虚拟驾驶员决策行为模型研究

驾驶决策行为是驾驶行为研究的重要内容.为提高驾驶决策行为建模与仿真的可信度,提出了基于分层的驾驶员决策行为模型.将驾驶决策分为策略层、方法层、行动层和车辆控制层四个层次.重点对驾驶员行动层的决策行为进行实现.使用两点法和PID方法相结合,计算车辆转向角度,使用反应点跟车模型计算车辆纵向行驶速度.通过驾驶员跟车行为仿真,分析了跟车行为模型的稳定性和逼真性,说明了驾驶员决策行为模型的可信性,使驾驶行为模型的输出更加真实.     

基于CAN数据的渣土车驾驶行为分析

摘要：针对渣土车辆管控的要求,着力于分析渣土车驾驶员的驾驶行为,以达到提高渣土车驾驶员的驾驶素质、规范其日常驾驶行为和行车安全意识,减少安全事故发生的目的;通过对渣土车辆的北斗定位数据和CAN数据进行采集与解析后,利用K-means聚类算法对渣土车驾驶员的驾驶倾向性进行识别;然后构建司机驾驶行为评分模型,使用熵权层次分析法来确定每个指标的权重,进而由权重来制定指标分值,最终对渣土车驾驶员进行综合评分,实现对渣土车驾驶员的驾驶行为分析。 关键词：CAN数据;驾驶行为;聚类;北斗定位;评分模型     

基于心理物理综合认知结构的微观交通仿真模型

针对驾驶行为的不确定性,在分析驾驶员心理-物理微观特性的基础上,构建了基于驾驶员任务集聚的心理-物理综合认知结构及其各行为运行模式下微观交通仿真的车辆跟驰模型.运用五轮仪试验系统所采获的实际数据和多元统计分析的数学方法对模型进行了标定,并使用与模型标定过程所用到的数据不同的另一部分数据验证了模型的有效性.结果表明,该文所提出的模型和算法能够很好地刻画驾驶员心理-物理行为特性的复杂性,再现人车单元的实际动态行为,为网络交通流一体化协同仿真和智能运输系统研究提供理论基础.     

汽车电助力转向系统仿真与控制策略研究

为了帮助驾驶员轻松完成转向操作及提高转向路感,构建了转向轴式电助力转向（Column-Electric Power Steering,C-EPS）系统的动力学模型,同时构建了二自由度汽车动力学模型以及轮胎阻力模型;设计了应用模糊PID控制算法的助力控制策略、应用PID控制算法的回正控制策略和应用四象限控制算法的阻尼控制策略。通过Matlab/Simulink软件对3种控制模式进行了仿真与分析研究。研究结果表明：提出的3种控制模式可以保证驾驶员能够得到更多的路感信息,转向盘转角及齿条位移迅速地达到稳态,避免了汽车高速行驶转向时转向盘过轻,保证了驾驶安全性。     

循环球电动助力转向系统控制及补偿策略

考虑循环球式转向系统内多因素的影响,设计循环球式电动助力系统的控制及补偿策略,建立循环球式电动助力转向系统模型,设计电流助力曲线,采用模糊PID控制方法,实现电机的实时控制;为了获得更好的助力力矩,补偿系统内损失,基于LuGre摩擦模型,通过观测到的系统参数,建立摩擦状态观测器,得到摩擦补偿叠加电流。使用Matlab/Simulink与CarSim的联合仿真验证控制系统;通过对增加摩擦补偿策略前后的对比分析,可知所设计的电动助力转向电流控制系统能综合车辆行驶时的摩擦、车速和转向盘转角等信息,由助力执行电机产生适当的助力,更准确地实现驾驶员的驾驶意图,使得回正过程更加平稳。     

驾驶员预估效应对交通流合作驾驶格子模型优化状态的影响

基于合作驾驶格子模型, 考虑驾驶员对交通流量的预估效应, 提出一个扩展的交通流合作驾驶格子模型。通过线性稳定性分析和非线性分析探讨驾驶员预估效应对合作驾驶格子模型优化状态的影响。结果表明, 驾驶员预估效应能够进一步增强合作驾驶格子模型优化状态下的稳定性。     

