A complementary matching technique to reduce the variance of optical and electrical properties of light‐emitting diodes

Abstract— Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) using phosphor conversion inherently have a wide variation of multiple parameters, including correlated color temperature (CCT), light output power (LOP), and forward voltage VF. A method, based on the formation of LED pairs with complementary characteristics, is presented to produce LED‐based light sources with narrow CCT, LOP, and VF distributions. A weighted matching algorithm was developed to select LED pairs under a multiple selection criteria. Based on the weighted matching algorithm, 96 LEDs were combined to form 48 LED pairs, and it was experimentally demonstrated that the variance of LED CCT and LOP distributions decreased by 93% and 71 %, respectively.     

Power‐saving primary design for displays enclosing a target color gamut

Abstract— Display primaries are optimized for the trade‐off between the total primary power and color gamut under the requirement that a target color gamut is enclosed by the color gamut of the display. LED displays and HDTV color gamut are taken as examples. Compared to the display using a set of typical commercial RGB LEDs, it was found that a total optical (electrical) power of 23.6% (15.6%) can be saved for the display using optimal RGB LEDs. Although the size of the display color gamut is sacrificed, the color gamut of the display using optimal RGB LEDs still encloses the HDTV color gamut. The combined effect of the LED luminous efficiency and white‐point condition on the determination of the optimal LED wavelengths and bandwidths is also studied.     

Neuro-controller for broadcast lighting light-emitting diode to express white light with high color rendering index

Technical characteristics analysis related to correlated color temperature (CCT), color rendering, and illuminance is required to use light-emitting diode (LED) as broadcast lighting. In general, to realize a white light source with a high color rendering index (CRI), we selected the appropriate emission intensity of RGBW LED through trial and error. However, the characteristics of the LED light source and environmental conditions make it difficult to perform the procedure several times. The objective of this study was to design a system that could control illuminance, CCT, and ∆uv while having high CRI, as an LED control method for broadcasting lighting. The controller implements using a feed-forward neural network with excellent nonlinear function approximation capability. We measure data directly from the red green blue white (RGBW) LED system for neural network training. We then select data with high CRI from the measured raw data and choose data for neural network learning by removing measurement noise using the quadratic polynomial interpolation method. The performance evaluation confirms that the proposed neural network controller shows excellent results as an RGBW LED controller for broadcast lighting in the Planckian locus and all regions of white light.     

WRGB LEDs spot‐lighting with zooming fixture capabilities

Abstract— An array of WRGB (white, red, green, and blue) LEDs used as a spot‐lighting fixture with zoom capabilities has been developed. The array of WRGB LEDs are packaged inside a light tunnel for color mixing. A zoom lens at the exit of the tunnel projects light through a diffuser film that is used to eliminate the virtual spot phenomenon generated by the light tunnel. Three different position arrangements of the individual WRGB elements in the LED array are discussed, and the optimized arrangement can produce a uniform color light pattern with a 83% optical efficiency when a diffuser film with a 70% transmission haze is used. Through the use of projection zoom lenses, the experimental lighting fixture has a selectable illumination full angle from 20 to 60° with 6000‐lm output and 20.97 lm/W of power consumption, enabling its use in many outdoor commercial lighting applications such as a concert or highlighting a building exterior.     

The effect of LED lighting on color discrimination and preference of elderly people

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of light‐emitting diode (LED) lighting on elderly people's color discrimination and preference, to improve the lighting environment for elderly people. In this study, experiments were conducted under LED lighting with two different spectra (with color‐correlated temperature [CCT] of 2800K and 6000K), and three different illuminance levels (30lx; 100lx; 1000lx). Six elderly observers (aged 55–65 years) participated in the experiments and were exposed to each lighting condition to finish one trial of a color discrimination test (Farnsworth–Munsell 100‐Hue Test) and a 7‐scale, 6‐item preference evaluation test. We conclude that elderly people perform better in color discrimination with higher CCT of LED light sources, which compensate for their decreased lens transmission at short wavelength. Their performance also increases with higher illuminance (30lx‐1000lx) of LED lighting. Meanwhile, they prefer higher illuminance, which makes them find the lighting environment more comfortable, brighter, and better for reading; but for CCT, although they feel a higher CCT is better for reading, they still have different tastes regarding CCT of light sources. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

