Video transport in ATM networks: a systems view

This paper presents a systems view of video transport issues in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. Since video is a critical component of future distributed multimedia applications, we consider technical approaches necessary to realize a flexible, robust, and efficient ATM framework for video delivery. The overall system-design problem is discussed for a general distributed multimedia computing scenario, and key video-related design issues are identified. This is followed by a more detailed discussion of selected ATM video topics, including: (1) variable bit-rate (VBR) statistical multiplexing and dynamic usage parameter control (VBR+), (2) ATM cell-loss concealment in MPEG decoders, and (3) new transport protocols (“MTP”) for video and multimedia. Supporting simulation or experimental results from ongoing research are given where available.     

基于模糊控制的ATM网络VBR视频传输平滑策略

VBR视频传输的突发性是影响ATM网络服务质量的关键因素,文中通过模糊控制方法对视频传输流量的阈值进行监控,实现了接入的平滑并可动态调整传输速度。文中以传输流量及这发级作为评价指标进行分析,结果表明VBR视频传输自适应平滑策略的实效性。     

Zebroid: using IPTV data to support STB-assisted VoD content delivery

IPTV, unlike Internet TV, delivers digital TV and multimedia services over IP-based networks with the required level of quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE). Linear programming channels in IPTV are delivered through multicast, which is highly scalable with the number of subscribers. Video-on-demand (VoD) content, on the other hand, is typically delivered using unicast, which places a heavy load on the VoD servers and all the network components leading to the end-user set-top boxes (STBs) as the demand increases. With the rapid growth of IPTV subscribers and the shift in video viewing habits, the need to efficiently disseminate large volumes of VoD content has prompted IPTV service providers to consider the use of STBs to assist in video content delivery. This paper describes our current research work on Zebroid, a potential VoD solution for fiber-to-the-node (FTTN) networks, which uses IPTV data on a recurring basis to determine how to select, stripe, and preposition popular content in selected STBs during idle hours. A STB requesting VoD content during the peak hours can then receive necessary stripes from participating STBs in the neighborhood. Recent VoD request access patterns, STB availability data, and capacity data on network components are taken into consideration in determining the parameters used in the striping algorithm of Zebroid. We show both by simulation and emulation on a realistic IPTV testbed that the VoD server load can be reduced by more than 70% during peak hours by allocating only 8 GB of storage on each STB. The savings achieved through Zebroid would also allow IPTV service providers to add more linear programming channels without expensive infrastructure upgrades.     

基于DirectShow实现局域网实时视频传输

随着计算机网络和多媒体技术的发展,音频、视频等多媒体信息已在网络中越来越普遍,它们深深地影响了人们的生活。MPEG-4是时下一种流行的视频编解码模式,怎样在Intemet上实时地传输MPEG-4码流已经成为当前的一个热点;同样是未来网络方向的一个研究重点。文中在目前的视频传输系统的基础上,利用新的协议标准和传输方式来实现视频的实时传输,使传输的视频实时,没有马赛克。论文研究了DirectShow技术,分析了其体系结构的特点与组成,研究了利用DirectShow实现视频采集、压缩编码、网络传输以及解码播放技术,并给出了利用RTP／RTCP以及DirectShow实现MPEG-4视频数据的实时直播的方法和部分核心代码,有效地保证了高质量的实时视频传输。同时在应用程序内开发源Filter,简化了开发流程和程序的调试。测试证明系统有良好的网络适应性,视频经过传输后比较流畅,几乎没有马赛克。     

多媒体数据压缩标准—MPEG系列

随着各种多媒体数据压缩标准的制定及计算机硬件、网络技术的发展，多媒体信息的应用呈现出爆炸式的增长。为了适应用户终端的多样性及网络自身的传输特性，20世纪90年代后期，一些国际标准化组织制定了几个多媒体数据压缩标准，并且获得了成功的应用，其中最主要的是MPEG系列。在此主要从视频的编码原理，视频数据组织结构和应用领域等方面对MPEG－1、MPEG－2、MPEG－4和MPEG－7做了一些介绍。     

基于XMT的MPEG-4场景视频制作及系统设计

介绍了MPEG-4标准中的二进制格式的场景描述，基于XML的两种可扩展文本格式的描述框架：XMT-A和XMT-Ω及其支持的节点、属性、域与BIFS流的映射关系；给出了MPEG-4标准场景视频制作及发布系统的功能结构和基于XMT的系统层次分析。利用该系统制作和发布的多媒体交互式场景视频，可以进行网上教学的节目制作和远程点播。系统建立在MPEG-4标准上，提高了远程教学的质量，满足了用户与场景视频的交互需求；利用XMT作为中间描述格式，满足了相同场景在MPEG-4、SMIL、VRML等标准间的内容交换及互操作功能。     