基于完全信息多人动态博弈的车道选择模型

针对集群车辆驾驶员的车道选择行为,着眼物联网背景,综合考虑车辆集群态势、驾驶倾向性等影响驾驶员行为的因素,建立基于完全信息多人动态博弈的车道选择模型。通过分析不同策略组合下的驾驶员收益,运用逆向归纳法,求解子博弈精炼纳什均衡,得到驾驶员的最优车道选择策略。应用实车实验等手段验证模型,结果表明,所建模型能够较为客观地反映驾驶员车道选择行为及交通流特性。     

基于证据理论优化的态势预测模型

针对态势预测的多模型组合问题,提出了一种基于证据理论优化的态势组合预测模型。该模型首先对预测子模型进行训练,获得预测子模型的性能评价与指标权重分配;基于证据理论对多指标的权重分配结果进行融合,提高权重分配的精度;在预测完成后,基于指标可信度和证据理论对指标权重进行调整,优化多指标的评价能力。Matlab实验仿真结果表明,该模型能够依据态势曲线的变化动态优化组合权重,其预测精度优于典型预测模型。     

城市停车场实时车位获取与分配研究

以实时获取空余车位和智慧分配车位为目标,基于射频识别技术和地理信息技术开发智慧停车系统原型。采用模糊决策矩阵,定量化驾驶员从当前位置到停车场的驾驶时间、停车费用、停车场至目的地的步行距离和停车场的空余车位数这4个车位分配影响因素的权重;在考虑空余车位有限和实时交通状况的前提下,提出带有4个条件矩阵的车位分配模型,并利用某市道路网、交通状况、停车场等数据在ArcGIS中进行模型实验,实验结果表明,该智慧停车系统具有一定的可行性和实际意义。     

简化路况模式下驾驶员情绪模型的研究

驾驶辅助系统中的驾驶员模型较为单一, 没有考虑驾驶员的情绪状态对驾驶策略的影响. 为此, 本文研究了简化路况下驾驶员的情绪模型. 基于OCC (Ortony-clore-collins) 模型、情绪状态自发转移过程的马尔科夫模型和情绪状态刺激转移的隐马尔科夫模型(Hidden Markov model, HMM), 本文提出路况变化和无路况两种情况下的情绪模型, 并对驾驶员的跟驰、切换车道和超车过程中的情绪变化进行了研究. 在自发转移过程中, 结合情绪实时变化的特性, 提出了时变的自发转移过程,而在情绪刺激转移中, 考虑了情感对刺激的记忆效应, 即同种刺激先后对情感影响不同. 讨论了认知情感的变化对驾驶策略的影响. 针对车距、路宽和周围车辆车速对驾驶员的情感影响程度、刺激敏感程度以及特定事件对驾驶员的影响过程, 进行了仿真实验, 预估出驾驶员在特定事件刺激下会采取何种驾驶策略. 并进行了实测数据验证, 实验结果验证了所提出模型的有效性, 为驾驶辅助系统中建立驾驶员模型提供了有借鉴意义的基础理论.     

Shared control for lane departure prevention based on the safe envelope of steering wheel angle

The ability to prevent lane departure has become an important feature for commercialized vehicles. This paper proposes a shared steering assistance strategy based on a safe envelope of steering wheel angle (SWA). This solves the human-machine conflict issue in lane departure prevention (LDP) system which uses steering control to help the driver keep the vehicle within the correct lane. The system combines a driver steering control model, current vehicle states and vehicle-road deviation. The desired SWAs are calculated when the driver intends to drive along the left or right side of the lane, and then the two angles are used to generate the safe envelope. Next, a driver intention estimator is designed to predict driver’s intended SWA and the assistance control is activated by judging whether the driver intended SWA is go beyond the safe envelope. Finally, a H∞ controller and a disturbance observer are developed to determine the assistance torque. In this way, the SWA is limited to safe values to mitigate lane departure and the controller intervention is minimized. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated via numerical simulation with different driving scenarios and human-in-the-loop experiment on a driving simulator. The obtained results show that this method not only can avoid lane departures effectively, but also ensures a good human-machine cooperative performance.     