LED‐backlight feedback control system with integrated amorphous‐silicon color sensor on an LCD panel

Abstract— Thin‐film‐transistor liquid‐crystal displays (TFT‐LCDs) have the largest market share of all digital flat‐panel displays. An LCD backlighting system employing a three‐color red‐green‐blue light‐emitting diode (RGB‐LED) array is very attractive, considering its wide color gamut, tunable white point, high dimming ratio, long lifetime, and environmental compatibility. But the high‐intensity LED has problems with thermal stability and degradation of brightness over time. Color and white luminance levels are not stable over a wide range of temperature due to inherent long‐term aging characteristics. In order to minimize color point and brightness differences over time, optical feedback control is the key technology for any LED‐backlight system. In this paper, the feasibility of an optical color‐sensing feedback system for an LED backlight by integrating the amorphous‐silicon (a‐Si) color sensor onto the LCD panel will be presented. To minimize the photoconductivity degradation of a‐Si, a new laser exposure treatment has been applied. The integrated color‐sensor optical‐feedback‐controlled LED‐backlight system minimized the color variation to less than 0.008 Δu'v' (CIE1976) compared to 0.025 for an open‐loop system over the temperature range of 42–76°C.     

基于AT89C52的LED广告灯箱调色控制器设计

针对LED广告灯箱色彩变化少的问题,介绍了基于红、绿、蓝3原色调色原理,实现基于单片机AT89C52的软件控制LED调色的控制方法。硬件实验表明,电路系统简单,控制效果可靠,实现了LED的调色任务。     

Color measurement for RGB white LEDs in solid-state lighting using a BDJ photodetector

Color measurement and white balancing for RGB white LEDs was demonstrated by a blue-violet enhanced BDJ photodetector, which can simultaneously determine the centroid wavelength and the radiant power of LEDs from 380 nm to 780 nm. This BDJ photodetector directly gave the chromatic coordinates of a LED that was approximated as a monochromatic stimulus due to its narrow spectrum compared with the CIE color-matching functions. Maximal simulated and experimental errors Δu′v′ to the target white point of the white balanced RGB LEDs was 0.0154 and 0.0214. The BDJ photodetector also performed to be sensitive to the spectrum variation characterized by CCT, and was preferable as a sensor for monitoring the white point.     

Inorganic light‐emitting diode displays using micro‐transfer printing

Large quantities of microscopic red, green, and blue light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) made of crystalline inorganic semiconductor materials micro‐transfer printed in large quantities onto rigid or flexible substrates form monochrome and color displays having a wide range of sizes and interesting properties. Transfer‐printed micro‐LED displays promise excellent environmental robustness, brightness, spatial resolution, and efficiency. Passive‐matrix and active‐matrix inorganic LED displays were constructed, operated, and their attributes measured. Tests demonstrate that inorganic micro‐LED displays have outstanding color, viewing angle, and transparency. Yield improvement techniques include redundancy, physical repair, and electronic correction. Micro‐transfer printing enables revolutionary manufacturing strategies in which microscale LEDs are first assembled into miniaturized micro‐system “light engines,” and then micro‐transfer printed and interconnected directly to metallized large‐format panels. This paper reviews micro‐transfer printing technology for micro‐LED displays.     

Influence of wavelength red‐shift on color‐rendering index and luminous efficacy of LEDs

Abstract— The peak wavelength of light‐emitting‐diodes(LEDs) shifts towards the longer wavelengths when the temperature of the LED chip increases. The color‐rendering index (CRI) and luminous efficacy may change with the peak wavelength of the LED, and it is not expected to do so when the LEDs are used in fields which require a high CRI and luminous efficacy. A mathematical model of the LED spectrum was used to analyze the influence of the wavelength shift on the CRI and luminous efficacy of three‐ and four‐chip‐packaged LEDs, respectively. The results show that the CRI decreases with the peak wavelengths shifting towards longer wavelength for both three‐ and four‐chip LEDs; especially, the CRI of the four‐chip LEDs decreases more for a green‐color wavelength shift than for other colors. The luminous efficacy increases with a green‐color wavelength shift and decreases with a red‐color wavelength shift.     

