基于改进温度植被干旱指数的农田土壤水分反演方法

基于植被指数 地表温度（VI Ts）特征空间的温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）被广泛应用于土壤水分监测,但TVDI为土壤水分相对值,而且利用散点图确定干湿边会造成很大的不确定性。基于能量平衡方程和TVDI,该文提出一种定量干湿边选取方法和改进的TVDI模型——定量温度植被指数（Temperature Vegetation Quantitative Index,TVQI）,以MODIS遥感数据为基础,实现了定量干湿边真实土壤水分的遥感估算。结果表明：TVQI估算结果与所观测土壤水分呈0.01水平显著相关,总体上的平均绝对误差小于0.02cm3/cm3,均方根误差RMSE小于0.035cm3/cm3;相对TVDI,TVQI克服了传统干边计算中对植被覆盖类型的限制,更能够准确反应土壤深度在0～10cm、10cm～20cm的土壤水分值,尤其与10cm～20cm土壤水分值更为贴近。     

遥感干旱指数在洛川苹果干旱监测中的适用性分析

目前对苹果干旱研究较少且主要运用站点数据,对空间信息表征有限,遥感干旱指数可用于大范围干旱时空动态监测,但在苹果干旱监测中的适用性还有待研究。基于2014~2018年MODIS反射率、地表温度以及地表覆被数据,结合土壤湿度数据和野外调查资料,分析洛川苹果区温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）、归一化植被水分指数（NDWI）、植被供水指数（VSWI）与10 cm深度土壤湿度（SM）的一致性,探索遥感干旱指标对土壤干湿状况表征能力,并进一步研究遥感干旱指标对干旱响应敏感时段。结果表明：①由增强型植被指数（EVI）计算的VSWI与SM的时空一致性最好,其在2014、2017年表现出的干旱特征与实际旱情相符;②VSWI（EVI）和TVDI（EVI）与SM的相关性分别高于VSWI（NDVI）和TVDI（NDVI）与SM的相关性,使用EVI能提高VSWI和TVDI对干旱的表征能力;③TVDI、NDWI、VSWI对SM存在不同时间的反应滞后,滞后3时相（24 d）的VSWI（EVI）与SM的相关性最高,而NDWI对SM滞后时间短,对干旱响应较及时,结合VSWI（EVI）和NDWI可能更有利于监测苹果干旱;④在不同苹果生育期,遥感指标对土壤湿度敏感性不同,VSWI在不同生育期敏感性差异最明显：新梢旺长期（5、6月）对土壤湿度敏感性高于萌芽开花期、果实膨大期、成熟期;该结果符合洛川县苹果不同生育期需水规律和洛川降水、干旱发生特征。研究结果可为遥感监测苹果干旱提供参考依据。     

基于改进温度植被干旱指数的农田土壤水分反演方法

基于植被指数-地表温度(VI-Ts)特征空间的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)被广泛应用于土壤水分监测,但TVDI为土壤水分相对值,而且利用散点图确定干湿边会造成很大的不确定性。基于能量平衡方程和TVDI,该文提出一种定量干湿边选取方法和改进的TVDI模型——定量温度植被指数(Temperature Vegetation Quantitative Index,TVQI),以MODIS遥感数据为基础,实现了定量干湿边真实土壤水分的遥感估算。结果表明:TVQI估算结果与所观测土壤水分呈0.01水平显著相关,总体上的平均绝对误差小于0.02cm~3/cm~3,均方根误差RMSE小于0.035cm~3/cm~3;相对TVDI,TVQI克服了传统干边计算中对植被覆盖类型的限制,更能够准确反应土壤深度在0~10cm、10cm~20cm的土壤水分值,尤其与10cm~20cm土壤水分值更为贴近。     

使用温度植被干旱指数法(TVDI)反演新疆土壤湿度

利用MODIS合成产品数据MOD11A2和MOD13A2获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和陆地表面温度(Ts)构建Ts—NDVI特征空间，依据该特征空间计算的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)作为土壤湿度监测指标，反演了新疆8、9两个月份每16d的土壤湿度。使用野外与卫星同步采样的土壤湿度数据进行验证，发现TVDI指标与实测土壤湿度数据显著相关，能够较好地反映表层土壤湿度，反映的新疆土壤湿度的空间分布与新疆的年降水量分布、年平均相对湿度分布很吻合；同时表明8、9两个月份期间新疆土壤湿度低的区域在不断扩大。     

