Control for wireless networked control systems based on 802.11b

In this article, the stabilisation problem is considered for a wireless networked control system. A new model is constructed by integrating the wireless network protocols in IEEE802.11 with control systems. All the possible delays and dropouts are considered in the new model for the packets to be transmitted on both the sensor-to-controller side and the controller-to-actuator side of the WNCS structure. A linear state feedback controller is designed to stabilise the model. The results are given in the form of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, simulations are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Resilient control for wireless networked control systems under DoS attack via a hierarchical game

In this paper, the resilient control problem is investigated for a wireless networked control system (WNCS) under denial‐of‐service (DoS) attack via a hierarchical game approach. In the presence of a wireless network, a DoS attacker leads to extra packet dropout in the cyber layer of WNCS by launching interference power. A zero‐sum Markov game is exploited to model the interaction between the transmitter and the DoS attacker under dynamic network environment. Additionally, with the attack‐induced packet loss, an H_∞ minimax controller is designed in the physical layer by using a delta operator approach. Both value iteration and Q‐learning methods are used to solve the hierarchical game problem for the WNCS. The proposed method is applied to a load frequency control system to illustrate the effectiveness.     

Resilient control for wireless networked control systems

This paper proposes an approach to quantify the concept of resiliency in terms of Quality of Control (QoC) of a control system. Based on this concept, an intelligent resilient control algorithm (RCA) is presented for wireless networked control systems (WNCS) to maintain operational normalcy in face of wireless interference incidents, such as Radio Frequency (RF) jamming and signal blocking. The proposed algorithm closes the control loop with wireless sensors feasible by significantly increasing control system’s tolerance to data packet loss and delay caused by wireless interference. The proposed algorithm, along with other well developed wireless technologies, has the potential to enable implementing wireless sensors widely in the next generation of industrial automation and control systems.     

Modelling and control of Zigbee-based wireless networked control system with both network-induced delay and packet dropout

A new stochastic switched linear model is established to describe the Zigbee-based wireless networked control system (WNCS) with both network-induced delay and packet dropout. The network-induced delay can be less or longer than one sampling period. A sufficient condition is presented for the exponentially mean square stability of the closed-loop WNCS, and corresponding state feedback controller is designed by using the augmenting technique and multi-Lyapunov approach. Then, combined with carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) algorithm, a method is given to choose proper parameter values. Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

无线网络化系统自适应能量调度与协同控制

无线网络化系统（wireless networked control system,WNCS）中节点能量受限是影响系统性能的重要因素．本文提出了一种自适应能量调度方法解决节点能量与控制需求问的矛盾,在采样周期与能量消耗之间关系的基础上,利用动态采样周期实现能耗的实时调节,满足节点生存时间的需求．进而,将自适应采样的WNCS建模为一类具有短暂不确定切换信号的离散切换系统,采用切换状态反馈控制律,利用切换系统理论分析了系统的稳定性,给出了系统渐近稳定时控制器增益与滞留时间需要满足的约束条件．最后在Truetimel．5和MATLAB仿真平台上验证了文中提出的方法和结论．     

Optimal controller location in wireless networked control systems

The control performance of wireless networked control systems (WNCS) has been shown to heavily depend on the packet delivery quality of both the sensor‐to‐controller and controller‐to‐actuator communications. Such quality relies on the relative distance between the wireless transmitter and receiver, which naturally raises the challenging problem of controller placement in WNCS for optimal control performance. In this paper, we investigate the optimal controller location (OCL) problem in WNCS based on linear‐quadratic‐Gaussian control strategy. For the one‐hop network case where the controller can only be placed at either the sensor side or the actuator side, we derive a simple yet effective criterion to determine the OCL. For the more general multi‐hop case where the controller can be located at either one of the sensors, relays, or actuators, we obtain the necessary and sufficient condition under which the closed‐loop system is guaranteed to be stable. On the basis of these results, we further transform the OCL problem into an optimization problem that can be solved efficiently. Numerical results are provided to verify our analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无线网络环境下移动机器人轨迹跟踪的认知控制分析与设计

现有的网络控制系统领域中的研究通常先对网络环境的时延和丢包特性进行理想性假设, 然后设计对应 的控制算法. 然而, 由于无线网络环境具有复杂的时延和丢包特性, 这些假设在无线网络控制系统(WNCS)运行过 程中很难得到满足. 为了在不对网络环境的时延和丢包特性进行理想性假设的前提下设计控制系统, 本文受认知 控制思想的启发, 在控制系统中加入了认知控制器. 认知控制器在感知–作用循环中学习产生认知作用的策略, 调 节无线网络的媒体接入控制(MAC)层的重传次数上限和物理控制器的命令序列长度, 使控制系统可以主动地适应 所处的无线网络环境. 本文以全向轮移动机器人为被控对象, 对使用认知控制器的WNCS和使用固定配置的WNCS 的仿真结果进行比较. 仿真结果表明使用认知控制器调节MAC层的重传次数上限和物理控制器的命令序列长度, 可以提高WNCS对网络环境的时延和丢包的承受能力.     