Two LCOS full color projector with efficient LED illumination engine

LED-based projectors have numerous advantages compared to traditional projectors, but their light output is limited by the limited brightness of the LEDs. With an efficient illumination engine design we can build an LED projector with a moderate light output and with superior properties. In this paper we present a compact LED projector with two ‘Liquid Crystal On Silicon’ panels and four LEDs (R, 2 × G, B). We use two panels instead of the classical three panels and will still have the same performance and moreover a reduced volume and cost. The illumination system consists of a custom made monolithic component (GTLP) that is combining many functions. We have also integrated some methods to increase the brightness of the LEDs by pulsing them. Additional methods, such as using an extra PBS to combine both color channels, are implemented to increase the contrast. After investigating the promising simulation results (119 lm D65 light with very high contrast and uniformity), we built a demonstrator setup. Our demonstrator produces a moderate light output (37.3 lm) on screen with a sufficient contrast ratio and a very good uniformity. In spite of semi color sequential working, the color breakup and crosstalk are negligible. The difference in performance and possible improvements will be discussed in the paper.     

LED packaging by ink‐jet microdeposition of high‐viscosity resin and phosphor dispersion

Abstract— An ink‐jet‐printing method applied to the microdeposition of high‐viscosity resin, including optimization of phosphor dispersion for light‐emitting‐diode (LED) packaging was examined for the first time. An ultrasonic ink‐jet‐printing method was used, in which ink droplets are ejected by a focused ultrasonic beam from a nozzle‐less printhead. To fabricate white LEDs, high‐viscosity phosphor‐dispersed resin was deposited to form an encapsulant dome. Two types of methods to control phosphor sedimentation for color uniformity were examined; one is heating the lead frame during the resin deposition, and the other is hydrophobic surface treatment of the lead frame base enabling the fabrication of a small encapsulant dome. For light direction control, a silicone micro lens was deposited on an encapsulant dome using the ink‐jet method. The results show that ultrasonic ink‐jet printing is an applicable technique to optimize and modify on‐demand optical characteristics of LED devices.     

White LEDs using the sharp β‐sialon: Eu phosphor and Mn‐doped red phosphor for wide‐color gamut display applications

The sharp β‐sialon (Si_6‐zAl_zO_zN_8‐z : 0 < z < 0.1):Eu green phosphor, combining with a blue LED and CaAlSiN₃:Eu red phosphor, is suitable for the wide‐color gamut white LEDs backlighting system, because of its sharp and asymmetric emission spectrum shape. However, the color gamut and the brightness of the aforementioned display is restricted because of the wide emission band of the CaAlSiN₃:Eu red phosphor. In this work, we used K₂SiF₆:Mn as an alternate red phosphor, which has a sharp emission spectrum. The display with the white LED using sharp β‐sialon:Eu and K₂SiF₆:Mn shows a wide‐color gamut, which covers the hole NTSC triangle. The use of K₂SiF₆:Mn enables to realize not only a wider color gamut but also a higher brightness of displays, compared with the use of CaAlSiN₃:Eu. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the white LED using sharp β‐sialon:Eu and K₂SiF₆:Mn is stable against temperature and also durable under the accelerated drive conditions.     

提高汽车背景光大面积照明亮度一致性的光源布置

汽车背景光系统广泛应用LED光源进行照明,单颗LED近似为点光源,在较大面积照明的情况下,LED光源的布置方式在很大程度上影响了亮度的一致性.研究了LED作为背光源的照明特点,分析了LED背光源的布置对汽车背景光亮度一致性的影响,提出一种通过优化光源布置确定相邻LED间距提高汽车背景光较大面积照明亮度一致性的方法.该方...     

改善室内可见光通信系统性能的关键技术

可见光通信是一项新兴的基于白光LED的无线光通信技术。可见光通信系统可以实现照明和通信的双重作用。通过分析影响白光LED通信性能的因素,对室内可见光通信中提高系统整体性能的若干关键技术进行了研究讨论,为改善白光LED通信系统性能提供进一步努力的依据。     

基于LED的视频显示板设计

目前,所有顶尖视频显示板生产商都在使用不同色彩像素尺寸的LED视频显示模块,结构相似但又各具特色。将Maxim独特的LED视频显示技术应用于这一领域,推出了MAX6974 LED驱动器,并结合低成本、中等规模的FPGA芯片提供了一个基于LED视频显示板的参考设计。     

