多轴越野车辆的行驶平顺性

以多轴越野车为研究对象,应用机械系统动力学仿真分析软件MSC Adams建立一、二、三桥悬架,轮胎及整车的多体系统模型. 进行整车脉冲输入及随机输入平顺性仿真分析,实现了在车辆设计阶段对其进行平顺性预测与分析的目标.     

Objective and subjective responses of seated subjects while reading Hindi newspaper under multi axis whole-body vibration

Train passengers often read newspapers while traveling. Vibration is one of the key factors that may occasionally inhibit this activity. An experimental study was, therefore, conducted to investigate the extent of interference perceived in reading task by seated subjects in two postures under random vibration. 30 healthy male subjects were exposed to vibration magnitudes of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 m/s² in mono, dual and multi axis in the low frequency range 1–20 Hz. The task required subjects to read a given paragraph of Hindi national newspaper, in two seated postures (lap posture with backrest support and table posture with leaning over the table). The reading performance was evaluated by both degradation in performance in terms of time required to complete the task and subjective rating using Borg CR10 scale. Both the methods of reading performance evaluation exhibit progressive increase with an increase in vibration magnitude for both the subject postures in all the direction of vibration and are found to be higher in lateral and vertical direction among mono axes. The effects of multi axis vibration on perceived difficulty have been found to be similar to dual axes vibration and greater than mono axes vibration; however degradation in reading performance in multi axis vibration was also found to be similar to that for lateral direction. A comparison of the effect of postures by both evaluation methods revealed that the reading performance was adversely affected for table posture in all direction of vibration, however for lap posture, only the X-axis vibration effect was more severe.

Relevance to industry

Available ride comfort standards for vehicles do not include the effects of vibrations on passenger activities. Assessment of activity discomfort would be useful for vehicle design optimization to facilitate activity comfort.     

The Vanpool Assignment Problem: Optimization models and solution algorithms

We present optimization models and solution algorithms for the Vanpool Assignment Problem. A vanpool is typically a group of 9-15 passengers who share their commute to a common target location (typically an office building or corporate campus). Commuters in a vanpool drive from their homes to a park-and-ride location where they board a van and ride together to the target location; at the end of the work day they ride together back to the park-and-ride location. The Minimum Cost Vanpool Assignment Model (MCVAM) developed in this study is motivated by a program offered by Gulfstream Aerospace, a large employer in the Dallas/Fort-Worth area, Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART), and Enterprise Rent-A-Car. Our MCVAM imposes constraints on the capacity of each van and quality-of-service constraints on the cost and travel time involved in joining a vanpool. The goal of the MCVAM is to minimize the total cost of a one-way trip to the target location for all employees (including those employees who opt-out of the program and choose not to join a vanpool). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first mathematical programming model proposed for the standard (one-stop) Vanpool Assignment Problem. The MCVAM models the current practice in vanpooling of using one park-and-ride location per vanpool. We also present a Two-Stop MCVAM (TSMCVAM) that offers significant cost savings compared to the MCVAM with little or no increase in trip times for most passengers by allowing vanpools to stop at a second park-and-ride location. We present heuristics for the TSMCVAM which are shown in a computational study to find solutions with optimality gaps ranging from 5% to 10% in CPU times ranging from 1 to 15 min for problem instances with up to 600 employees and 120 potential park-and-ride locations.     

Toward Universal Design in Public Transportation Systems: An Analysis of Low‐Floor Bus Passenger Behavior with Video Observations

This study aims to investigate the relationship between ergonomic comfort and the provision of accessibility features for mobility‐impaired persons in the use of public transportation systems in Korea. To deal with mobility issues in a public transportation environment, we chose the low‐floor bus as our research subject because it is the representative of a barrier‐free design solution. We collected data via video observation, which can overcome the limitations of traditional accessibility‐focused studies and laboratory studies by providing data on real usage patterns. We developed a framework to analyze the gathered data which includes user, space, tools, activities, and context. As a result, we observed existing difficulties of mobility‐impaired persons in terms of moving and supporting their bodies on the bus, despite the application of accessibility features. Furthermore, the design only for accessibility of mobility‐disabled persons can cause unexpected predicaments for the passengers who do not have physical handicaps. Drawing on these findings, we concluded that the concept of universal design in public transportation environments must be introduced in Korea. This study suggests video observation as a useful methodology for collecting data in dynamic environments. Additionally, our study is expected to contribute to how the concept of universal design can be implemented, and stimulate issues for ergonomic research based on our behavior pattern analysis.     

