基于PSO-GRU神经网络的青椒生长期需水预测

青椒生长期内需水量与气温、气压、相对湿度等因子之间存在复杂的非线性关系,需水量变化呈现出时序性和周期性的规律,为提高青椒生长期日均需水量的预测精度,提出一种PSO-GRU青椒生长期日均需水预测模型。以2014—2018年实验所得的青椒需水和气象环境等数据为数据源,将日均气温、气压、风速等六维数据作为特征集,需水量作为标签,采用GRU神经网络作为需水预测的训练模型,并针对GRU超参数容易陷入局部最优的问题,利用粒子群算法(PSO）优化GRU模型的超参数,通过仿真实验对青椒生长期日均需水量进行预测,并与RNN,LSTM和GRU等模型进行对比,验证PSO-GRU模型的优越性。仿真实验结果表明：PSO-GRU模型的预测精度和拟合效果显著提高,RMSE为0.505,MAE为0.388,MAPE为7.73,R2为0.888。PSO-GRU模型可为制定灌溉计划提供依据,有利于节水灌溉,推动农业种植水利信息化。     

基于奇异谱分析-灰狼优化-支持向量回归混合模型的黑河正义峡月径流预测

水文预报是水资源优化配置的重要前提,而传统预报方法普遍存在预测精度低的问题,为提高水文预报的准确性,提出了一种混合数据驱动模型用于月径流预测,即奇异谱分析-灰狼优化-支持向量回归(SSA-GWO-SVR)模型。该模型通过SSA对径流数据进行去噪处理来提高径流序列的平稳性和可预测性,采用GWO对SVR模型的参数进行联合选优,从而增强模型的泛化能力。通过黑河正义峡的月径流预测进行模型验证,以平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)、相关系数(R)和纳什效率系数(NSEC)为模型评价标准。实验结果表明该模型的预测精度明显高于自回归积分滑动平均模型(ARIMA)、持续性模型(PM)、交叉验证-SVR(CV-SVR)和GWOSVR模型,并且它能很好地预测径流峰值,说明该模型是一种可靠的径流预测模型,能够更深入地捕获水文径流的内在特性,为基于数据驱动模型的水文预报提供了一种新方法。     

蚁群算法在需水预测模型参数优化中的应用

为了解决投影寻踪（PP）需水预测模型的高维、非正态、非线性参数优化问题,提高需水预测的精度,尝试用基于网格划分的自适应连续域蚁群算法(ACA)在不同拟合和预测时长内对模型参数进行优化组合,并运用该模型进行年需水量预测。基于改进蚁群算法的投影寻踪需水预测模型参数优化进行了实例仿真。对基于改进蚁群算法的预测精度与基于人工免疫算法（AIA）和BP神经网络的模型(BPANN)参数优化结果分别进行了比较,实验结果表明：1）这三种算法的拟合精度相对误差绝对值分别小于2%、10%和10%;2）预测精度相对误差绝对值分别小于6%、11%和12%;3）改进蚁群算法能收敛到全局最优解,收敛速度较快。因此,改进蚁群算法的投影寻踪需水预测结果明显优于人工免疫算法和BP神经网络。该方法可推广到其他类似的高维非线性问题上。     

小波神经网络算法在区域需水预测中的应用

将神经网络和小波分析理论相结合建立小波神经网络模型,在网络参数训练中采用进化算法,设计小波神经网络进化算法步骤。通过对应用于盐城市在未来2010年需水预测的实例进行计算分析,结果表明了该模型具有良好的可行性和合理性,可以借此深入分析外生输入变量与区域需水量之间的关系。     

基于季节性ARIMA模型的小区供水预测

为了减少二次供水设施给小区供水管网所带来的压力,对供水管网运行状况进行更加精确的预测。结合物联网和时间序列分析等技术,通过对供水管网的历史数据的分析,采用季节性ARIMA模型对供水数据进行预测。设计数据预测分析的步骤和方案,建立方差估值为0.404 9、AIC为284.85的ARIMA(3,0,1)×(1,1,1)24模型。实验结果表明,设计的季节性ARIMA模型的预测周期短且有较高的预测精度,能够有效地对供水管网运行状态进行预测。     