基于标准神经网络模型的非线性系统分布式无线网络化控制

针对采用标准神经网络模型(SNNM)描述的非线性系统,提出一种基于无线控制网络(WCN)的全分布式控制方法.采用置信因子模拟WCN中无线通信链路的不确定性,利用Lyapunov理论和Lur’e系统方法,将无线网络化控制系统(WNCS)的稳定性分析转化为一个具有线性矩阵不等式(LMI)约束的凸优化问题;使用CVX工具包求解该凸优化问题,得到了保证闭环系统全局渐近稳定的WCN配置参数.仿真结果验证了所提出控制策略的正确性和有效性.     

基于Wi-Fi的无线网络控制系统的仿真研究

近年来,以Wi-Fi为代表的无线局域网（Wireless Local Area Network,WLAN）技术不断发展和成熟,被广泛应用到各个领域。其中,将无线网络与传统控制系统融合起来,形成具备高移动性、可扩展性和灵活性等优势的无线网络控制系统（Wireless Networked Control Systems,WNCS）,成为控制界的研究趋势之一。针对基于Wi-Fi技术的无线网络控制系统进行了研究,利用TrueTime仿真工具箱以及MATLAB/Simulink仿真环境,构建了一个WNCS的仿真系统模型,设计了相应的PID控制器,并研究了网络传输速率、采样周期等网络性能指标对系统控制性能的影响。     

Feedback stabilization over wireless network using adaptive coded modulation

In this paper, we apply adaptive coded modulation (ACM) schemes to a wireless networked control system (WNCS)to improve the energy efficiency and increase the data rate over a fading channel. To capture the characteristics of varying rate,interference, and routing in wireless transmission channels, the concepts of equivalent delay (ED) and networked condition index (NCI)are introduced. Also, the analytic lower and upper bounds of EDs are obtained. Furthermore, we model the WNCS as a multicontroller switched system (MSS) under consideration of EDs and loss index in the wireless transmission. Sufficient stability condition of the closed-loop WNCS and corresponding dynamic state feedback controllers are derived in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI).Numerical results show the validity and advantage of our proposed control strategies.     

利用自适应编码调制的无线网络控制系统的分析和设计

研究了利用自适应编码调制的无线网络控制系统的分析和设计, 自适应编码机制引入无线网络能够提高衰退信道的能量效率, 增加数据传输率. 进一步, 通过等价时延的概念来描述无线传输信道中的时变速率, 干扰和路由特性. 基于时变的网络条件给出了等价时延的上下界. 无线网络控制系统被建模为具有时变输入时延的离散系统. 通过新的时滞系统技术给出了该闭环无线网络控制系统可稳定化的充分条件. 最后, 数值算例表明了所提控制策略的有效性.     

Modeling delay and packet drop in Networked Control Systems using network simulator NS2

Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCS) are used to implement a control mechanism over a wireless network that is capable of carrying real-time traffic. This field has drawn enormous attention from current researchers because of its flexibility and robustness. However, designing efficient WNCS over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) is still a challenging topic because of its less-predictable aspects, such as inconsistent delay, packet drop probability, and dynamic topology. This paper presents design guidelines for WNCS over MANET using the Network Simulator version 2, NS2 software. It investigates the impact of packet delay and packet drop under the AODV and DSR routing protocols. The simulation results have been compared to MATLAB results for validation.     

Optimal codesign of industrial networked control systems with state‐dependent correlated fading channels

This paper examines a codesign problem in industrial networked control systems (NCS) whereby physical systems are controlled over wireless fading channels. The considered wireless channels are assumed to be stochastically dependent on the physical states of moving machineries in the industrial working space. In this paper, the moving machineries are modeled as Markov decision processes whereas the characteristics of the correlated fading channels are modeled as a binary random process whose probability measure depends on both the physical states of moving machineries and the transmission power of communication channels. Under such a state‐dependent fading channel model, sufficient conditions to ensure the stochastic safety of the NCS are first derived. Using the derived safety conditions, a codesign problem is then formulated as a constrained joint optimization problem that seeks for optimal control and transmission power policies which simultaneously minimize an infinite time cost on both communication resource and control effort. This paper shows that such optimal policies can be obtained in a computationally efficient manner using convex programming methods. Simulation results of an autonomous forklift truck and a networked DC motor system are presented to illustrate the advantage and efficacy of the proposed codesign framework for industrial NCS.     