Intelligent driving methods based on expert knowledge and online optimization for high-speed trains

In the engineering control practice of High-Speed Train (HST), the traditional automatic driving method increases the energy consumption and impairs the intelligence of train operation. Different from previous studies, we propose the intelligent driving methods (IDMs), including expert knowledge system and online optimization algorithms, to achieve the multi-objective (safety, punctuality, energy efficient, passengers’ riding comfort, and so on) control of HST. First, we establish the expert knowledge system based on the driving data and control rules of excellent drivers. Then, in order to enhance the adaptability and real-time performance of proposed IDMs, two online optimization algorithms, including exact online programming driving (EOPD) and inexact online programming driving (IOPD), are developed by improved gradient descent and stochastic meta-decent method to update the controller’s output online. Finally, using the field data collected from Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway, the proposed IDMs are verified under the real speed-limit conditions. The simulation results show that EOPD and IOPD can achieve better performances than automatic driving method based on ATO, Fuzzy PID controller and traditional multi-objective optimization method, especially in passengers’ riding comfort and energy-consumption. Furthermore, as the step size is selected with wide randomness in the updating process, IOPD has more operating mode switching times than EOPD but its punctuality is better.     

具有执行器容错的汽车主动悬架系统有限频率H∞控制

本文研究了一类具有执行器容错的主动悬架系统有限频率H_∞控制问题.运用广义的Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov(KYP)引理,设计了有限频率H_∞控制器.该控制器不仅能够最大程度地减少路面在4～8 Hz范围内对乘客的影响,还能够保证汽车的悬架行程和车轮的动静载之比在它们允许的范围内.因此所设计的有限频率H_∞控制器不仅能够保证汽车驾驶的舒适性还能够保证汽车驾驶的安全性.为了解决系统状态不完全可测的问题,本文采用了动态输出反馈控制器策略.除此之外,在控制器的设计过程中还考虑了主动悬架系统的参数不确定性以及执行器随机故障的现象.最后,本文基于四分之一汽车主动悬架系统验证了控制器的有效性.     

What the passenger contributes to passenger comfort

An individual's reaction to a vehicle environment depends not only on the physical inputs but also on the characteristics of the individual. Surveys of airline passengers were conducted on board regularly scheduled commuter flights. Sex of the respondent and attitude toward flying were found to have import nt influences on passenger comfort. Individual differences were also found regarding (1) perceptions of environmental variables, (2) the importance of factors as determinants of comfort, and (3) the ease of and frequency of performing activities in flight.     

What makes a space invader? Passenger perceptions of personal space invasion in aircraft travel

Abstract

The invasion of personal space is often a contributory factor to the experience of discomfort in aircraft passengers. This paper presents a questionnaire study which investigated how air travellers are affected by invasions of personal space and how they attempt to adapt to, or counter, these invasions. In support of recent findings on the factors influencing air passenger comfort, the results of this study indicate that the invasion of personal space is not only caused by physical factors (e.g. physical contact with humans or objects), but also other sensory factors such as noise, smells or unwanted eye contact. The findings of this study have implications for the design of shared spaces.

Practitioner Summary: This paper presents a questionnaire study which investigated personal space in an aircraft environment. The results highlight the factors which affect the perception of personal space invasion in aircraft and can therefore inform the design of aircraft cabin environments to enhance the passenger experience.     

