基于双重L2稀疏编码的高光谱图像分类

目的 为了有效提高高光谱图像分类的精度,提出了双重L2稀疏编码的高光谱图像分类方法。方法 首先对高光谱图像进行预处理,充分结合图像的空间信息和光谱信息,利用像元的空间连续性,用L2稀疏编码重建图像中每个像元。针对重建的图像数据,依据L2稀疏编码的最小误差和编码系数实现分类。结果 在公开的数据库AVIRIS高光谱图像上进行验证,分类精度为99.44%,与支持向量机（SVM）、K最近邻（KNN）和L1稀疏编码方法比较,有效地提高了分类的准确性。结论 实验结果表明,提出的方法应用于高光谱图像分类具有较好的分类效果。     

Multi-scale superpixel spectral–spatial classification of hyperspectral images

A novel multi-scale superpixel-based spectral–spatial classification (MS-SSC) approach is proposed for hyperspectral images in this study. Superpixels are considered as the basic processing units for spectral–spatial-based classification. The use of multiple scales allows the capturing of local spatial structures of various sizes. The proposed technique consists of three steps. In the first step, hierarchical superpixel segmentations are performed from fine to coarse scales for the original hyperspectral image and the spectral information of each superpixel is used for classification at each scale. In the second step, each single scale superpixel-based classification is improved by combining with the segmentations at a higher level. Finally, the multi-scale classification is achieved via decision fusion. Experimental results are presented for two hyperspectral images and compared with recently advanced pixel-wise and pixel-based spectral–spatial classification approaches. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method works effectively on the homogeneous regions and is also able to preserve the small local spatial structures in the image.     

Spatial–spectral locality constrained elastic net hypergraph for hyperspectral image clustering

Hypergraph is an effective method used to represent the contextual correlation within hyperspectral imagery for clustering. Nevertheless, how to discover the closely correlated samples to form hyperedges is the key issue for constructing an informative hypergraph. In this article, a new spatial–spectral locality constrained elastic net hypergraph learning model is proposed for hyperspectral image clustering (i.e. unsupervised classification). In order to utilize the spatial–spectral correlation among the pixels in hyperspectral images, first, we construct a locality-constrained dictionary by selecting K relevant pixels within a spatial neighbourhood, which activates the most correlated atoms and suppresses the uncorrelated ones. Second, each pixel is represented as a linear combination of the atoms in the dictionary under the elastic net regularization. Third, based on the obtained representations, the pixels and their most related pixels are linked as hyperedges, which can effectively capture high–order relationships among the pixels. Finally, a hypergraph Laplacian matrix is built for unsupervised learning. Experiments have been conducted on two widely used hyperspectral images, and the results show that the proposed method can achieve a superior clustering performance when compared to state-of-the-art methods.     

结合倒置特征金字塔和U-Net的高光谱图像分类

目的 地物分类是对地观测研究领域的重要任务。高光谱图像具有丰富的地物光谱信息,可用于提升遥感图像地物分类的准确度。如何对高光谱图像进行有效的特征提取与表示是高光谱图像分类应用的关键问题。为此,本文提出了一种结合倒置特征金字塔和U-Net的高光谱图像分类方法。方法 对高光谱数据进行主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）降维,获取作为网络输入的重构图像数据,然后使用U-Net逐层提取高光谱重构图像的空间特征。与此同时,利用倒置的特征金字塔网络抽取相应层级的语义特征;通过特征融合,得到既有丰富的空间信息又有较强烈的语义响应的特征表示。提出的网络利用注意力机制在跳跃连接过程中实现对背景区域的特征响应抑制,最终实现了较高的地物分类精度。结果 分析了PCA降维方法和输入数据尺寸对分类性能的影响,并在Indian Pines、Pavia University、Salinas和Urban数据集上进行了对比实验。本文方法在4个数据集上分别取得了98.91%、99.85%、99.99%和87.43%的总体分类精度,与支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）等相关算法相比,分类精度高出1%~15%。结论 本文提出一种结合倒置特征金字塔和U-Net的高光谱图像分类方法,可以应用于有限训练样本下的高光谱图像分类任务,并在多个数据集上取得了较高的分类精度。实验结果表明倒置特征金字塔结构与U-Net结合的算法能够高效地实现高光谱图像的特征提取与表示,从而获得更精细的分类结果。     