A hybrid approach to minimize state space explosion problem for the solution of two stage tandem queues

Two stage open queuing networks are used for modeling the subsystem-behaviour in computers and communication networks, mass storage devices, memory servers, and queuing analysis of wireless mobile cellular networks. The queuing analysis of wireless systems is essential in order to quantify the impact of different factors on quality of service (QoS); performance measures so that wireless protocols can be designed and/or tuned in an optimal manner. In that sense two stage open queuing systems are particularly important to model handoff phenomena, especially for the integration of two different systems such as cellular and wireless local area networks (WLANs). Analytical solutions for two-dimensional Markov processes suffer from the state space explosion problem. The numerical difficulties caused by large state spaces, make it difficult to handle multiple servers at the second stage of a tandem queuing system together with server failures and repairs. This study presents a new approach to analytical modeling of open networks offering improvements in alleviating this problem. The proposed solution is a hybrid version, which combines well known spectral expansion, and hierarchical Markov reward rate approaches. Using this approach, two-stage open networks with multiple servers, break-downs, and repairs at the second stage and feedback can be modeled as three-dimensional Markov processes and solved for performability measures. Comparative results show that the new algorithm used for solution, provides a high degree of accuracy, and it is computationally more efficient than the existing approaches. The proposed model is capable of solving other three-dimensional Markov processes.     

带滤波的无线传感器网络的H∞控制

本文研究了基于滤波的无线传感器网络的H∞控制问题.首先建立了无线传感器网络的模型,然后使用稳态Kalman滤波器对多个传感器节点的输出信号进行滤波,将滤波后的信号作为无线传感器网络系统的反馈输出,并通过建模和分析得到带干扰的线性离散切换系统模型.最后设计了切换控制器,并基于Lyapunov函数给出了在任意切换条件下使该切换系统满足H∞控制的条件.仿真结果验证了该方法和结果的可行性.     

Robust extended dissipative control for sampled-data Markov jump systems

This paper investigates the problem of the sampled-data extended dissipative control for uncertain Markov jump systems. The systems considered are transformed into Markov jump systems with polytopic uncertainties and sawtooth delays by using an input delay approach. The focus is on the design of a mode-independent sampled-data controller such that the resulting closed-loop system is mean-square exponentially stable with a given decay rate and extended dissipative. A novel exponential stability criterion and an extended dissipativty condition are established by proposing a new integral inequality. The reduced conservatism of the criteria is demonstrated by two numerical examples. Furthermore, a sufficient condition for the existence of a desired mode-independent sampled-data controller is obtained by solving a convex optimisation problem. Finally, a resistance, inductance and capacitance (RLC) series circuit is employed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Adaptive control of linear systems with Markov perturbations

The stochastic model considered is a linear jump diffusion process X for which the coefficients and the jump processes depend on a Markov chain Z with finite state space. First, we study the optimal filtering and control problem for these systems with non-Gaussian initial conditions, given noisy observations of the state X and perfect measurements of Z. We derive a new sufficient condition which ensures the existence and the uniqueness of the solution of the nonlinear stochastic differential equations satisfied by the output of the filter. We study a quadratic control problem and show that the separation principle holds. Next, we investigate an adaptive control problem for a state process X defined by a linear diffusion for which the coefficients depend on a Markov chain, the processes X and Z being observed in independent white noises. Suboptimal estimates for the process X, Z and approximate control law are investigated for a large class of probability distributions of the initial state. Asymptotic properties of these filters and this control law are obtained. Upper bounds for the corresponding error are given     

Controller design for networked control system with data packet dropout and transmission delays

In this paper, the stabilization problem for a class of networked control systems (NCSs) with data packet dropouts and transmission time delays is considered, where the delays are time-varying and uncertain, the data packet dropout is modeled as a two-state Markov chain. To compensate the lost packet, a data packet dropout compensator is established. Thus a more realistic model for such NCSs is presented. Sufficient conditions for the stabilization of the new resulting system are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Numerical example illustrates the solvability and effectiveness of the results.     

Controller design for networked control system with data packet dropout and transmission delays

In this paper, the stabilization problem for a class of networked control systems （NCSs） with data packet dropouts and transmission time delays is considered, where the delays are time-varying and uncertain, the data packet dropout is modeled as a two-state Markov chain. To compensate the lost packet, a data packet dropout compensator is established. Thus a more realistic model for such NCSs is presented. Sufficient conditions for the stabilization of the new resulting system are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities （LMIs）. Numerical example illustrates the solvability and effectiveness of the results.     

Region-based rate control and bit allocation for wireless video transmission

In this paper, we propose a joint source-channel region-based rate control algorithm for real-time video transmissions over wireless systems. During the video transmission, the channel throughput available to the video encoder in the wireless systems is inherently variable, due to the retransmission of the error packets using the automatic repeat request (ARQ) error control. The variable data rate of the wireless system is characterized by the packet-level Gilbert two-state Markov Model, the parameters of which are extracted from the statistical properties of the channel information obtained from the wireless channel simulator. The proposed algorithm adopts a fast but effective block-based segmentation method to extract the regions of interest. Unlike traditional bit allocation methods used in the region/content-based rate control, the algorithm exploits the most effective criteria "coding qualities" as quantitative factors to directly control bit allocation among different regions so as to achieve better visual quality in the regions of interest. The computational complexity of the algorithm is low making it suitable for real-time applications. Compared with the MPEG-4 rate control algorithm, our algorithm can effectively enhance the perceptual quality for the regions of interest and significantly reduce the number of frame skipping; thereby, improve the smoothness of the video.