基于LST-EVI特征空间的土壤水分含量反演

干旱是人类历史上的重大自然灾害之一,而土壤水分是干旱监测最重要的指标。利用遥感手段反演地表土壤水分,可以充分反映土壤水分的时空变化特征,适合进行大范围动态监测。研究基于Landsat TM数据,运用普适性单通道算法得到地表温度(LST,Land Surface Temperature),然后选用增强型植被指数(EVI,Enhanced Vegetation Index),构建了LST\|EVI特征空间,计算出温度植被干旱指数(TVDI,Temperature\|Vegetation Dryness Index)。在对实测土壤含水量数据和对应TVDI值进行回归分析的基础上,反演出2010年6月14日黄骅市自然地表20 cm深度处的体积含水量。结果表明:TVDI方法在该研究区是完全可行的,拟合精度较高;研究区自然地表土壤体积含水量分布差异明显,中等含水量地区面积最大,西南和部分北部地区含水量较低,而含水量高的区域主要分布在苇洼和沿海地区。     

使用温度植被干旱指数法(TVDI)反演新疆土壤湿度

利用MODIS合成产品数据MOD11A2和MOD13A2获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和陆地表面温度(Ts)构建Ts-NDVI特征空间,依据该特征空间计算的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)作为土壤湿度监测指标,反演了新疆8、9两个月份每16 d的土壤湿度。使用野外与卫星同步采样的土壤湿度数据进行验证,发现TVDI指标与实测土壤湿度数据显著相关,能够较好地反映表层土壤湿度,反映的新疆土壤湿度的空间分布与新疆的年降水量分布、年平均相对湿度分布很吻合;同时表明8、9两个月份期间新疆土壤湿度低的区域在不断扩大。     

基于TVDI的矿区土壤湿度反演及地形因子影响分析

为给我国西部资源开发、生态保护及旱灾预警等领域提供科学依据,以神东矿区为研究区,探索矿区土壤湿度变化。根据2000—2018年的MODIS长时间序列遥感影像,提取归一化植被指数（NDVI）和地表温度（Ts）,构建NDVI-Ts二维光谱特征空间,计算研究区的温度植被干旱指数,绘制矿区的地表土壤湿度等级分布图,从矿区尺度上给出地表土壤湿度的时空变化趋势,分析矿区的地形因子对地表土壤湿度的影响。结果表明：1）TVDI法能够较好的反演出矿区的土壤湿度;2）矿区土壤湿度呈现从西北部向东南部逐渐增加的趋势;3）高程、坡度和坡向3种地形因子在不同范围内,均对地表土壤湿度有着不同程度的影响。整体来看,2000—2018年,神东矿区土壤湿度有增有减,呈微弱上升的趋势,矿区环境得到改善。     

植被类型对温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)的影响研究-以黑河绿洲区为例

温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）是进行干旱研究的有效指标，是反演土壤湿度的重要方法。植被覆盖类型是影响TVDI大小的重要因素。利用修正的土壤调整植被指数MSAVI替换NDVI，以便最小化土壤背景影响和提高对密植被的光谱敏感性，并在此基础上，比较基于植被分类计算的TVDI与基于传统方法计算的TVDI的大小，来研究植被类型对TVDI提取结果的影响。对比分析表明，阔叶林、灌丛和密草地的平均值与传统方法计算的差别较大，变化分别是+7.2%、-5.5%和-6.6%，产生平均值偏移主要是由于植被类型的冠层结构和光学属性的差异带来的LST-MSAVI空间特征干湿边的变化引起的。因此，在应用TVDI指数进行大范围干旱化研究和土壤湿度反演时，不同植被类型不能一起作LST-MSAVI空间特征来计算TVDI指数，需要考虑植被类型等影响因素，达到提高土壤湿度反演精度的目的。     

