融合位置特征注意力与关系增强机制的远程监督关系抽取

实体关系抽取是构建知识图谱的主要任务之一,旨在确定句子中实体之间的关系类别.远程监督关系抽取方法通过将远程知识库与文本数据对齐来自动标记数据,已成为处理关系抽取任务的主要方式.为解决远程关系抽取不能充分利用单词之间的位置关系信息,并且没有考虑重叠关系之间语义相关性的问题,本文提出一种融合位置特征注意力和关系增强机制的远程监督关系抽取模型.该模型使用基于高斯算法的位置特征注意力机制重新分配句子中单词的权重,并且采用分段卷积神经网络和词级注意力来捕获句子特征.然后,利用基于自注意力的关系增强机制来捕获重叠关系之间的语义关联.在NYT10公共数据集上的实验结果表明,本文模型的性能优于所比较的基线关系抽取模型.     

基于远程监督的藏文实体关系抽取

关系抽取任务是对句子中的实体对进行关系分类。基于远程监督的关系抽取是用预先构建的知识库来对齐朴素文本,自动标注数据,在一定程度上减少了人工标注的成本,缓解了藏文材料语料不足的问题。但是基于远程监督的实体关系抽取还存在错误标记、提取特征时出现噪声等问题。该文用远程监督方法进行藏文实体关系抽取,基于已经构建的藏文知识库,利用分段卷积神经网络结构,加入语言模型和注意力机制来改善语义歧义问题以及学习句子的信息;在训练过程中加入联合得分函数来动态修正错误标签问题。实验结果表明改进的模型有效提高了藏文实体关系抽取的准确率,且优于基线模型效果。     

结合残差BiLSTM与句袋注意力的远程监督关系抽取

实体关系抽取是从非结构化和程序化的海量文本中识别出实体之间的语义关系,为本体构建、智能检索等任务提供数据支持,然而现有远程监督关系抽取方法普遍存在需要大量人工标注语料库、提取特征含有噪声且忽略了实体与句子之间关联关系等问题。提出一种基于残差双向长短时记忆网络（BiLSTM）与句袋内和句袋间注意力机制的关系抽取模型,在将词向量和位置向量作为模型输入的基础上,通过残差BiLSTM网络提取语句与实体词中的长距离文本信息,利用句袋内和句袋间注意力机制对提取到的特征信息进行处理,使模型在远程监督过程中减少实体之间的特征提取噪声,并提高模型识别准确性。在NYT数据集上的实验结果表明,该模型能够充分利用实体与关系特征,平均精确率达到86.2%,相比于将卷积神经网络和分段卷积神经网络作为句子编码器的同类模型具有更好的远程监督关系抽取性能。     

结合实体描述信息的跨句包关系抽取方法

远程监督关系抽取方法能够大幅减少标注成本,但现有方法忽略了关系间的关联信息和实体背景知识。结合实体描述信息提出一种新的跨句包关系抽取方法。引入分段卷积神经网络进行句编码,解决特征提取的误差传播问题。同时设计跨关系跨句包注意力机制获取关系特征,更好地从远程监督的噪声数据中鉴别有效实例,从而充分利用关系之间丰富的相关信息并降低噪音句子的影响。在此基础上,利用卷积神经网络提取实体描述信息,补充关系抽取任务所需的背景知识,为跨关系跨句包注意力模块提供更好的实体表示。在NYT公共数据集上的实验结果表明,该方法在句子层面抽取任务上的F1值较结合句注意力与实体描述信息的分段卷积方法提高了4%左右,能够有效改善远程监督关系抽取效果。     

DenseCNN-ATT:实体关系抽取的密集连接卷积神经网络

在远程监督(Distant Supervision,DS)实体关系抽取任务中,采用远程监督的方式虽然可以产生大量的标注数据,但是这种方法产生的数据集充满大量的噪声数据,从而会降低关系抽取的性能.为此,我们针对现有深度学习使用浅层和单一深层神经网络模型提取特征的局限,设计了一个融合注意力机制的密集连接卷积神经网络模型——DenseCNN-ATT,该模型采用五层卷积深度的CNN,构成密集连接卷积模块作为句子编码器,通过增加特征通道数量来提高特征传递,减少了特征梯度的消失现象;此外,为进一步减少噪声影响,论文将网络的最大池化结果融合注意力机制,通过强调句子权重,来提升关系抽取性能.该模型在NYT数据集上的平均准确率达到了83.2％,相比于目前效果较好的浅层网络PCNN+ATT和深层网络ResCNN-9提升了9％～11％.实验证明,该模型能够充分利用有效的实例关系,在综合性能上明显优于目前效果较好的主流模型.     

