浅谈智能变电站

智能电网已成为当今世界电力系统发展革新的最新动向,同时被认为是21世纪电力系统的发展趋势和重大科技创新。而智能变电站是智能电网建设的重要组成部分,是坚强智能电网的重要基础和支撑,所以世界各国在智能化变电站建设中都提出了不同的设计方案和构想,本文将对智能变电站的特点及功能进行简要分析。     

遗传算法的阶梯电价用电需求管理方案

用电需求管理是智能电网中的重要部分,能让消费者根据自己的用电量做出合适的决策,帮助供电者减少峰值负载,让负载的时空分布更为均衡,从而增加智能电网的可持续性,并减少运营成本和碳排放量。一种基于负载转移技术的用电需求管理方案可以满足对大量、多种设备的调节需求。用电需求管理的解决方案使用改进的遗传算法,并引入了一个新的算子,模拟测试的结果显示通过改进的算法获得的方案节省了可观的成本,并且在使用阶梯式电价的情况下,减少了智能电网的峰值负载。     

On making energy demand and network constraints compatible in the last mile of the power grid

In the classical electricity grid power demand is nearly instantaneously matched by power supply. In this paradigm, the changes in power demand in a low voltage distribution grid are essentially nothing but a disturbance that is compensated for by control at the generators. The disadvantage of this methodology is that it necessarily leads to a transmission and distribution network that must cater for peak demand. So-called smart meters and smart grid technologies provide an opportunity to change this paradigm by using demand side energy storage to moderate instantaneous power demand so as to facilitate the supply-demand match within network limitations. A receding horizon model predictive control method can be used to implement this idea. In this paradigm demand is matched with supply, such that the required customer energy needs are met but power demand is moderated, while ensuring that power flow in the grid is maintained within the safe operating region, and in particular peak demand is limited. This enables a much higher utilisation of the available grid infrastructure, as it reduces the peak-to-base demand ratio as compared to the classical control methodology of power supply following power demand. This paper investigates this approach for matching energy demand to generation in the last mile of the power grid while maintaining all network constraints through a number of case studies involving the charging of electric vehicles in a typical suburban low voltage distribution network in Melbourne, Australia.     

考虑智能用电新业务发展的电网评价方法

光伏云网、车联网、综合能源服务等智能用电新业务的快速发展会对电网运行产生新的影响.运用鱼骨图建立基于能量、信息、电能质量、有序充电及需求响应等多维度的智能用电新业务对电网运行影响评价指标体系,并从电网安全可靠性、协调平衡性、运行经济性及节能环保性方面评价智能用电新业务对电网的影响.同时,提出基于指标综合筛选的模糊综合评...     

Security system architecture for data integrity based on a virtual smart meter overlay in a smart grid system

As an efficient and intelligent system for managing and monitoring electricity usage, the “smart grid” has many useful applications. It supports energy producers and energy consumers efficiently by supporting the estimation and provision of the proper amount of electricity at the proper time. The most serious threat to a smart grid system may be when information is altered or forged by attackers; the system could malfunction and could collapse. In some cases, the attackers could waste system resources on purpose and this could lead to disastrous results. In this paper, we propose security system architecture to provide the secure and reliable smart grid service. It includes a data authentication process to verify the aggregated data and virtual network management to detect a compromised area or node. It detects a false data injection attack and further prevents a denial of service attack efficiently with less overhead for the individual devices comprising the smart grid system.     

物联网在智能电网中的应用

随着通信技术、网络技术、信息技术、数据库技术以及计算机技术的快速发展,物联网的产生是必然的,同时智能电网的发展是现代电网发展的主要方向,引领以信息化、自动化、互动化为基本特征的新一代电力工业革命。物联网应用在智能电网中将显著提高电力系统信息化水平、安全性与稳定性,改善现有电力系统基础设施的利用效率,满足节能环保的效果。介绍了物联网和智能电网的相关概念以及发展现状．并提出了物联网在智能电网中的具体应用。     

Heterogeneous data source integration for smart grid ecosystems based on metadata mining

The arrival of new technologies related to smart grids and the resulting ecosystem of applications and management systems pose many new problems. The databases of the traditional grid and the various initiatives related to new technologies have given rise to many different management systems with several formats and different architectures. A heterogeneous data source integration system is necessary to update these systems for the new smart grid reality. Additionally, it is necessary to take advantage of the information smart grids provide. In this paper, the authors propose a heterogeneous data source integration based on IEC standards and metadata mining. Additionally, an automatic data mining framework is applied to model the integrated information.     