分布式视频点播系统的接入控制研究

Video on Demand(VoD)systems are considered as one of the most valuable services for the next generation broad-bandwidth Internet. To provide high-quality service, the VoD system must employ an admission control module to guarantee QoS, but there are still less research works having been made in this field, especially for distributed VoD systems. In this paper, we mainly focus on distributed admission control for VBR video streams in distributed VoD systems. We firstly discuss different approaches and then two admission control strategies are proposed with experimental comparisons. Our research is also further extended to resource assignment in distributed VoD systems. At the end of this article, we address issues in implementing distributed admission control.     

基于MPEG-4 FGS视频的流式多播传输

根据流体流量控制机制和MPEG-4 FGS编码视频流精细分级的特点,提出了流式多播方法,该方法中数据不用分层组织且没有加入实验,极大地减少了网络开销.同时,针对视频图像组帧间编码的依赖关系,修正了视频质量PSNR的计算公式,较好地评价视频网络传输质量.对分层多播和流式多播的对比仿真实验表明,流式多播的性能稳定、扩展灵活,便于大规模扩展应用.     

Control Mechanisms for Error-Resilient MPEG-2 Video Communications over ATM Networks

The design of digital video communications systems is a very active research area. Due to the stringent requirement of video and characteristics of networking technologies, the provisioning of control mechanisms guaranteeing a certain level of service is essential for the success of distributed video applications. In this paper, we study the use of different schemes for the robust transmission of MPEG-2 video over ATM networks. We compare error-resilience performance of two data-partitioning schemes for MPEG-2 bit stream transmitted over ATM networks where two layers of priority traffic are supported with different cell discarding schemes. The effectiveness of the different control mechanisms is quantitatively evaluated in terms of cells loss rates, end-to-end delay and cell loss distributions. Our results show that the use of control mechanisms at various levels of the protocol stack is essential for the deployment of error resilient video applications.     

Transmission control of Variable-Bit-Rate video streaming in UMTS networks

Variable-Bit-Rate (VBR) video transmission over UMTS networks is assuming an ever growing importance, then scheduling VBR data over wireless channels attracts great interest today. This paper proposes an on-line PI control algorithm for easily and suitably scheduling interactive multimedia transmission of VBR video streams. It dynamically adapts the transmitted bit rate to the user's actions that can suddenly and highly modify the client buffer level. The Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) packets periodically feed back the buffer level to the server for keeping the free buffer space at 50% of its capacity, so as to prevent both buffer overflow and underflow. Numerical results of different simulated scenarios show the effectiveness of the proposed controller in comparison with two well-established algorithms, enhanced with RTCP information.     

TCP/IP网络环境下的视频图像传输

为了在ＴＣＰ／ＩＰ网络环境下有效地传输连续视频图像,文章提出了一种对ＵＤＰ扩展的视频图像传输协议,保证传输的正确性和有序性。同时在一个可变带宽的远程多媒体通信模拟平台上实现了视频图像的实时网络传输。     

互联网上的MPEG-4视频解码自适应控制研究

针对互联网上的多媒体应用,提出了有限的系统资源条件下的MPEG-4视频解码控制方案。该方案既能保证视频流的解码,又能有效地利用网络带宽,从而实现了有服务质量保证的网络上的MPEG-4码流的实时传输和解码。     

Content-based management of video in a multimedia authoring environment

This paper describes architecture and implementation of a multimedia authoring environment which features content-based management of video.The goal of our work is to provide multimedia application developers with a useful video database, where they gather video materials from various sources, store them in a organized format, and use them in multimedia applications. The principal design concepts are that (1) it should have a flexible means to store video materials in a organized format so that video clips can be retrieved easily, and that (2) it should have a view to each application so that various applications can share the video materials.To meet these requirements we designed a multimedia authoring system based on a video object model. The video object model features (1) a method to attach annotations not only to scenes but also to things shot in the video, and (2) a method to define video clips independently from physical video data.Our experiences in using the system to develop a multimedia CAI application are also described to show the advantages of our system.     

