Linux下一种磁盘节能的预取算法①

数据预取常用来提升系统的性能与吞吐量,对磁盘的能耗考虑甚少。针对此问题,在传统算法之上通过延迟磁盘的异步预取,合并磁盘I／O操作,减少磁盘的能耗状态切换,延长连续休眠时间来达到节能的目的。也通过基于真实运行状态的模拟,对预取算法进行了评估和验证,得出改进后的预取在不影响性能的前提下比标准预取节省17％的能量。     

DiskSeen预取算法的分析及优化研究

计算机存储层次结构是一种典型的金字塔形结构,以平衡计算机对存储系统的两方面需求,即高速处理数据和大的存储容量。然而随着信息技术的飞速发展,计算机处理器和磁盘之间的速度鸿沟持续扩大,因而磁盘访问便成为一个 影响 计算机系统性能的瓶颈问题。近几十年来,如何减小磁盘访问延迟对整个计算机系统性能的影响,一直是存储领域的热点研究问题。预取技术,通过提前预测I/O请求并将数据读入缓存中,以对上层应用程序隐藏I/O延迟,是缓解这一瓶颈问题的重要技术手段。DiskSeen是一种块级预取算法,通过分析磁盘块的位置和访问时间的联系来提高磁盘访问的顺序性和总体的预取性能。针对DiskSeen算法,文中主要做了以下几方面工作:首先,分析DiskSeen算法的不足之处,据此提出动态控制预取粒度和二次匹配激活历史预取方法,以优化效率;然后,实现了DiskSeen算法及改进后的算法;最后,在模拟仿真实验环境下对算法进行了性能对比测试。实验结果显示,DiskSeen算法能够明显提高缓存命中率并减少平均响应时间,而优化后的DiskSeen算法则可以进一步提升上述两方面的系统性能。     

虚拟机环境下软件按需部署中的预取机制

针对大规模虚拟机环境下软件的按需部署,提出了一种基于预取的按需软件部署优化机制,能够降低用户端虚拟机的启动延迟以及为用户提供更好的虚拟机本地运行性能.基于用户使用软件的行为特点以及虚拟磁盘映像的细粒度分割,预取机制在后台对服务器端存储的虚拟磁盘映像进行预取,通过一种基于访问频率和优先级的预取目标识别算法AFPTR(access frequency and priority-based prefetch target recognition)和一种预取量动态调节机制,将预取集中在用户使用的少数小尺寸的虚拟磁盘映像上,并在预取过程中对预取量进行动态自适应地调节,以提高虚拟磁盘访问的本地命中率,进而提高用户端虚拟机的运行性能.基于QEMU虚拟机和Linux平台,实现了基于预取的按需软件部署原型系统.实验结果表明,预取机制能够有效地降低虚拟机的启动延迟,并能提高虚拟机的本地运行性能,支持虚拟机环境下按需、快速的软件部署.     

多Markov链预取模型在网络内存系统中的应用

主机通过高速网络访问远程内存的性能已经达到或远高于访问本地磁盘的性能，通过各种优化手段，网络内存系统的性能能得到更好的提升。该文基于一个Linux网络内存系统(LNMS)，在客户端一级提出了一种新的预取算法m-ppm，该算法发展了多Markov链预取模型，使之更适合LNMS。在LNMS上实现了另2种常用的预取算法以作比较，实验数据表明，m-ppm算法对多用户模式更有效。     

多线程环境下基于多预取点的文件预取

为解决当前Linux内核的预取算法在多线程情况下出现预取误判的问题,依据多线程环境下进程对磁盘文件的访问特点,提出一种基于多预取点的预取算法。在Linux内核原有的预取算法的基础上,结合多线程环境下应用程序对数据的访问模式,在Linux内核的页面缓存层进行了实现。实验和分析表明,在IOzone单线程测试中,该算法和Linux内核原预取算法性能相当;在多线程测试中,读取相同大小的文件,耗时比Linux内核原预取算法至少少1/3。新算法对于提高I/O并行度,从而提高整个计算机系统并行化很有帮助。     

PostgreSQL数据库预取算法研究

减少磁盘的存取时间是提高数据库性能的关键.本文讨论了PostgreSQL数据库顺序存取的特性,提出了一种PostgreSQL中顺序预取数据块的算法,预取的数据块数目可根据当前存取块之前的顺序存取情况作自适应调整.实验结果表明,该算法能有效地提高磁盘块的平均存取速度.     

基于语义信息的cache管理策略

针对传统的cache在预取时不判断预取数据块的状态,导致一些不必要的I/O,同时降低cache命中率的缺点,提出了一种基于语义信息的cache管理策略.该策略首先通过收集语义信息让磁盘了解文件系统在磁盘上的数据布局,磁盘上每个数据块是活跃的还是死亡的,并得出磁盘上分区数据块的活跃度.然后根据语义信息在预取的时候不预取死亡的块,在活跃度高的分区上提高预取参数,而在cache替换出数据块时对于死亡块不进行写盘操作.实验结果表明该策略可以较好提高cache命中率进而提高系统的吞吐量.     

PRCD技术及其软件实现

介绍了一种新的磁盘存储体系结构PRCD（prefetching RAM caching disk,预取主存缓冲磁盘技术）。该技术通过收集小写转换成为一次大写请求提高系统的写性能，并采用数据块预取技术大大提高系统的读性能。还介绍了基于Windows NT平台的PRCD的软件实现方法。     

一种面向视频播放系统的RAID并行预取技术及实现

随着视频数字化技术的广泛应用，视频播放系统中的存在“瓶颈”也日益突出，在分析视频存储系统磁盘阵列的I／O调度算法和在实际应用中视频数据的特点的基础上，提出一种面向视频媒体服务的RAID并行预取实时调度算法，它利用未来数据的可行预测性，预先将其从磁盘取入缓冲区，同时优化任务调度，使主机数据的回送和从磁盘预取数据同步执行，进一步提高了阵列的I／O吞吐率，用I／Ometer测试结果证明，新算法具有很好的性能。     

S-RAID中基于连续数据特征的写优化策略

节能型磁盘阵列S-RAID通过对磁盘分组,关闭部分磁盘,降低存储系统部分性能来实现节能.为避免启动已关闭磁盘而产生额外能耗,S-RAID中的写操作全部采用"读-改-写"方式,影响了S-RAID的写性能.本研究提出一种S-RAID的优化结构:LS-RAID,在不提高存储系统能耗的条件下,优化S-RAID的写性能.LS-RAID适用于以连续访问为主的应用,通过磁盘分区,分离存储系统中的随机访问和顺序访问,降低了随机访问对存储系统性能的影响;提出一种数据增量校验算法,避免了写过程中对数据盘旧数据的读操作,降低了因"读-改-写"导致的写惩罚.实验表明,与S-RAID相比,在不增加系统能耗的情况下,LS-RAID的写速率可以提升至少56%.在提供相同写性能的条件下,LS-RAID可以关闭更多磁盘,进一步降低了存储系统能耗,提升了节能效果.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.