高光谱图像小样本分类的卷积神经网络方法

目的 与传统分类方法相比,基于深度学习的高光谱图像分类方法能够提取出高光谱图像更深层次的特征。针对现有深度学习的分类方法网络结构简单、特征提取不够充分的问题,提出一种堆叠像元空间变换信息的数据扩充方法,用于解决训练样本不足的问题,并提出一种基于不同尺度的双通道3维卷积神经网络的高光谱图像分类模型,来提取高光谱图像的本质空谱特征。方法 通过对高光谱图像的每一像元及其邻域像元进行旋转、行列变换等操作,丰富中心像元的潜在空间信息,达到数据集扩充的作用。将扩充之后的像素块输入到不同尺度的双通道3维卷积神经网络学习训练集的深层特征,实现更高精度的分类。结果 5次重复实验后取平均的结果表明,在随机选取了10%训练样本并通过8倍数据扩充的情况下,Indian Pines数据集实现了98.34%的总体分类精度,Pavia University数据集总体分类精度达到99.63%,同时对比了不同算法的运行时间,在保证分类精度的前提下,本文算法的运行时间短于对比算法,保证了分类模型的稳定性、高效性。结论 本文提出的基于双通道卷积神经网络的高光谱图像分类模型,既解决了训练样本不足的问题,又综合了高光谱图像的光谱特征和空间特征,提高了高光谱图像的分类精度。     

应用级联多分类器的高光谱图像分类

目的 高光谱分类任务中,由于波段数量较多,图像中存在包含噪声以及各类地物样本分布不均匀等问题,导致分类精度与训练效率不能平衡,在小样本上分类精度低。因此,提出一种基于级联多分类器的高光谱图像分类方法。方法 首先采用主成分分析方法将高度相关的高维特征合成无关的低维特征,以加快Gabor滤波器提取纹理特征的速度;然后使用Gabor滤波器提取图像在各个尺寸、方向上的纹理信息,每一个滤波器会生成一张特征图,在特征图中以待分类样本为中心取一个d×d的邻域,计算该邻域内数据的均值和方差来作为待分类样本的空间信息,再将空间信息和光谱信息融合,以降低光线与噪声的影响;最后将谱—空联合特征输入级联多分类器中,得到预测样本关于类别的概率分布的平均值。结果 实验采用Indian Pines、Pavia University和Salinas 3个数据集,与经典算法如支持向量机和卷积神经网络进行比较,并利用总体分类精度、平均分类精度和Kappa系数作为评价标准进行分析。本文方法总体分类精度在3个数据集上分别达到97.24%、99.57%和99.46%,相对于基于径向基神经网络（RBF）核函数的支持向量机方法提高了13.2%、4.8%和5.68%,相对于加入谱—空联合特征的RBF-SVM （radial basis function-support vector machine）方法提高了2.18%、0.36%和0.83%,相对于卷积神经网络方法提高了3.27%、3.2%和0.3%;Kappa系数分别是0.968 6、0.994 3和0.995 6,亦有提高。结论 实验结果表明,本文方法应用于高光谱图像分类具有较优的分类效果,训练效率较高,无需依赖GPU,而且在小样本上也具有较高的分类精度。     

ICA mixture model algorithm for unsupervised classification of remote sensing imagery