基于尖峰自组织模糊神经网络的需水量预测

短期需水量预测是城市给水管网安全稳定运行的前提和保证.针对日需水量预测提出一种基于尖峰机制的自组织模糊神经网络(SSOFNN)模型.针对影响变量复杂多变的特点,采用主成分分析对原始数据进行降维处理,获取线性无关的主成分变量作为预测模型输入数据.SSOFNN模型根据尖峰强度和误差指标在训练过程中对隐含层神经元进行增长修剪,结合改进Leveberg-Marquardt算法简化参数更新过程中的计算过程,大大减少了计算量,能够获得紧凑的网络结构,且跟踪精度高,运行时间短,预测效果好.     

城市小时级需水量的改进型引力搜索算法--最小二乘支持向量机模型预测

本文研究利用最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machine,LS-SVM)算法建立城市小时级需水量预测模型.采取精英策略,自适应的速度更新权重系数,同时引入粒子历史最优信息对引力搜索算法(gravitational search algorithm,GSA)进行了改进.最后采用改进型引力搜索算法(ameliorated gravitational search algorithm,AGSA)优化LS-SVM水量预测模型的正规化参数和核参数来提高模型的预测精度及预测速度.理论测试与实例分析表明,基于AGSA比基于GSA,遗传算法(genetic algorithms,GA)和粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)的LS-SVM水量预测模型具有更好的预测精度,从而验证了基于AGSA的LS-SVM算法适用于小时级需水量预测问题,AGSA适用于多领域的模型参数的优化过程.     

城市供水调度中心预测监控系统的设计

论述了供水预测监控系统的神经网络模型的建模问题,分别建立了日需水量、时需水量、管网压力预测模型。介绍了神经网络模型的实现方法,以及在iFIX平台上,通过VB与MATLAB相结合的预测监控系统的实现方法。     

基于MATLAB神经网络的水稻需水量的预报模型

作物需水量的预测是进行水资源规划和管理的有效手段。它与气象因子之间存在着严重的非线形关系。建立4个输入单元和1个输出单元的三层BP网络，选取不同的隐层结点数进行训练，并通过比较其相对误差的大小确定了神经网络的结构。利用MATLAB环境．提出基于BP神经网络的水稻需水量预报模型，并结合实际数据进行了检验。结果表明：该方法能够较好地反映气象因子与水稻需水量之间的关系，收敛速度快，预报精度较高。     

基于COBP模型的城市短期需水量预测研究

针对城市需水量预测中时间序列的非线性特性及传统BP网络预测收敛速度慢易陷入局部极小值等问题,将Chaos理论和BP神经网络理论相结合,提出了一种基于Chaos-BP理论的城市短期需水量COBP(ChaosBackPropagtion)预测模型。利用重构相空间的嵌入维数确定COBP网络的结构,通过混沌优化搜索,找到BP神经网络权值的全局最优值,并对其输出的“尖点”预测值进行混沌参数控制,实现城市短期需水量的预测。仿真分析表明,与传统预测模型相比,COBP预测模型所需训练数据样本少,收敛速度快、易达到全局最小值,预测结果整体误差的指标良好,呈现良好的综合预测性能。     

基于组合模型的江苏省入境旅游需求预测

入境旅游是旅游业发展的关键因素,通过对入境旅游需求进行预测,获取未来某一时段的旅游接待信息,对于提高旅游目的地接待效率和接待水平具有重要意义。本文运用ARIMA模型和BP神经网络模型对江苏省入境旅游需求进行预测,得到了较好的预测效果。     

A probabilistic methodology for quantifying,diagnosing and reducing model structural and predictive errors in short term water demand forecasting

Accurate forecasts of water demand are required for real-time control of water supply systems under normal and abnormal conditions. A methodology is presented for quantifying, diagnosing and reducing model structural and predictive errors for the development of short term water demand forecasting models. The methodology (re-)emphasises the importance of posterior predictive checks of modelling assumptions in model development, and to account for inherent demand uncertainty, quantifies model performance probabilistically through evaluation of the sharpness and reliability of model predictive distributions. The methodology, when applied to forecast demand for three District Meter Areas in the UK, revealed the inappropriateness of simplistic Gaussian residual assumptions in demand forecasting. An iteratively revised, parsimonious model using a formal Bayesian likelihood function that accounts for kurtosis and heteroscedasticity in the residuals led to sharper yet reliable predictive distributions that better quantifies the time varying nature of demand uncertainty across the day in water supply systems.     