旅游领域实体和关系联合抽取方法研究

从文本信息中抽取关系三元组是构建知识图谱的关键任务,近年来受到工业界和学术界的广泛关注。针对旅游领域信息抽取过程中出现的实体嵌套和关系重叠问题,提出了一种基于双仿射注意力机制的实体关系联合抽取模型BAMRel,该模型通过共享编码层参数利用双仿射注意力机制在实体识别部分和关系抽取部分构建分类矩阵,并在关系抽取部分融合实体类型信息,提升关系抽取效果的同时增加了两个任务之间的交互。此外,通过远程监督和人工校验构建了旅游领域关系抽取数据集TFRED,BAMRel模型在此数据集上F1值达到了91.8%,有效地解决了实体嵌套和关系重叠问题。为了验证模型的鲁棒性,在百度DuIE数据集上与主流联合抽取模型进行了对比实验,BAMRel模型取得了最高的F1值80.2%。     

面向招投标领域的远程监督实体关系抽取研究

招投标网站资源中蕴含着丰富的情报信息。“远程监督”方法借助知识库自动标注数据,弥补了传统信息抽取方法在语料准备阶段对人工强依赖的缺陷,可有效提高信息抽取效率。该方法会引入噪声数据,导致信息抽取效果不够理想。因此,提出一种基于因子图模型的远程监督实体关系抽取方法,并结合领域特征,采用知识融合技术提高实体抽取质量,进而针对远程监督的缺陷提出基于负例数据学习的降噪方法。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效减少“噪声”干扰,提高关系抽取性能。     

一种针对维汉的跨语言远程监督方法

远程监督是关系抽取领域重要的语料扩充技术,可以在少量已标注语料的基础上快速生成伪标注语料。但是传统的远程监督方法主要应用于单语种文本,维吾尔语等低资源语言并不能使用这类方法得到伪标注语料。针对上述问题,提出一种针对维汉的跨语言远程监督方法,在无语料的情况下利用现有的汉语语料进行维语语料的自动扩充。将远程监督视为文本语义相似度计算问题而不是简单的文本查找,从实体语义和句子语义2个层面判断维语和汉语句子对是否包含同一关系,若为同一关系则将已有的汉语标注转移到维语句子上,实现维语语料从零开始的自动扩充。此外,为有效捕获实体的上下文和隐藏语义信息,提出一种带有门控机制的交互式匹配方法,通过门控单元控制编码层、注意力层之间的信息传递。人工标记3 500条维语句子和600条汉语句子用于模拟远程监督过程并验证模型的性能。实验结果表明,该方法 F1值达到73.05%,并且成功构造了包含97 949条维语句子的关系抽取伪标注数据集。     

基于动态损失函数的远程监督关系抽取

关系抽取是信息抽取的主要任务之一,远程监督作为关系抽取中的一种有效的方法,已成功地应用于包含上千关系的大型语料库.然而,远程监督造成的错误标注会影响关系抽取的性能.为了缓解这一问题,现有的远程监督关系抽取方法选择每个实体对中一个最好的句子或通过注意力机制赋予每个句子不同的权重.但这些方法并不能完全解决错误标注的问题.本文提出了一种新的方法来寻找错误标注或简单的实例,并通过动态改变损失函数的方式来降低它们在批量梯度下降中的权重.在NYT-Freebase公共数据集上的实验结果表明,本文提出的方法优于基线方法,能够有效提高远程监督关系抽取的准确率.     

融合多特征BERT模型的中文实体关系抽取

关系抽取是构建知识图谱的一项核心技术.由于中文具有复杂的语法和句式,同时现有的神经网络模型提取特征有限以及语义表征能力较差,从而影响中文实体关系抽取的性能.文章提出了一种融合多特征的BERT预训练模型的实体关系抽取算法.首先对语料进行预处理,提取关键词、实体对信息和实体类型特征并进行融合,以此来强化BERT模型的语义学习能力,极大限度地减少了语义信息特征的丢失,最后通过Softmax分类器进行关系分类.实验结果表明,文章模型优于现有的神经网络模型.在人工标注的中文数据集上本文模型取得了97.50％的F1值.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.