面向智能电网建设的电力物联网架构研究作者:汪兴

智能电网是电网公司建设的新趋势,具有较强的灵活性、可接入性、可靠性与盈利性。随着信息化时代的来临,智能电网的建设已经上升到了国家战略层面。为加快电网智能化建设,实现电力流、信息流和业务流的融合,通过分析物联网技术在电力应用方面的国内外研究现状及其优势,提出了一种面向智能电网建设的电力物联网架构,将智能传感器、移动互联网、移动终端、射频识别技术(Radio Frequency Identification, RFID)等设备应用于电网建设,与物理电网进行高度集成,并进行了应用与实现,能够实现配电网络进行实时监控、快速定位故障区段、快速恢复供电功能等,电力物联网的架构应用有利于优化电力资源配置,提高服务质量,进一步满足用户电力需求,实现电力安全、可靠、经济化供应。     

源于业务的CIM模型实现通用方法框架

在电力行业,IEC61970/61968 CIM因为可以解决信息孤岛问题而成为当前电力企业进行信息交互的标准并被广泛使用。众所周知IEC CIM模型是一个比较庞大的体系,在应用中都是采取相应范围的裁剪和按照需求进行相应的扩充,我们称之为定制化。由于各个人或厂商对于CIM模型的理解不一致,在裁剪或扩充的时候难免出现诸如实用性、与前版本的一致性和可扩充性等的差异问题。特别是在实践中发现在支持接入不同时期、由不同厂商开发的正在运行的应用系统基于CIM标准的实例化有各自的方式和方法,所以电力企业将面临着不同应用系统采用不同CIM标准版本进行的实例化情况,非常难以管理。为了解决同一个CIM模型标准落地存在差异的问题,介绍一种通过实践融合了业务建模方法（BPMN 2.0）、智能电网系统的需求开发方法论（IEC62559）和IEC通用方法框架CMF的方法框架,从方法论的角度约束或指导CIM模型落地。     

需求侧管理下智能家庭用电多目标优化控制

针对家庭内附加型负载进行需求侧管理,缓解高峰时刻电网压力,提出一种智能电网环境的家庭用电控制系统。设计了智能控制器,可以获取用户家庭负荷信息并为用户提供分时电价计量,同时便于供电侧直接进行需求侧控制。提出了多目标蜻蜓算法,针对降低负载功率和减少需求响应延时时间两个目标进行求解,其迭代速度快,满足即时响应的需求。500个家庭的实验结果显示,家庭用电控制系统合理,降低了用户用电费用;算法计算速度快,响应时间延时少,有效缓解了高峰时刻的电网负荷。     

Electricity storage systems in the future German energy sector: An optimization of the German electricity generation system until 2040 considering grid restrictions

Due to the growing feed-in of electricity based on renewables, electricity storage systems will be essential in the future energy sector. Because of the volatile feed-in, electricity will have to be shifted temporally. Additionally, load centers and regions of potentially high wind-based electricity production are located far away from each other in Germany, resulting in the need to transport electricity from the north to the south. According to the targets defined by the German government, more than 60% of electricity generation in 2040 is to be based on renewables. A strategic allocation of storage systems might help to improve the utilization of grid capacities and integrate renewables at the same time. To analyze this, we implemented the possibility to commission storage systems throughout Germany in the energy system model PERSEUS-NET-ESS. This investment and dispatch model includes a DC approach of the German transmission grid and, thus, calculates not only the installed capacities, but also their optimal allocation. Besides storage systems, gas turbines or load shift potentials can be used for the integration of renewables. In this paper, we use PERSEUS-NET-ESS to evaluate the alternatives taking the grid restrictions into account. Results indicate that it is beneficial to commission about 3.2 GW of battery storage systems until 2040, provided that storage investment will drop to about 150 €/kWh until then. The main part of the capacity is to be deployed in northern Germany close to the sea, where electricity from off-shore wind parks will be fed into the grid. At the same time, the storage systems will be located mainly close to congested grid lines. For the case of battery storage systems being impossible in the model, gas turbines are commissioned instead. Modeling will also consider the load shift potential due to electric mobility. It can substitute almost all of the commissioned storage systems and at the same time reduce the total generation capacity needed.     

A comprehensive review of the application characteristics and traffic requirements of a smart grid communications network

A robust communication infrastructure is the touchstone of a smart grid that differentiates it from the conventional electrical grid by transforming it into an intelligent and adaptive energy delivery network. To cope with the rising penetration of renewable energy sources and expected widespread adoption of electric vehicles, the future smart grid needs to implement efficient monitoring and control technologies to improve its operational efficiency. However, the legacy communication infrastructures in the existing grid are quite insufficient, if not incapable of meeting the diverse communication requirements of the smart grid. Therefore, utilities from all over the world are now facing the key challenge of finding the most appropriate technology that can satisfy their future communication needs. In order to properly assess the vast landscape of available communication technologies, architectures and protocols, it is very important to acquire detailed knowledge about the current and prospective applications of the smart grid. With a view to addressing this critical issue, this paper offers an in depth review on the application characteristics and traffic requirements of several emerging smart grid applications and highlights some of the key research challenges present in this arena.     