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Driver Noncooperative-Game Steering Control Behavior

This paper investigates two noncooperative-game strategies which may be used to represent a human driver’s steering control behavior in response to vehicle automated steering intervention. The first strategy, namely the Nash strategy is derived based on the assumption that a Nash equilibrium is reached in a noncooperative game of vehicle path-following control involving a driver and a vehicle automated steering controller. The second one, namely the Stackelberg strategy is derived based on the assumption that a Stackelberg equilibrium is reached in a similar context. A simulation study is performed to study the differences between the two proposed noncooperative- game strategies. An experiment using a fixed-base driving simulator is carried out to measure six test drivers’ steering behavior in response to vehicle automated steering intervention. The Nash strategy is then fitted to measured driver steering wheel angles following a model identification procedure. Control weight parameters involved in the Nash strategy are identified. It is found that the proposed Nash strategy with the identified control weights is capable of representing the trend of measured driver steering behavior and vehicle lateral responses. It is also found that the proposed Nash strategy is superior to the classic driver steering control strategy which has widely been used for modeling driver steering control over the past. A discussion on improving automated steering control using the gained knowledge of driver noncooperative-game steering control behavior was made.      

The Indirect Shared Steering Control Under Double Loop Structure of Driver and Automation

Due to the critical defects of techniques in fully autonomous vehicles, man-machine cooperative driving is still of great significance in today’s transportation system. Unlike the previous shared control structure, this paper introduces a double loop structure which is applied to indirect shared steering control between driver and automation. In contrast to the tandem indirect shared control, the parallel indirect shared control put the authority allocation system of steering angle into the framework to allocate the corresponding weighting coefficients reasonably and output the final desired steering angle according to the current deviation of vehicle and the accuracy of steering angles. Besides, the active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) is also added in the frame in order to track the desired steering angle fleetly and accurately as well as restrain the internal and external disturbances effectively which including the steering friction torque, wind speed and ground interference etc. Eventually, we validated the advantages of double loop framework through three sets of double lane change and slalom experiments, respectively. Exactly as we expected, the simulation results show that the double loop structure can effectively reduce the lateral displacement error caused by the driver or the controller, significantly improve the tracking precision and keep great performance in trajectory tracking characteristics when driving errors occur in one of driver and controller.      

基于MEMS和GPS的驾驶行为和车辆状态监测系统设计

为了适应智能车辆辅助驾驶系统对驾驶和车辆状态监测的要求,利用MEMS惯性传感器自主设计了微惯性测量单元,并结合GPS设计了一种驾驶行为和车辆状态监测系统,实现对驾驶员操纵动作的感知、汽车6自由度运动状态参数和汽车运行车速的实时监测。介绍了MEMS传感器的选型,设计,安装和布置。实车道路实验结果表明:系统对驾驶员踩踏刹车踏板、离合器踏板和变换档位的操纵动作的感知效果较好,侧向加速度和方向盘转角的理论识别曲线与实车实验曲线在趋势上比较吻合。该系统为开发驾驶人员操纵动作自动识别系统提供理论基础和技术支持,也可为提高汽车行驶性和安全性提供重要的理论依据和工程应用指导。     

Modelling of a Human Driver’s Interaction with Vehicle Automated Steering Using Cooperative Game Theory

The introduction of automated driving systems raised questions about how the human driver interacts with the automated system. Non-cooperative game theory is increasingly used for modelling and understanding such interaction, while its counterpart, cooperative game theory is rarely discussed for similar applications despite it may be potentially more suitable. This paper describes the modelling of a human driver’s steering interaction with an automated steering system using cooperative game theory. The distributed Model Predictive Control approach is adopted to derive the driver’s and the automated steering system’s strategies in a Pareto equilibrium sense, namely their cooperative Pareto steering strategies. Two separate numerical studies are carried out to study the influence of strategy parameters, and the influence of strategy types on the driver’s and the automated system’s steering performance. It is found that when a driver interacts with an automated steering system using a cooperative Pareto steering strategy, the driver can improve his/her performance in following a target path through increasing his/her effort in pursuing his/her own interest under the driver-automation cooperative control goal. It is also found that a driver’s adoption of cooperative Pareto steering strategy leads to a reinforcement in the driver’s steering angle control, compared to the driver’s adoption of non-cooperative Nash strategy. This in turn enables the vehicle to return from a lane-change maneuver to straight-line driving swifter.      

