KBS which integrates a deductive RBR system, an inductive CBR system and a quantitative MBR system is proposed. The system has been tested using real epidemic screening variables and data.     

A hybrid knowledge-based system applied to epidemic screening

Although many knowledge-based systems (KBSs) focus on single-paradigm approaches to encoding knowledge (such as production rules), experts rarely use a single type of knowledge in solving a problem. More often, an expert will apply a number of reasoning mechanisms. In recent years, rule-based reasoning (RBR), case-based reasoning (CBR) and model-based reasoning (MBR) have emerged as important and complementary reasoning methodologies in artificial intelligence. For complex problem solving, it is useful to integrate RBR, CBR and MBR. In this paper, a hybrid KBS which integrates a deductive RBR system, an inductive CBR system and a quantitative MBR system is proposed for epidemic screening. The system has been tested using real data, and results are encouraging.     

The IKBALS project: Multi-modal reasoning in legal knowledge based systems

In attempting to build intelligent litigation support tools, we have moved beyond first generation, production rule legal expert systems. Our work integrates rule based and case based reasoning with intelligent information retrieval.When using the case based reasoning methodology, or in our case the specialisation of case based retrieval, we need to be aware of how to retrieve relevant experience. Our research, in the legal domain, specifies an approach to the retrieval problem which relies heavily on an extended object oriented/rule based system architecture that is supplemented with causal background information. We use a distributed agent architecture to help support the reasoning process of lawyers.Our approach to integrating rule based reasoning, case based reasoning and case based retrieval is contrasted to the CABARET and PROLEXS architectures which rely on a centralised blackboard architecture. We discuss in detail how our various cooperating agents interact, and provide examples of the system at work. The IKBALS system uses a specialised induction algorithm to induce rules from cases. These rules are then used as indices during the case based retrieval process.Because we aim to build legal support tools which can be modified to suit various domains rather than single purpose legal expert systems, we focus on principles behind developing legal knowledge based systems. The original domain chosen was theAccident Compensation Act 1989 (Victoria, Australia), which relates to the provision of benefits for employees injured at work. For various reasons, which are indicated in the paper, we changed our domain to that ofCredit Act 1984 (Victoria, Australia). This Act regulates the provision of loans by financial institutions.The rule based part of our system which provides advice on the Credit Act has been commercially developed in conjunction with a legal firm. We indicate how this work has lead to the development of a methodology for constructing rule based legal knowledge based systems. We explain the process of integrating this existing commercial rule based system with the case base reasoning and retrieval architecture.