Definition and determination of the bus oscillatory comfort zones

The paper defines “equal oscillatory comfort zones” as a novel concept in the sphere of the bus vertical dynamics. Oscillatory zones are determined using the original and validated oscillatory model of the intercity bus and comfort criteria according to the international ISO 2631/1997 standard requirements. The bus spatial oscillatory model with 65 degrees of freedom (DOF) was built in the ADAMS/View module of the multibody software package MSC.ADAMS. The model was excited by two different real road surfaces: poor asphalt-concrete and good asphalt-concrete pavements, registered at the speed of 64 km/h and 90 km/h respectively. It was found by simulation that oscillatory zones with different comfort assessments exist in the bus. The most comfortable oscillatory zone is in the middle part of the bus (between the front and the rear axle), whereas the least comfortable oscillatory zone is on the rear bus overhang. For the purpose of the ride comfort harmonization, using Design of Experiments (DOE) analysis, new oscillatory parameters are proposed for passenger seats which do not ensure satisfactory oscillatory comfort level. It is concluded that harmonization of oscillatory comfort for all bus passengers could be achieved for good asphalt-concrete excitation. For the poor road excitation it is possible to achieve significant improvement of comfort, especially for the assistant driver and passengers in the bus rear overhang. On a poor asphalt-concrete pavement, by using the proposed seat oscillatory parameters, the allowed exposure time for vertical whole body vibration would be considerably extended.Relevance to industryOscillatory comfort has a particular importance for users of intercity buses traveling longer distances. Comfort assessment of each bus user and mapping of comfort zones can indicate the individual seat and group of the seats on which the oscillatory comfort is reduced. Proper selection of seat oscillatory parameters can improve users comfort. Results of such an analysis can significantly help bus designers and manufacturers in order to improve and harmonize oscillatory comfort on the whole vehicle platform.     

Ride comfort optimization of a city bus

Ride comfort optimization of a city bus is considered in this article, using stiffness and related damping of the power unit mounts as design variables. The response of the bus, due to road irregularities, is calculated in the time domain by using a finite element (FE) model describing the complete vehicle. The body of the bus is condensed, using a substructuring technique, in order to reduce the simulation times. Operational deflection shapes (ODS) have been used to compare measured and calculated vibrations and some corrections of the FE model have been done. The response, i.e. acceleration, at three locations in the bus has been frequency-weighted according to the comfort standard ISO 2631:1997. The resulting root mean square (RMS) values of these responses are then used in the objective functions in the optimization procedure. The computational results show that it is possible to increase the ride comfort. However, the improvement of the ride comfort is probably too small to have a substantial subjective impact on the passenger in the bus. The results show that the objective function, regarding the overall ride comfort in the bus, has local optima. Received October 10, 1999     

Ride sharing with flexible participants: a metaheuristic approach for large‐scale problems

Severe traffic congestion and growing ecological consciousness have led to the rise of alternative transportation systems. Ride sharing is one such alternative in which drivers and passengers with similar time schedules and travel plans are matched. For this service to be effective, a large number of users are required to increase the probability of finding suitable travel partners. The present paper proposes a late acceptance metaheuristic to decide which users act as drivers and to construct their routes. The underlying optimization model allows passengers to walk to/from alternative pickup/drop‐off locations so as to further exploit user flexibility. A computational study quantifies the impact of different types of participant flexibility on CO₂ emissions. These insights can inform and support policymakers in organizing effective ride‐sharing systems.     

Decisional factors leading to the reuse of an on-demand ride service

On-demand ride (ODR) services are expanding and becoming more influential globally because of the rapid growth in the use of mobile devices. ODR services are creating new business models and opportunities and reshaping transportation markets. This study used KakaoTaxi, a popular ODR service in Korea, to examine how customers evaluate an ODR service and determine whether customers are willing to reuse such a service. In the first-stage qualitative study, we explored decisional factors by conducting interviews with customers of the ODR service. In the second-stage quantitative study, we interpreted these previously explored decisional factors and developed a research model by applying the customer value theory. Going beyond previous research, the meta-inferences from the qualitative and quantitative studies explain how customers decide to reuse an ODR service. This study also informs ODR service providers of marketing strategies to leverage these key decisional factors in the reuse of an ODR service.     