视频点播系统中QoS管理的框架结构与对象模型

视频点播等多媒体应用一般都有较高的QoS要求,而现有的多数网络系统并不提供QoS保障,这就要求分布式多媒体系统提供强有力的QoS管理机制以满足多媒体应用的需要。文章对视频点播系统中QoS管理的框架结构及通用对象模型进行了研究,并提出了相应解决方案。     

MPEG的新发展——多媒体框架标准MPEG-21

标准化是产业化活动成功的前提，视、音频编码的各种国际标准的制定集中地反映了视、音频编码技术发展的水平．目前，图象压缩方面的标准主要有MPEG系列(MPEG-1，MPEG-2，MPEG-4，MPEG-7和MPEG-21标准)，以及H．26X系列(H．261，H．263标准)和静止图象压缩标准JPEG．为了使人们对图象压缩标准有所了解，以进一步推动图象压缩方面的研究，首先对MPEG系列的各种已有标准及其应用进行了概述，然后着重讨论了MPEG中的新面孔——正在开发的MPEG-21标准，并就其目标、用户需求、技术要素、关键任务、应用领域以及工作计划做了较详细的描述．     

A new MAC protocol design based on TDMA/FDD for QoS support in WATM networks

Several wireless networking solutions have been developed to provide different types of services for various end user applications. Currently, wireless networking infrastructures are not suitable for multimedia applications each requiring a different QoS support with various traffic parameters. Due to the success of ATM technology in the wired network, WATM concept and related researches are of importance in the information technology area. Main objective of WATM, which promises seamless transmission of different traffics such as voice, data and video over wireless medium, is to implement high bit rate and QoS guaranteed data transfer, already well achieved by ATM technology over wired medium. To support QoS guaranteed data transfer over error-prone and low bandwidth wireless medium, an effective MAC protocol must be designed and utilized. In this paper, a new TDMA/FDD based MAC protocol, maintaining QoS requirements of real-time wireless multimedia applications, is proposed. The main contribution of this study is the new guarantee-based scheduling algorithm used in the proposed MAC to support required level of QoS guarantee for all multimedia traffic types in wireless medium. Computer modeling and simulation of the new approach providing CBR, VBR, ABR and UBR ATM services are realized using OPNET Modeler. Simulation results are also presented together with comparisons those of a WATM counterpart which uses PRMA/DA MAC protocol.     

基于OpenH323的MPEG-4视频传输

H.323协议是当前发展非常成熟的基于IP网络的视频会议协议,MPEG-4是一种性能非常优越的视频压缩标准,研究MPEG-4内容在H.323协议上的传输有极其重要的意义。它在诸如视频会议、远程监控、交互式网络视频、多媒体电子邮件、视频新闻等方面有着广泛的应用。文中通过MPEG-4视频在OpenH323系统中传输的研究来实现在IP网络中基于H.323协议的MPEG-4视频传输。给出了MPEG-4SimpleProfile视频在OpenH323系统中传输的方案并与采用H.261/263视频编码标准时的结果进行了比较。     

MPEG VBR视频流—统计特性及其模型

该文分析了已有的MPEG VBR视频流模型及其缺点,并在此基础上对VBR视频流的统计特性进行了研究,实验结果表明,通过对整个视频流进行场景划分（聚类）,聚类间用Markov调制链建模,而每一聚类中独立的场景则可以采用TES模型基于GOP（Group Of Picture)而非帧进行建模,则该方法既能避免状态空间过大,又能避免帧间周期性的自相关,因而能够更好地拟合VBR视频流序列的一阶和二阶统计特性,同时,对独立场景的GOP分布函数可以采用Gamma函数进行拟合,自相关函数则可以采用双指数函数更好地拟合。     

A Survey of MPEG-1 Audio,Video and Semantic Analysis Techniques

Digital audio & video data have become an integral part of multimedia information systems. To reduce storage and bandwidth requirements, they are commonly stored in a compressed format, such as MPEG-1. Increasing amounts of MPEG encoded audio and video documents are available online and in proprietary collections. In order to effectively utilise them, we need tools and techniques to automatically analyse, segment, and classify MPEG video content. Several techniques have been developed both in the audio and visual domain to analyse videos. This paper presents a survey of audio and visual analysis techniques on MPEG-1 encoded media that are useful in supporting a variety of video applications. Although audio and visual feature analyses have been carried out extensively, they become useful to applications only when they convey a semantic meaning of the video content. Therefore, we also present a survey of works that provide semantic analysis on MPEG-1 encoded videos.