Conventional remote sensing classification algorithms assume that the data in each class can be modelled using a multivariate Gaussian distribution. As this assumption is often not valid in practice, conventional algorithms do not perform well. In this paper, we present an independent component analysis (ICA)‐based approach for unsupervised classification of multi/hyperspectral imagery. ICA used for a mixture model estimates the data density in each class and models class distributions with non‐Gaussian (sub‐ and super‐Gaussian) probability density functions, resulting in the ICA mixture model (ICAMM) algorithm. Independent components and the mixing matrix for each class are found using an extended information‐maximization algorithm, and the class membership probabilities for each pixel are computed. The pixel is allocated to the class having maximum class membership probability to produce a classification. We apply the ICAMM algorithm for unsupervised classification of images obtained from both multispectral and hyperspectral sensors. Four feature extraction techniques are considered as a preprocessing step to reduce the dimensionality of the hyperspectral data. The results demonstrate that the ICAMM algorithm significantly outperforms the conventional K‐means algorithm for land cover classification produced from both multi‐ and hyperspectral remote sensing images.     

A spatial–spectral kernel-based approach for the classification of remote-sensing images

Classification of remotely sensed images with very high spatial resolution is investigated. The proposed method deals with the joint use of the spatial and the spectral information provided by the remote-sensing images. A definition of an adaptive neighborhood system is considered. Based on morphological area filtering, the spatial information associated with each pixel is modeled as the set of connected pixels with an identical gray value (flat zone) to which the pixel belongs: The pixel's neighborhood is characterized by the vector median value of the corresponding flat zone. The spectral information is the original pixel's value, be it a scalar or a vector value. Using kernel methods, the spatial and spectral information are jointly used for the classification through a support vector machine formulation. Experiments on hyperspectral and panchromatic images are presented and show a significant increase in classification accuracies for peri-urban area: For instance, with the first data set, the overall accuracy is increased from 80% with a conventional support vectors machines classifier to 86% with the proposed approach. Comparisons with other contextual methods show that the method is competitive.     

Hyperspectral image classification based on bilateral filter with linear spatial correlation information

Support Vector Machine (SVM) with the margin theory is widely used for the hyperspectral classification. However, the margin model is a single interval and does not represent the complete distribution of hyperspectral image data sets. In addition, the spatial texture information obtained by filtering in recent years has become a hot research topic for improving classification of hyperspectral images, but the spatial correlation information is often lost in the spatial texture information extraction. To solve this problem, this paper proposed an algorithm with large margin distribution machine (LDM) that combined the spatial information obtained by the bilateral filter and linear spatial correlation information (BFLSCI-LDM). First, spatial features were extracted by bilateral filter from hyperspectral image whose dimensionality was reduced by principal component analysis. Next, the linear spatial correlation information was constructed for hyperspectral images. Finally, the spatial information and original spectral information were combined for LDM. The experimental results of actual hyperspectral images indicated that the proposed BFLSCI-LDM method was superior to other classification methods, including the original SVM with the raw spectral features, the dimensionality reduction features, and spatial-spectral information, the method of edge-preserving filter and recursive filter, and the LDM-based method.     

基于边缘保持滤波的高光谱影像光谱-空间联合分类

针对高光谱遥感影像分类过程中,高维数据引起的"维数灾难"以及空间邻域一致性信息没有得到充分利用的问题,提出一种基于边缘保持滤波（Edge-preserving filtering,EPF）的高光谱影像光谱-空间联合分类算法.该算法首先进行波段子集划分和主成分提取,构造新的低维特征集,在保存影像结构信息的前提下降低数据维度;其次利用支持向量机（Support vector machine,SVM）获得低维特征集的初始分类概率图;然后利用原始影像主成分对初始分类概率图进行边缘保持滤波,融合光谱信息和空间信息;最后根据滤波后分类概率图对应像素点值的大小确定每个像素的类别.在Indian Pines和Pavia University两组高光谱数据上进行仿真实验,相同实验条件下,本文算法都获得最高分类精度和最少的时间消耗.仿真结果表明本文算法在高光谱遥感影像分类任务中具有明显的优势.     