仪征地区农田深层土壤湿度遥感反演初探

利用MODIS合成产品数据MOD11A2和MOD13A2获取的陆地表面温度(Ts)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)构建Ts/NDVI特征空间,依据该特征空间计算温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),进而反演了仪征地区不同季节的40 cm土壤相对湿度。使用野外同步实测数据进行验证,结果显示,总体平均相对误差为11.83%,2004年11月误差最小,为4.30%。遥感反演的仪征地区土壤湿度分布图表明该地区存在两个土壤湿度高值区,分别位于仪征南部的长江冲积平原和西北部的谷底平原地带,并且土壤平均相对湿度越大,其高值区与低值区之间的差异越小。     

基于表层水分含量指数(SWCI)的土壤干旱遥感监测

土壤湿度和植被生长状况是干旱最重要和最直接的指标,对植被和土壤光谱特征的解译是进行旱情程度判断的重要因子。近期,基于水的光谱反射特性,提出的地表含水量指数(SWCI) 模型能较好地反映地表的含水量值及其变化,可用于大范围的快速的浅层土壤墒情遥感监测。通过与NDVI对比分析发现, 在对浅层(0~50 cm)土壤水分进行监测时,SWCI 比NDVI 更为敏感,这有助于在实时干旱动态监测中更好地采用不同的指数以提高监测精度。     

基于多源遥感数据协同反演森林地表土壤水分研究

土壤水分在土壤监测中是一项重要的指标,对于农业生产、生态环境以及水资源管理有着重要的影响。随着遥感建模与反演理论的不断成熟,其逐渐成为分析土壤指标的重要技术与手段。因此,利用光学影像与雷达影像数据,以大兴安岭地区漠河市为研究区域,分别建立以Landsat 8为数据源的土壤水分反演模型和由Landsat 8影像数据与GF-3卫星数据协同反演的土壤水分反演模型,将反演结果与实际测得数据进行对比验证,并评价所建立的反演模型。结果表明：①对研究区地温进行反演,利用地表温度（Ts）与归一化差异湿度指数NDMI构建Ts-NDMI特征空间,结合实测数据可以发现Ts-NDMI特征空间土壤水分反演模型的反演结果与实测土壤含水量为负相关性;②协同GF-3卫星数据和Landsat 8遥感影像数据所建立的土壤水分反演模型能得到质量较高的反演结果,且在高植被覆盖度地区,利用该协同反演模型得到的反演结果比利用单一光学数据源所建模型得到的反演结果精度高,为今后高植被覆盖度地区土壤湿度的研究提供了新途径。     

Large area monitoring with a MODIS-based Disturbance Index (DI) sensitive to annual and seasonal variations

Disturbance of the vegetated land surface, due to factors such as fire, insect infestation, windthrow and harvesting, is a fundamental driver of the composition forested landscapes with information on disturbance providing critical insights into species composition, vegetation condition and structure. Long-term climate variability is expected to lead to increases in both the magnitude and distribution of disturbances. As a consequence it is important to develop monitoring systems to better understand these changes in the terrestrial biosphere as well to inform managers about disturbance agents more typically captured through specific monitoring programs (such as focused on insect, fire, or agricultural conditions). Changes in the condition, composition and distribution pattern of vegetation can lead to changes in the spectral and thermal signature of the land surface. Using a 6-year time series of MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data we apply a previously proposed Disturbance Index (DI) which has been shown to be sensitive to both continuous and discontinuous change. Using Canada as an example area, we demonstrate the capacity of this Disturbance Index to monitor land dynamics over time. As expected, our results confirm a significant relationship between area flagged as disturbed by the index and area burnt as estimated from other satellite sources (R² = 0.78, p < 0.0001). The DI also demonstrates a sensitivity to capture and depict changes related to insect infestations. Further, on a regional basis the DI produces change information matching measured wide-area moisture conditions (i.e., drought) and corresponding agricultural outputs. These findings indicate that for monitoring a large area, such as Canada, the time series based DI is a useful tool to aid in change detection and national monitoring activities.     