列车自动驾驶调速系统自适应模糊控制

列车自动驾驶（ATO）系统停车前采取一级调速制动，本文采用自适应模糊控制对ATO系统的速度进行控制．利用变论域收缩因子优化模糊控制器的量化因子，模糊推理实现比例因子的自调整．通过仿真表明，该算法能够有效改善速度控制的快速性与精度，提高乘客舒适性与运行效率，从而完成定位停车任务．     

应用模型预测控制的混合动力汽车模式切换动态协调控制

利用传统协调控制策略或模型预测控制(MPC)方法能够解决离合器模式切换的平顺性,但其改善效果不显著,且缺乏深入的细化研究.因此,为了改进混合动力汽车有离合器结合的模式切换过程中的平顺性,本文基于MPC制定有离合器模式切换过程的动态协调控制策略.在对混合动力系统有离合器模式切换模型进行简化的基础上,开展MPC在模式切换动态协调控制过程的原理描述,以减小有离合器模式间切换的冲击度进行基于MPC动态协调控制策略设计,并对不同权重下的冲击度进行了详细的对比.通过实验验证,其结果表明采用MPC的模式切换协调控制最大冲击度从26.3 m/s^3下降至9.26 m/s^3,降低了64.8%,明显的抑制了模式切换过程中的冲击度,有效的改善了模式切换的平顺性.     

Multidisciplinary hybrid hierarchical collaborative optimization of electric wheel vehicle chassis integrated system based on driver’s feel

The optimization design of chassis integrated system mainly involves steering, suspension and brake subsystems, which is essentially a multidisciplinary design optimization. This paper mainly researches the multidisciplinary optimization of the chassis integrated system for the electric wheel vehicle, from the view of ensuring a favorable feel for the driver. The dynamic models of differential steering system, brake system, active suspension system and vehicle are established. Then, taking the coupling relationship of the chassis subsystems into account, this paper proposes an evaluating index of driver’s ride comfort (Drc), which is composed of the steering road feel, brake feel and suspension ride comfort. In order to determine the weight coefficient in the quantization formula of Drc, the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is used to overcome the subjectivity in the selection. Based on these, a multidisciplinary hybrid hierarchical collaborative optimization (HHCO) method is proposed on the basis of the collaborative optimization (CO), which consists of a system level coordinator and a coupling analyzer to solve the problem of poor convergence and the low efficiency of CO method. The optimization results show that the proposed HHCO method has excellent computational efficiency and better convergence compared with the CO method, which can further improve the steering road feel and the drive ride comfort, on the premise of ensuring the brake feel and suspension ride comfort.     

一种求解多车辆合乘匹配问题的适应性算法

车辆合乘匹配问题是研究如何通过优化车辆路线及车辆一乘客匹配来搭乘尽量多的乘客的问题。目前国内 外的研究多存在模型单一、脱离实际、算法效率不高等问题。针对该问题,提出一种基于吸引粒子群算法的问题求解 方法。通过吸引粒子群算法进行多车辆问题向单车辆问题的转化,形成车辆同乘客之间的初次匹配。根据初次匹配 结果利用先验聚类的思想将初次匹配结果进行排序,寻找较优需求序列排序方式。最后,通过相应的匹配再优化策略 将需求序列进行再优化。对比实验表明,基于吸引粒子群算法的问题求解方式能以较高的搭乘成功率以及较低的花 费完成车辆合乘匹配问题。     

A comparison of global optimization algorithms applied to a ride comfort optimization problem

This study presents a comparison of global optimization algorithms applied to an industrial engineering optimization problem. Three global stochastic optimization algorithms using continuous variables, i.e. the domain elimination method, the zooming method and controlled random search, have been applied to a previously studied ride comfort optimization problem. Each algorithm is executed three times and the total number of objective function evaluations needed to locate a global optimum is averaged and used as a measure of efficiency. The results show that the zooming method, with a proposed modification, is most efficient in terms of number of objective function evaluations and ability to locate the global optimum. Each design variable is thereafter given a set of discrete values and two optimization algorithms using discrete variables, i.e. a genetic algorithm and simulated annealing, are applied to the discrete ride comfort optimization problem. The results show that the genetic algorithm is more efficient than the simulated annealing algorithm for this particular optimization problem.