Segmentation and classification of hyperspectral images using watershed transformation

Hyperspectral imaging, which records a detailed spectrum of light for each pixel, provides an invaluable source of information regarding the physical nature of the different materials, leading to the potential of a more accurate classification. However, high dimensionality of hyperspectral data, usually coupled with limited reference data available, limits the performances of supervised classification techniques. The commonly used pixel-wise classification lacks information about spatial structures of the image. In order to increase classification performances, integration of spatial information into the classification process is needed. In this paper, we propose to extend the watershed segmentation algorithm for hyperspectral images, in order to define information about spatial structures. In particular, several approaches to compute a one-band gradient function from hyperspectral images are proposed and investigated. The accuracy of the watershed algorithms is demonstrated by the further incorporation of the segmentation maps into a classifier. A new spectral-spatial classification scheme for hyperspectral images is proposed, based on the pixel-wise Support Vector Machines classification, followed by majority voting within the watershed regions. Experimental segmentation and classification results are presented on two hyperspectral images. It is shown in experiments that when the number of spectral bands increases, the feature extraction and the use of multidimensional gradients appear to be preferable to the use of vectorial gradients. The integration of the spatial information from the watershed segmentation in the hyperspectral image classifier improves the classification accuracies and provides classification maps with more homogeneous regions, compared to pixel-wise classification and previously proposed spectral-spatial classification techniques. The developed method is especially suitable for classifying images with large spatial structures.     

Hyperspectral Images-Based Crop Classification Scheme for Agricultural Remote Sensing

Hyperspectral imaging is gaining a significant role in agricultural remote sensing applications. Its data unit is the hyperspectral cube which holds spatial information in two dimensions while spectral band information of each pixel in the third dimension. The classification accuracy of hyperspectral images (HSI) increases significantly by employing both spatial and spectral features. For this work, the data was acquired using an airborne hyperspectral imager system which collected HSI in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) range of 400 to 1000 nm wavelength within 180 spectral bands. The dataset is collected for nine different crops on agricultural land with a spectral resolution of 3.3 nm wavelength for each pixel. The data was cleaned from geometric distortions and stored with the class labels and annotations of global localization using the inertial navigation system. In this study, a unique pixel-based approach was designed to improve the crops' classification accuracy by using the edge-preserving features (EPF) and principal component analysis (PCA) in conjunction. The preliminary processing generated the high-dimensional EPF stack by applying the edge-preserving filters on acquired HSI. In the second step, this high dimensional stack was treated with the PCA for dimensionality reduction without losing significant spectral information. The resultant feature space (PCA-EPF) demonstrated enhanced class separability for improved crop classification with reduced dimensionality and computational cost. The support vector machines classifier was employed for multiclass classification of target crops using PCA-EPF. The classification performance evaluation was measured in terms of individual class accuracy, overall accuracy, average accuracy, and Cohen kappa factor. The proposed scheme achieved greater than 90 % results for all the performance evaluation metrics. The PCA-EPF proved to be an effective attribute for crop classification using hyperspectral imaging in the VNIR range. The proposed scheme is well-suited for practical applications of crops and landfill estimations using agricultural remote sensing methods.     

基于多视图边界判别投影的高光谱图像分类

高光谱图像分类是遥感领域研究的热点问题,其关键在于利用高光谱图谱合一的 优势,同时融合高光谱图像中各个像元位置的光谱信息和空间信息,提高光谱图像分类精度。 针对高光谱图像特征维数高和冗余信息多等问题,采用多视图子空间学习方法进行特征降维, 提出了图正则化的多视图边界判别投影算法。将每个像元处的光谱特征看作一个视图,该像元 处的空间特征看作另一个视图,通过同时优化每个视图上的投影方向来寻找最优判别公共子空 间。公开测试数据集上的分类实验表明,多视图学习在高光谱图像空谱融合分类方面具有显著 的优越性,在多视图降维算法中,该算法具有最高的分类准确性。     