电力行业智能营业厅应用研究

随着智能电网建设的深入,电网发展方式将实现重大转变,会带来工业结构和人民生活方式的改变,也必将带来电力营销服务方式的变革。建设智能营业厅是智能电网建设用电用户环节的重要组成部分,是实现现代电力营销优质服务方式转变的重要手段和平台。该研究将会给电力营业业务带来了全新的服务理念和智能化的运营模式。     

基于正则化矩阵分解的用户用电行为分析

针对细粒度、多类别的用户用电行为分析问题,提出了基于地理信息正则化矩阵分解的居民用户用电行为分析算法,探索用户用电的群体特点,为个性化的、更优的电力调度提供决策支持依据。该模型首先基于矩阵分解理论将用户映射到能表征其用电行为特点的潜在特征空间,然后采用k-means聚类算法在潜在特征空间上实现用电用户群的细分聚类。特别地引入了地理信息作为矩阵分解的正则化因子,使得学习到的潜在特征空间不仅满足用户群特征的正交,而且使得地理位置相近的用户在潜在特征空间的映射也相近,与真实物理空间保持一致。将所提方法应用于中新天津生态城智能电网采集到的真实居民用电数据分析挖掘任务中。实验结果表明,与基准的向量空间模型（VSM）和非负矩阵分解（NMF）算法相比,所提方法能够取得更好的用户细分聚类结果,挖掘出一定的用户群体用电模式,有助于辅助智能电网提升经营和服务水平。     

智能电网互动终端系统设计与实现

根据智能电网自愈、互动、优化、兼容等特征和要求,设计和实现智能可视化电网远程监控与控制系统,即互动终端系统。介绍在嵌入式Windows CE 5.0系统平台上利用EVC开发互动终端系统的过程和方法,包括液晶界面显示功能实现、与电力供应商的通信的实现、与多功能电表通信实现、数据处理、数据存储等。多次实验表明,该系统能够实时监控设备、实时进行互动,数据传输过程能保持低丢帧率。该终端系统于2010年8月得到相关部门的验收。     

An adaptive agent-based system for deregulated smart grids

The power grid is undergoing a major change due mainly to the increased penetration of renewables and novel digital instruments in the hands of the end users that help to monitor and shift their loads. Such transformation is only possible with the coupling of an information and communication technology infrastructure to the existing power distribution grid. Given the scale and the interoperability requirements of such future system, service-oriented architectures (SOAs) are seen as one of the reference models and are considered already in many of the proposed standards for the smart grid (e.g., IEC-62325 and OASIS eMIX). Beyond the technical issues of what the service-oriented architectures of the smart grid will look like, there is a pressing question about what the added value for the end user could be. Clearly, the operators need to guarantee availability and security of supply, but why should the end users care? In this paper, we explore a scenario in which the end users can both consume and produce small quantities of energy and can trade these quantities in an open and deregulated market. For the trading, they delegate software agents that can fully interoperate and interact with one another thus taking advantage of the SOA. In particular, the agents have strategies, inspired from game theory, to take advantage of a service-oriented smart grid market and give profit to their delegators, while implicitly helping balancing the power grid. The proposal is implemented with simulated agents and interaction with existing Web services. To show the advantage of the agent with strategies, we compare our approach with the “base” agent one by means of simulations, highlighting the advantages of the proposal.     

Communication network requirements for major smart grid applications in HAN,NAN and WAN

Since the introduction of the smart grid, accelerated deployment of various smart grid technologies and applications have been experienced. This allows the traditional power grid to become more reliable, resilient, and efficient. Despite such a widespread deployment, it is still not clear which communication technology solutions are the best fit to support grid applications. This is because different smart grid applications have different network requirements – in terms of data payloads, sampling rates, latency and reliability. Based on a variety of smart grid use cases and selected standards, this paper compiles information about different communication network requirements for different smart grid applications, ranging from those used in a Home Area Network (HAN), Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and Wide-Area Network (WAN). Communication technologies used to support implementation of selected smart grid projects are also discussed. This paper is expected to serve as a comprehensive database of technology requirements and best practices for use by communication engineers when designing a smart grid network.     

Supply chain intelligence for electricity markets: A smart grid perspective

Smart grid technologies are bringing innovations in electrical power industries, affecting all parts of the electricity supply chain, and leading to changes in market structure, business models and services. In this paper we introduce a model of business intelligence for a smart grid supply chain. The model is developed in order to provide electricity markets with the necessary data flows and information important for the decision making process. The proposed model offers a way to efficiently leverage the new metering architecture and the new capabilities of the grid to reap immediate business value from the huge amounts of disparate data in emerging smart grids. The model was evaluated for the Serbian electricity market in the electric power transmission company Public Enterprise “Elektromre?a Srbije”. The results show that business intelligence solutions can contribute to a more effective management of smart grids, in order to ensure that companies achieve sustainability in the increasingly competitive electricity markets, while still providing the high quality services to end users.