Role of lateral acceleration in curve driving: driver model and experiments on a real vehicle and a driving simulator

Experimental studies show that automobile drivers adjust their speed in curves so that maximum vehicle lateral accelerations decrease at high speeds. This pattern of lateral accelerations is described by a new driver model, assuming drivers control a variable safety margin of perceived lateral acceleration according to their anticipated steering deviations. Compared with a minimum time-to-lane-crossing (H. Godthelp, 1986) speed modulation strategy, this model, based on nonvisual cues, predicts that extreme values of lateral acceleration in curves decrease quadratically with speed, in accordance with experimental data obtained in a vehicle driven on a test track and in a motion-based driving simulator. Variations of model parameters can characterize "normal" or "fast" driving styles on the test track. On the simulator, it was found that the upper limits of lateral acceleration decreased less steeply when the motion cuing system was deactivated, although drivers maintained a consistent driving style. This is interpreted per the model as an underestimation of curvilinear speed due to the lack of inertial stimuli. Actual or potential applications of this research include a method to assess driving simulators as well as to identify driving styles for on-board driver aid systems.     

Hazard-evaluation-oriented Moving Horizon Parallel Steering Control for Driver-Automation Collaboration During Automated Driving

Prompted by emerging developments in connected and automated vehicles, parallel steering control, one aspect of parallel driving, has become highly important for intelligent vehicles for easing the burden and ensuring the safety of human drivers. This paper presents a parallel steering control framework for an intelligent vehicle using moving horizon optimization. The framework considers lateral stability, collision avoidance and actuator saturation and describes them as constraints, which can blend the operation of a human driver and a parallel steering controller effectively. Moreover, the road hazard and the steering operation error are employed to evaluate the operational hazardous of an intelligent vehicle. Under the hazard evaluation, the intelligent vehicle will be mainly operated by the human driver when the vehicle operates in a safe and stable manner. The automated steering driving objective will play an active role and regulate the steering operations of the intelligent vehicle based on the hazard evaluation. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed hazard-evaluation-oriented moving horizon parallel steering control approach, various validations are conducted, and the results are compared with a parallel steering scheme that does not consider automated driving situations. The results illustrate that the proposed parallel steering controller achieves acceptable performance under both conventional conditions and hazardous conditions.      

Shared Control of Highly Automated Vehicles Using Steer-By-Wire Systems

A shared control of highly automated Steer-by-Wire system is proposed for cooperative driving between the driver and vehicle in the face of driver's abnormal driving. A fault detection scheme is designed to detect the abnormal driving behaviour and transfer the control of the car to the automatic system designed based on a fault tolerant model predictive control (MPC) controller driving the vehicle along an optimal safe path. The proposed concept and control algorithm are tested in a number of scenarios representing intersection, lane change and different types of driver's abnormal behaviour. The simulation results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.      

Shared steering control: How strong and how prompt should the intervention be for a better driving experience?

The lane keeping assistance system, a representative advanced driver assistance system, comprises a shared control that cooperates with the driver to achieve a common goal. The steering experience of the driver may vary significantly depending on the auto-steering control strategy of the system. In this study, we examined the driving experience with various steering control strategies. Nine control strategies (three torque amounts × three deviations in starting control) were established as prototypes. Eighteen drivers participated in the evaluation of each strategy in a highway environment on a driving simulator. A two-way repeated measure ANOVA was used to assess the effects of the system. Both the objective measures (standard deviation of lane position, steering reversal rate, and root mean square of lateral speed) and subjective measures (pleasure and arousal of emotion, trust, disturbance, and satisfaction) were evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that a torque amount of 3 Nm evoked feelings of high disturbance and negative emotional responses. A deviation in starting control (DEV) of 0.80 m yielded unstable lane keeping performances and evoked negative effects on pleasure, trust, and satisfaction. A regression model for the driver satisfaction recommended a torque of 2.32 Nm and a DEV of 0.27 m as the optimal design parameters. This proposed strategy is expected to improve the experience design of lateral semi-autonomous vehicles.