无线Mesh网络技术发展分析

无线Mesh网络(WMN,Wireless Mesh Network,也称无线网格网)是一种新型的无线宽带接入网络,近年受到人们的高度重视并取得了快速发展。文章介绍了WMN的特点、体系结构和应用,客观地探讨了WMN的理论网络容量以及WMN发展所需解决的若干问题。     

自适应波束天线自组网拓扑控制算法

定向天线能显著提高无线系统的性能和容量,但采用定向天线的自组网拓扑构建问题比全向天线网络复杂。拓扑控制是一种保证网络连通和性能优化的有效手段。基于自适应波束定向天线模型提出一种拓扑控制算法,确定天线的主波束朝向,调整节点的发射功率构建拓扑。算法在保证网络连通的基础上,利用主波束的高增益,降低了节点的发射功率,从而降低节点能耗;同时利用定向天线方向性强的特点,减少了节点间干扰,提高了网络吞吐量。仿真结果表明,算法显著提高了网络性能。     

一种基于随机波束天线的自组网拓扑控制协议

定向天线能显著提高无线系统的性能和容量,但采用定向天线的自组网拓扑构建问题比全向天线网络复杂.拓扑控制是一种保证网络连通和节能的有效手段.文中通过对随机波束自组网连通问题定性和定量的分析研究,运用样方统计法推导保证拓扑图高概率连通的临界邻居数;在此基础上,提出了一种基于邻居数的分布式拓扑控制协议,节点独立确定天线波束的...     

Ad hoc网络中基于定向天线的MAC协议

介绍基于定向天线的MAC协议,根据这些协议所涉及到的天线模型、发射接收模式以及使用定向天线所面临的定向隐藏终端和聋节点问题等,对Ad hoc网络中配置定向天线的相关MAC协议、问题及其解决办法进行分析比较。结果表明,基于定向天线的MAC协议能提高Ad hoc网络的整体性能。     

基于WMN的链路质量测量方案与路由尺度性能研究

无线网格网（WMN）骨干网的静态特性与Ad Hoc的动态特性完全不同，所以把Ad Hoc路由协议移植到WMN上并不适用。因而出现了为类似的静态无线网络开发的多波链路质量源路由协议MR LQSR。该协议是链路质量源路由协议（LQSR）协议与累积权期望传输时间（WCETT）的结合。WCETT作为链路质量尺度，必须能够精确反映真实的链路质量。为了尽可能在系统容量损耗和链路质量衡量方式的精确性间做一个折中，将更精确的链路质量测量技术EAR引用到ETT的计算中，以此来提高WCETT参数的准确性并提高MR LQSR的性能。最后的仿真结果表明，该方案在降低系统容量损耗的同时，对链路质量测量的精确性有一定的提高。     

一种新的Ad Hoc网络容量快速估计算法

讨论了在定向天线的传输模式下,当信道带宽和端到端时延同时受限时,Ad Hoc网络容量的估计问题,提出了一种基于矩阵运算的网络容量快速估计算法,该算法能够跟踪网络拓扑的变化,为快速估计网络容量提供了一种较为有效的解决方案,并给出了网络时延的估计算法。     

定向天线在Ad Hoc网络中的设计与应用

定向天线系统可以有效提升Adhoc网络路由协议和接入控制的性能,已经成为Adhoc网络研究的重点。但是定向天线的DOA算法复杂度较高,因此可以考虑利用位置信息实现波束方向的调整。另外由于寻路机制的区别,不同路由协议采用定向天线传输时,性能表现有较大差别,而且MAC层协议对定向天线的有效调度也会对网络整体性能产生较大的影响。通过仿真评估和深入分析,表明了这种定向波束调整算法应用于Adhoc网络时,应该在路由与信道接入过程中联合调度,从而可以有效地提升网络性能。     