LED PWM dimming linearity investigation

LED PWM dimming application for large scale LED video displays is analyzed. The need for short light pulse duration is outlined. PWM dimming with short driving pulses is investigated experimentally. The LED response time skew introduces the nonlinearity for PWM dimming. For LED response time skew estimation, a method is suggested that has been successfully applied to measure some of today’s market representative LEDs. PWM dimming nonlinearity can be forecasted using the estimated skew. For a particular driving configuration, it is indicated that LED PWM dimming fails to satisfy the required 14 bit output coding together with the image refresh frequency of 400 Hz. A rough investigation demonstrates that the skew is quite stable. Therefore, the nonlinearity correction for the PWM pulse durations shorter than the skew value should be possible.     

Optimizing angular placements of the LEDs in a LCD backlight module for maximizing optical efficiency

This study aims to optimize angular placements of the LEDs with novel cone-shaped caps for achieving high optical efficiency in an ultra-thin, directly-lit RGB LED backlight unit (BLU) for large-sized LCD-TVs. This novel lens cap is used as a diffuser with the purpose to gain higher efficiency and provide satisfactory uniformity over a display panel. To this aim, the outer surface of the novel lens is coated with aluminum for mirroring effects to reflect most of the LED emitted light horizontally and then reflect the light at the BLU boundaries, finally to the output plane. Since the emitted white light from LEDs result from color-mixing of three individual RGB chips in a LED package, the addition of the LED cap however deteriorates the aforementioned expected color mixing. The optimal design on angular placements of LEDs presented in this study for satisfactory color-mixing and emission uniformity is achieved by necessary optics simulations via TracePro, followed by utilizing an intelligent numerical optimization technique, genetic algorithm (GA). The design parameters for GA optimization are different combinations of LED placement angles in a backlight module. Favorable color balance is shown achievable in terms of high low color difference resulted. Finally, experiments are conducted, which successfully validate the expected performance of color balance and emission uniformity for a novel cone-shaped LED lens with optimized angular placements in a large-area backlight module.     

Transmitting scalable video coding using VLC with color and dimming control to assure QoS

Recently, light emitting diode (LED) technology has been the focus of the information technology and green technology industries.The visible light communication (VLC) system uses LED technology for simultaneous illumination and data transmission. Therefore, the VLC system provides illumination to the user, which can provide both high quality multimedia services and various application services. The main concerns of VLC systems are illumination and bit error rate (BER) performance. Consequently, it is necessary to analyze the illumination control and method of transmitting multimedia data in the VLC system. In this paper, we propose a method to effectively transmit and Red, Green, Blue (RGB) three-color LED to video signal while providing dimming and color control from the VLC system. In the VLC system, LEDs can generate various colors of light by controlling the mixing ratio of each individual RGB color element. Thus, each RGB channel will have a different signal power, and each channel will have different performance. Therefore, we present a novel resource allocation using the RGB channel state information to allocate the multi-layers of video in the VLC system. The conventional system allocates the fixed channel to a scalable video coding (SVC) signal. However, the proposed system allocates a high priority to the SVC signal channel.As a result of computer simulation tests, the proposed system can improve the BER performance compared to the conventional system.     

Advances in automotive interior lighting concerning new LED approach and optical performance

Automotive interior lighting has to follow general trends in lighting and will therefore evolve toward hundreds and even thousands of RGB LEDs per car. Creating mood at day and night, pixelated sign‐like information, and theater‐like effects like welcome and goodbye messages are examples for outstanding user experience. Furthermore, safety features such as warnings and driving state are a must for autonomous cars. It requires new concepts for the whole interior lighting system to reach premium quality such as data rate (beyond today's bus standard for lighting), support for safety rules, compensation of temperature effects, daylight performance (including huge dimming range for night drive), uniformity in terms of luminance and color along the light guide, and mixing of red, green, and blue (RGB) with white. We report a new automotive RGB light‐emitting diode (LED) system that fulfills the above requirements and saves effort as well as cost by calibration before integration. Extensive studies were performed for daylight threshold evaluation with subjects and methods for judging on uniformity for direct‐lit RGB light guides based on the contrast sensitivity function and Gaussian fit of the LED luminance profile.