An improved demand forecasting method to reduce bullwhip effect in supply chains

Accurate forecasting of demand under uncertain environment is one of the vital tasks for improving supply chain activities because order amplification or bullwhip effect (BWE) and net stock amplification (NSAmp) are directly related to the way the demand is forecasted. Improper demand forecasting results in increase in total supply chain cost including shortage cost and backorder cost. However, these issues can be resolved to some extent through a proper demand forecasting mechanism. In this study, an integrated approach of Discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) denoted as DWT-ANN is proposed for demand forecasting. Initially, the proposed model is tested and validated by conducting a comparative study between Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and proposed DWT-ANN model using a data set from open literature. Further, the model is tested with demand data collected from three different manufacturing firms. The analysis indicates that the mean square error (MSE) of DWT-ANN is comparatively less than that of the ARIMA model. A better forecasting model generally results in reduction of BWE. Therefore, BWE and NSAmp values are estimated using a base-stock inventory control policy for both DWT-ANN and ARIMA models. It is observed that these parameters are comparatively less in case of DWT-ANN model.     

BP神经网络误差修正的电力物资时间序列预测

传统的ARIMA时间序列分析方法是基于线性技术来进行时序预测,而对非线性数据的处理不尽合理,效果欠佳;而影响电力物资需求的因素非常多,绝大多数的物资序列通常既包含了线性时序的部分,又包含了非线性时序的成分.本文提出在ARIMA对电力物资需求预测的基础上,融合BP神经网络进行误差修正,以全面提取物资序列中的复合特征,提高电力物资的预测精度.实验结果表明,误差修正后的电力物资预测精度有了显著提高,可以为制定物资采购计划提供重要的数据支持.     

A hybrid extreme learning machine model with harris hawks optimisation algorithm: an optimised model for product demand forecasting applications

Accurate and real-time product demand forecasting is the need of the hour in the world of supply chain management. Predicting future product demand from historical sales data is a highly non-linear problem, subject to various external and environmental factors. In this work, we propose an optimised forecasting model - an extreme learning machine (ELM) model coupled with the Harris Hawks optimisation (HHO) algorithm to forecast product demand in an e-commerce company. ELM is preferred over traditional neural networks mainly due to its fast computational speed, which allows efficient demand forecasting in real-time. Our ELM-HHO model performed significantly better than ARIMA models that are commonly used in industries to forecast product demand. The performance of the proposed ELM-HHO model was also compared with traditional ELM, ELM auto-tuned using Bayesian Optimisation (ELM-BO), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) based recurrent neural network and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network models. Different performance metrics, i.e., Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Mean Percentage Error (MPE) were used for the comparison of the selected models. Horizon forecasting at 3 days and 7 days ahead was also performed using the proposed approach. The results revealed that the proposed approach is superior to traditional product demand forecasting models in terms of prediction accuracy and it can be applied in real-time to predict future product demand based on the previous week’s sales data. In particular, considering RMSE of forecasting, the proposed ELM-HHO model performed 62.73% better than the statistical ARIMA(7,1,0) model, 40.73% better than the neural network based GRU model, 34.05% better than the neural network based LSTM model, 27.16% better than the traditional non-optimised ELM model with 100 hidden nodes and 11.63% better than the ELM-BO model in forecasting product demand for future 3 months. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the way the fast computational speed of ELMs has been combined with the accuracy gained by tuning hyperparameters using HHO. An increased number of hyperparameters has been optimised in our methodology compared to available models. The majority of approaches to improve the accuracy of ELM so far have only focused on tuning the weights and the biases of the hidden layer. In our hybrid model, we tune the number of hidden nodes, the number of input time lags and even the type of activation function used in the hidden layer in addition to tuning the weights and the biases. This has resulted in a significant increase in accuracy over previous methods. Our work presents an original way of performing product demand forecasting in real-time in industry with highly accurate results which are much better than pre-existing demand forecasting models.