基于动态源路由协议的无线网状网络研究

目前,在无线网络研究领域,为无线网状网络（WMN）设计一个完善的路由协议是现在的研究热点之一。无线网状网络（WMN）与Adhoe网络有许多共同属性,尤其是在它结点的静态特性方面,无线网状网络（WMN）有自己一些独特的特征,其相邻结点间的跳数保持不变。无线网状网络（WMN）的静态特性结构所需的网络协议更注重链接质量而不是跳数,因此论文以动态源路由协议（DSR）为基础来检测链路链接的质量,同也考虑了单个链接延迟的影响因素,将协议的量度方式由跳数改为链接质量。     

基于多网关的无线Mesh网络负载均衡调度算法

网关节点的效率决定了无线Mesh网络(WMN)的传输性能,如何有效地解决WMN网关负载均衡问题是非常重要的.在已有的WMN负载均衡算法基础上,提出一种新的基于多网关协作机制的WMN负载均衡调度算法.该算法以源节点到网关节点的跳数信息和网络负载信息相结合作为网关的选择和切换标准,通过多个网关的协作机制,结合高效的网关选取和调度算法实时地对网关业务进行分流;通过一种快速平滑的网关切换方式对其进行调度,从而有效地缓解拥塞网关节点的负载压力,提高WMN的Internet接入性能.性能分析结果表明:该算法可在多个网关间直接实现负载均衡,减少了网络拥塞,提高了网络性能.     

WMN中拜占庭容错网络结构及算法

为提高无线Mesh网络(WMN)的可靠性,以可信计算领域中的拜占庭容错原理为基础,引入拜占庭单元概念,构建一个WMN拜占庭容错网络结构,并提出一种拜占庭算法,用以改进现有WMN路由协议.仿真结果表明,改进的路由协议能对异常节点信息进行容错处理,获得正确的节点信息,增强网络的容错能力,达到提升WMN可靠性的目的.     

Capacity bounds of deployment concepts for Wireless Mesh Networks

Local area wireless networks are like cellular systems: Stations associate to one out of several access points (APs), which connect to a wired backbone. Due to signal attenuation and transmission power limitations, radio connectivity is available only sufficiently close to an AP. In scenarios with a dense deployment of APs the wired backbone causes unprofitably high costs.A Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) serves to extend the coverage of APs by means of Mesh Points (MPs) that forward data between a station and an AP. This concept reduces deployment costs, but reduces also network capacity, owing to multiple transmissions of the same data packet on its multi-hop route.This paper analyzes how the capacity of cost-limited WMNs can be optimized. A layered model of a WMN specifying the typical characteristics of the network is used to calculate the upper capacity bound. Based on the heuristics developed, networks of more than 150 nodes (APs, MPs and stations) can be handled.We apply the method to investigate the combination of three measures for improving the WMN capacity: (i) concurrent scheduling of transmissions, (ii) application of directional antennas and (iii) variable number of MPs per AP. The capacity bounds for different combinations of the measures mentioned is computed and compared. Combined with a simple cost model, these results are useful to provide insight into the economical feasibility of WMNs for wireless Internet access.     

Design and implementation of MobiSEC: A complete security architecture for wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have emerged recently as a technology for next-generation wireless networking. They consist of mesh routers and clients, where mesh routers are almost static and form the backbone of WMNs. WMNs provide network access for both mesh and conventional clients.In this paper we propose MobiSEC, a complete security architecture that provides both access control for mesh users and routers as well as a key distribution scheme that supports layer-2 encryption to ensure security and data confidentiality of all communications that occur in the WMN.MobiSEC extends the IEEE 802.11i standard exploiting the routing capabilities of mesh routers; after connecting to the access network as generic wireless clients, new mesh routers authenticate to a central server and obtain a temporary key that is used both to prove their credentials to neighbor nodes and to encrypt all the traffic transmitted on the wireless backbone links.A key feature in the design of MobiSEC is its independence from the underlying wireless technology used by network nodes to form the backbone. Furthermore, MobiSEC allows seamless mobility of both mesh clients and routers.MobiSEC has been implemented and integrated in MobiMESH, a WMN implementation that provides a complete framework for testing and analyzing the behavior of a mesh network in real-life environments. Moreover, extensive simulations have been performed in large-scale network scenarios using Network Simulator.Numerical results show that our proposed architecture considerably increases the WMN security, with a negligible impact on the network performance, thus representing an effective solution for wireless mesh networking.     