Derivation of a shortwave infrared water stress index from MODIS near- and shortwave infrared data in a semiarid environment

Two different configurations of a shortwave infrared water stress index (SIWSI) are derived from the MODIS near- and shortwave infrared data. A large absorption by leaf water occurs in the shortwave infrared wavelengths (SWIR) and the reflectance from plants thereby is negatively related to leaf water content. Two configurations of a water stress index, SIWSI(6,2) and SIWSI(5,2) are derived on a daily basis from the MODIS satellite data using the information from the near infrared (NIR) channel 2 (841-876 nm) and the shortwave infrared channel 5 (1230-1250 nm) or 6 (1628-1652 nm), respectively, which are wavelength bands at which leaf water content influence the radiometric response. The indices are compared to in situ top layer soil moisture measurements from the semiarid Senegal 2001 and 2002, serving as an indicator of canopy water content. The year 2001 rainfall in the region was slightly below average and the results show a strong correlation between SIWSI and soil moisture. The SIWSI(6,2) performs slightly better than the SIWSI(5,2) (r²=0.87 and 0.79). The fieldwork in 2002 did not verify the results found in 2001. However, year 2002 was an extremely dry year and the vegetation cover apparently was too sparse to provide information on the canopy water content. To test the robustness of the SIWSI findings in 2001, soil moisture has been modelled from daily rainfall data at 10 sites in the central and northern part of Senegal. The correlations between SIWSI and simulated soil moisture are generally high with a median r²=0.72 for both configurations of the SIWSI. It is therefore suggested that the combined information from the MODIS near- and shortwave infrared wavelengths is useful as an indicator of canopy water stress in the semiarid Sahelian environment.     

应用遥感技术监测土壤湿度的研究(一)——农田水分的红外温度监测

通过大量观测资料确定了用红外测温仪观测作物冠层温差的最佳方法,并进而通过冠层温差与土壤水分之间的关系,确定了冬小麦关键期的受旱指标,为大面积应用遥感技术监测土壤水分提供了依据。     

Vegetation water content mapping using Landsat data derived normalized difference water index for corn and soybeans

Information about vegetation water content (VWC) has widespread utility in agriculture, forestry, and hydrology. It is also useful in retrieving soil moisture from microwave remote sensing observations. Providing a VWC estimate allows us to control a degree of freedom in the soil moisture retrieval process. However, these must be available in a timely fashion in order to be of value to routine applications, especially soil moisture retrieval. As part of the Soil Moisture Experiments 2002 (SMEX02), the potential of using satellite spectral reflectance measurements to map and monitor VWC for corn and soybean canopies was evaluated. Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus data and ground-based VWC measurements were used to establish relationships based on remotely sensed indices. The two indices studied were the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The NDVI saturated during the study period while the NDWI continued to reflect changes in VWC. NDWI was found to be superior based upon a quantitative analysis of bias and standard error. The method developed was used to map daily VWC for the watershed over the 1-month experiment period. It was also extended to a larger regional domain. In order to develop more robust and operational methods, we need to look at how we can utilize the MODIS instruments on the Terra and Aqua platforms, which can provide daily temporal coverage.     

基于Sentinel-1和MODIS数据反演农田地表土壤水分—以REMEDHUS地区为例

土壤水分是陆地生态系统和水循环的重要状态变量,在植被生长监测、农作物产量评估等研究中均发挥着重要作用。为了消除植被散射的影响,进而实现农田地表土壤水分的高精度反演,以时间序列Sentinel-1影像及MODIS产品为实验数据,基于高级积分方程模型和比值植被模型的耦合模型,通过采用不同光学植被参数和VH交叉极化后向散射系数,分别对农田植被散射贡献进行表征,消除植被散射的影响,进而实现土壤水分的高精度反演。结果表明：当利用VH极化进行参数化植被散射贡献时,标定的耦合模型,虽然可消除对光学植被参数的依赖并较好地模拟Sentinel-1卫星观测,但土壤水分反演结果效果欠理想,相关系数R最大仅为0.54;与VH极化相比,利用光学植被参数表征植被散射贡献时,土壤水分整体反演效果较理想,R最大达到0.79,但光学植被参数反演结果在不同站点存在显著的空间差异性,R介于0.07~0.79之间。因此,在未来研究中可尝试将雷达数据与光学数据协同反演,以期在消除植被散射影响的基础上,实现植被覆盖区域土壤水分的高精度反演及动态变化监测。     