基于近邻协同的高光谱图像谱-空联合分类

遥感高光谱成像能够获得丰富的地物光谱信息, 为高精度的地物分析提供了可能. 针对高光谱图像分类中通常面临的数据维数高、标记样本少、计算量大等问题, 提出了一种简单有效的谱--空联合分类方法. 利用高光谱图像丰富的光谱信息和地物分布的空间平滑特性, 该算法首先对光谱数据进行特征提取和空间滤波, 然后利用本文提出的基于近邻协同的支持向量机(Neighborhood collaborative support vector machine, NC-SVM)进行分类. 近邻协同进一步利用地物分布的空间平滑特性, 通过联合空间近邻的判决信息进行中心像素的类别判定, 有效减小了只有少量训练样本下的错分概率. 实验表明, 相比已有的相关方法, 该算法在不明显增加计算量的情况下可获得更高的分类正确率, 能够实现少量训练样本下高光谱图像的快速高精度分类.     

基于加权K近邻和卷积神经网络的高光谱图像分类

传统的谱空联合分类算法通常定义一个邻域空间作为空间信息,忽略空间中非邻域空间信息,且容易将异类像元也考虑在内。针对于高光谱图像分类问题,提出了一种加权K近邻算法能够自适应地提取空间信息,首先定义光谱和空间坐标组成的特征空间,利用该特征空间寻找目标像元的K个相似像元,并对这些像元根据特征空间进行加权;将加权后的像元按照一定方式组合成三维张量表示最终的谱空联合信息,使用三维卷积神经网络对其进行训练,得到最终分类结果。从实验结果来看,相对于改进前的算法,在总体分类精度上得到了一定的提升,与原始的三维卷积神经网络相比,在收敛速度上也得到大大提升,为高光谱图像的谱空联合分类提供了一种更加实用的方法。     

结合分水岭分割的合成核SVM高光谱分类

高光谱图像丰富的光谱信息使其在目标检测、地物分类等领域都具有重要应用,分类作为高光谱应用的重要中间步骤引起了广泛 关注。高光谱图像空间信息刻画了光谱像素点与近邻关系,可以较好地弥补单纯使用光谱信息难以解决的同物异谱、同谱异物以及高维小样本等问题。传统预处理方式空间信息的使用是基于固定结构(如方窗)选择空间近邻以计算空间特征辅助分类,但会因窗口大小而影响空间特征质量。为此本文提出了结合分水岭分割的合成核支持向量机(Support vector machine, SVM)高光谱分类,根据分水岭分割图自适应选择优质的空间近邻,然后通过合成核SVM有效地把空间信息融入到原光谱信息分类 中。实验表明,本文方法更好地利用了空间信息,实现在少量样本下高光谱图像的快速高精度分类。     

GPU-based fast hyperspectral image classification using joint sparse representation with spectral consistency constraint

Due to the fact that neighboring hyperspectral pixels often belong to the same class with high probability, spatial correlation between pixels has been widely used in hyperspectral image classification. In this paper, a novel joint sparse representation classifier with spectral consistency constraint (JSRC-SCC) is proposed. Specifically, to efficiently exploit contextual structure information, a local adaptive weighted average value is reallocated as the central pixel of a window through spatial filtering, and then, representation coefficients are estimated by the joint sparse representation model, which is imposed by the spectral consistency constraint under \(\textit{l}_1\)-minimization. For the purpose of fast classification, graphics processing units are adopted to accelerate this model. Experimental results on two classical hyperspectral image data sets demonstrate the proposed method can not only produce satisfying classification performance, but also shorten the computational time significantly.     