     

振荡型GM(1,1)幂模型及其应用

针对现实世界广泛存在的小样本振荡序列建模和预测问题,提出含有系统延迟和时变参数的振荡型GM(1,1)幂模型。给出最小二乘准则下的两级参数包计算公式,在此基础上构建非线性优化模型以寻求最佳幂指数和时间作用参数,以此识别原始数据所蕴含的振荡特征。将该模型应用于应急资源需求预测,并将建模结果与传统GM(1,1)幂模型、ARIMA和EMD-ARIMA方法进行比较,结果表明振荡型GM(1,1)幂模型具有较高的精度。     

博弈改进的GM（1，1）在供应链需求预测中的应用

为解决供应链中需求预测精度不高的问题,在传统GM（1,1）预测模型的基础上,采用了一种基于遗传算法调整发展系数和内生灰作用量的灰色预测模型,运用此模型对供应链中各级需求量进行预测,使用博弈理论构建了供应链中各级需求预测出现误差时的协商策略用以对预测结果的优化。实验结果表明,协商策略获取了符合双方利益的需求量,预测结果有了较高的精度。     

Forecasting time series using a methodology based on autoregressive integrated moving average and genetic programming

The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), which is a conventional statistical method, is employed in many fields to construct models for forecasting time series. Although ARIMA can be adopted to obtain a highly accurate linear forecasting model, it cannot accurately forecast nonlinear time series. Artificial neural network (ANN) can be utilized to construct more accurate forecasting model than ARIMA for nonlinear time series, but explaining the meaning of the hidden layers of ANN is difficult and, moreover, it does not yield a mathematical equation. This study proposes a hybrid forecasting model for nonlinear time series by combining ARIMA with genetic programming (GP) to improve upon both the ANN and the ARIMA forecasting models. Finally, some real data sets are adopted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed forecasting model.     

Time-delay neural networks for time series prediction: an application to the monthly wholesale price of oilseeds in India

Agricultural price forecasting is one of the challenging areas of time series forecasting. The feed-forward time-delay neural network (TDNN) is one of the promising and potential methods for time series prediction. However, empirical evaluations of TDNN with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model often yield mixed results in terms of the superiority in forecasting performance. In this paper, the price forecasting capabilities of TDNN model, which can model nonlinear relationship, are compared with ARIMA model using monthly wholesale price series of oilseed crops traded in different markets in India. Most earlier studies of forecast accuracy for TDNN versus ARIMA do not consider pretesting for nonlinearity. This study shows that the nonlinearity test of price series provides reliable guide to post-sample forecast accuracy for neural network model. The TDNN model in general provides better forecast accuracy in terms of conventional root mean square error values as compared to ARIMA model for nonlinear patterns. The study also reveals that the neural network models have clear advantage over linear models for predicting the direction of monthly price change for different series. Such direction of change forecasts is particularly important in economics for capturing the business cycle movements relating to the turning points.     

基于随机灰色蚁群神经网络的近期公交客流预测

为了科学准确地预测近期公交客流量,根据近期公交客流量预测受到多因素影响以及非线性的特点,利用随机灰色变量描述预测系统的不确定性,建立了随机灰色预测模型以及基于蚁群算法的递归神经网络模型,在此基础上,提出了一种基于随机灰色蚁群神经网络的近期公交客流量预测方法。最后以铜陵市为例,对模型的预测精度和有效性进行了分析。结果表明,基于蚁群算法的递归神经网络模型的预测精度不但高于其他单一预测模型,而且明显优于其他传统组合预测模型,能很好地反映事物发展的规律,能够指导公交经营管理者近期的决策行为,有效地改善了预测精度。