垂直干旱指数在高寒农区春旱监测中的应用研究

青海省东部农业区“十年九旱”,“春旱年年有”,对农业生产的影响非常严重,但该地区至今缺乏有效的春季干旱遥感监测方法。使用环境减灾卫星CCD数据提取青海省东部农业区农业气象观测站的垂直干旱指数(PDI),拟合其与不同深度土壤水分的关系模型,各模型的无偏相关系数均在0.7以上;其中PDI与0~20 cm土壤相对湿度关系模型(y=-489.00x+188.78)的拟合效果最好(无偏相关系数为0.7985)。该模型反演的湟源农业气象观测站固定观测地段的土壤水分时间变化序列与人工测量值的时间变化序列,在趋势变化上较为一致。2013年西宁农区的春季干旱监测中,该模型监测结果显示:发生干旱的地区主要出现在大通河谷地和湟水谷地,湟源农区的土壤旱情在整个西宁农区的土壤旱情发展中最为严重,监测结果与实际旱情分布地区一致。     

基于TVDI的大范围干旱区土壤水分遥感反演模型研究

温度植被干旱指数TVDI(Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index)是一种基于光学与热红外遥感通道数据进行植被覆盖区域表层土壤水分反演的方法。当研究区域较大、地表覆盖格局差异显著时,利用TVDI模型来反演陆表土壤水分,精度通常较低。对Sandholt的TVDI土壤水分反演模型进行了改进:利用云掩膜校正和多天平均温度合成来减少云的影响;同时对研究区域地形起伏、覆盖类型差异的影响进行了消除;对TVDI模型干边的模拟方法进行了改进。最后,使用铝盒采样等方法利用新疆地区观测得到的地面数据来拟合改进后的模型参数,并对2009年5月和8月的土壤水分进行了反演实验。与实测数据的比较分析表明,该模型能基本满足大区域土壤水分反演的要求,改进后的模型对新疆地区的土壤水分估算精度有较显著的提高。     

RS、GIS、GPS在西北农业大开发中的应用前景

遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和全球定位系统(GPS)作为三大高新技术(“3S”技术),可以 独立地,也可以相互补充地为农业生产和开发提供强大的技术支撑。它们能快速准确地获取农业生 产系统的多维信息,尤其是时间维的信息,能综合性地管理和处理属性数据和空间数据,并能为农 业生产的决策提供相应的技术服务,进而精确地指导农业生产,促进生态环境的良性发展。论述了 “3S”技术在西北地区农业开发中的应用前景,着重于土壤水分的遥感反演以及干旱和荒漠化的动 态监测。     

Soil moisture retrieval from MODIS data in Northern China Plain using thermal inertia model

Soil moisture plays an important role in surface energy balances, regional runoff, potential drought and crop yield. Early detection of potential drought or flood is important for the local government and people to take actions to protect their crop. Traditionally measurement of soil moisture is a time‐consuming job and only limited samples could be collected. Many problems would be results from extending those point measurements to 2D space, especially for a regional area with heterogeneous soil characteristics. The emergency of remote‐sensing technology makes it possible to rapidly monitor soil moisture on a regional scale. Thermal inertia represents the ability of a material to conduct and store heat, and in the context of planetary science, it is a measure of the subsurface's ability to store heat during the day and reradiate it during the night. One major application of thermal inertia is to monitor soil moisture. In this paper, a thermal inertia model was developed to be suitable in situations whether or not the satellite overpass time coincides with the local maximum and minimum temperature time. Besides, the sensibilities of thermal inertia with surface albedo and the surface temperature difference were discussed. It shows that the surface temperature difference has more effects on the thermal inertia than the surface albedo. When the temperature difference is less than 10 Kelvin degrees, 1 Kelvin degree error of temperature difference will lead to a big fluctuation of thermal inertia. When the temperature difference is more than 10 Kelvin degrees, 1 Kelvin degree error of temperature difference will cause a small change of thermal inertia. The temperature difference should be larger than 10 Kelvin degrees when the thermal inertia model is selected to derive soil moisture or other applications. Based on this thermal inertia model, the soil moisture map was obtained for North China Plain. It shows that the averaged difference between the soil moisture values derived from MODIS data and in situ measured soil moisture data is 4.32%. This model is promising for monitoring soil moisture on a large regional scale.