The effect of spectral and spatial degradation of hyperspectral imagery for the Sclerophyll tree species classification

Hyperspectral imaging can be a useful remote-sensing technology for classifying tree species. Prior to the image classification stage, effective mapping endeavours must first identify the optimal spectral and spatial resolutions for discriminating the species of interest. Such a procedure may contribute to improving the classification accuracy, as well as the image acquisition planning. In this work, we address the effect of degrading the original bandwidth and pixel size of a hyperspectral and hyperspatial image for the classification of Sclerophyll forest tree species. A HySpex-VNIR 1600 airborne-based hyperspectral image with submetric spatial resolution was acquired in December 2009 for a native forest located in the foothills of the Andes of central Chile. The main tree species of this forest were then sampled in the field between January and February 2010. The original image spectral and spatial resolutions (160 bands with a width of 3.7 nm and pixel sizes of 0.3 m) were systematically degraded by resampling using a Gaussian model and a nearest neighbour method, respectively (until reaching 39 bands with a width of 14.8 nm and pixel sizes of 2.4 m). As a result, 12 images with different spectral and spatial resolution combinations were created. Subsequently, these images were noise-reduced using the minimum noise fraction procedure and 12 additional images were created. Statistical class separabilities from the spectral divergence measure and an assessment of classification accuracy of two supervised hyperspectral classifiers (spectral angle mapper (SAM) and spectral information divergence (SID)) were applied for each of the 24 images. The best overall and per-class classification accuracies (>80%) were observed when the SAM classifier was applied on the noise-reduced reflectance image at its original spectral and spatial resolutions. This result indicates that pixels somewhat smaller than the tree canopy diameters were the most appropriate to represent the spatial variability of the tree species of interest. On the other hand, it suggests that noise-reduced bands derived from the full image spectral resolution rendered the best discrimination of the spectral properties of the tree species of interest. Meanwhile, the better performance of SAM over SID may result from the ability of the former to classify tree species regardless of the illumination differences in the image. This technical approach can be particularly useful in native forest environments, where the irregular surface of the uppermost canopy is subject to a differentiated illumination.     

基于特征加权的高光谱图像融合分类

在对高光谱图像监督分类中, 传统的监督学习方法对高光谱数据进行分类时需要获取足够的有标记样本作为训练样本, 这样可以有效的避免Hughes效应. 实际情况下的高光谱数据拥有较多的波段和相对较小的训练样本集给传统的遥感图像分类方法带来了挑战. 因此, 提出了一种基于特征组合以及特征加权的高光谱图像分类算法, 针对纹理特征分析难度较大的现实, 利用一阶直方图的统计特征描述图像纹理特征, 通过类内散度矩阵的逆矩阵作为特征加权矩阵构造组合核函数将高光谱光谱特征和空间特征融合起来, 同时利用特征加权的方法用于提高小训练样本的监督分类精度. 实验结果表明, 本文所提的方法对小样本的高光谱数据分类具有良好的效果.     

混合编码差分进化粒子群算法及多示例学习的高光谱影像降维与分类

目的 高光谱遥感影像由于其巨大的波段数直接导致信息的高冗余和数据处理的复杂,这不仅带来庞大的计算量,而且会损害分类精度。因此,在对高光谱影像进行处理、分析之前进行降维变得非常必要。分类作为一种重要的获取信息的手段,现有的基于像素点和图斑对象特征辨识地物种类的方法在强噪声干扰训练样本条件下精度偏低,在对象的基础上,将光谱和空间特征相似的对象合并成比其还要大的集合,再按照各个集合的光谱和空间特征进行分类,则不容易受到噪声等因素的干扰。方法 提出混合编码差分进化粒子群算法的双种群搜索策略进行降维,基于支持向量机的多示例学习算法作为分类方法,构建封装型降维与分类模型。结果 采用AVIRIS影像进行实验,本文算法相比其他相近的分类方法能获得更高的分类精度,达到96.03%,比其他相近方法中最优的像元级的混合编码的分类方法精度高出0.62%。结论 在针对强干扰的训练样本条件下,本文算法在降维过程中充分发挥混合编码差分进化算法的优势,分类中训练样本中的噪声可以看做多示例学习中训练包"歧义性"的特定表现形式,有效提高了分类的精度。