Load-balanced AP association in multi-hop wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) provide high-bandwidth wireless access, which makes it capable for multimedia services. A user in a WMN may be covered by multiple APs, while it should be associated with only one to access the Internet. Conventional IEEE 802.11 user-AP association mechanism for WLANs employs signal strength as the sole metric. However, this may lead to network congestion and performance degradation in multi-hop networks such as WMNs, especially for multimedia services that require a large bandwidth and a low latency. Thus AP association in WMNs becomes an important research issue. In this paper we propose a novel AP association approach LBAA, taking AP’s load-balancing, WMN’s multi-hop characteristic, and user’s RSSI into consideration. We first propose a centralized algorithm and then extend it to a distributed one, with the latter one more practical and convenient for deployment. Network throughput and max–min user fairness are improved by LBAA. Performance evaluation demonstrating the benefits of our approach is given through a series of experiments in terms of collision probability, access bandwidth, end-to-end throughput, and average RSSI.     

MAC protocols over wireless mesh networks: problems and perspective

The wireless mesh network (WMN) has been an emerging technology in recent years. Because the transmission medium used in networking backhaul access points (APs) is radio, the wireless mesh network is not only easy and cost effective in deployment, but also has good scalability in coverage area and capacity. This paper provides an overview of distributed medium access control (MAC) protocols, discusses their features and suitability for WMNs and identifies potential challenges and open research issues. Specifically, we overview the technical medium access control of the new standard for WMNs, the mesh deployments of the IEEE 802.16 MAC and we focus on the coordinated distributed scheduling (CDS) scheme of this. Moreover, we assess the fitness of the IEEE 802.11 over wireless mesh networks. Through the study of existing solutions, we analyze the previous work and sketch the contours of the directions to achieve the throughput and the latency that must be guaranteed in WMNs. In this context we suggest future enhancements to the standard that could increase throughput, while also increase the robustness, without complexity increases and propose and evaluate a new distributed scheduling scheme (DSS). We compared the CDS and the DSS and simulations studies document and confirm the positive characteristics of the proposed scheme. Furthermore, we proposed an analytical model to assess a lower bound in terms of delay.     

Multicast routing protocols in wireless mesh networks: a survey

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) introduce a new type of network that has been applied over the last few years. One of the most important developing issues in WMNs is multicast routing, which is a key technology that provides dissemination of data to a group of members in an efficient way. In this article, after an introduction about the structure of a WMN, multicast routing algorithms and protocols in WMNs are surveyed in a detailed and efficient manner. Moreover, effort is made to scale the study into one of the important potential capabilities of multicast routing mechanisms in WMNs, which is taking advantage of using different channels and radios association. While nodes in a single-radio mesh network operating on single-channel have restrictions for capacity, equipping mesh routers with multiple radios using multiple channels can decrease the intention of capacity problem as well as increase the aggregate bandwidth available to the network and improving the throughput. Hence, the purpose of channel assignment is to decrease the interferences while increasing the network capacity and keeping the connectivity of the network. Therefore, this article investigates the multicast protocols considering a definition of three types of WMNs, based on channel-radio association including SRSC, SRMC and MRMC. In its follow, a classification for multicast routing algorithms regarding the achieved optimal solutions will be presented. Finally, a study of MRMC and its relevant problems will be offered, considering the joint channel assignment and the multicast tree construction problem.     

Joint topology control and routing for multi-radio multi-channel WMNs under SINR model using bio-inspired techniques

Multi-channel communication in a wireless mesh network (WMN) equipped with multi-radio routers can significantly enhance the network capacity. Channel allocation, power control and routing are three main issues involved in the performance of multi-channel multi-radio WMNs. In this paper, the joint optimization of channel allocation, power control and routing under signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) model for multi-channel multi-radio WMNs is investigated. It is proven to be NP hard. As we know, no optimal polynomial time solutions have been proposed in the previous literatures. In order to tackle this problem, we apply bio-inspired optimization techniques for channel allocation and power control, and use linear programming for routing optimization. To reflect the cross-layer interaction property among these three issues, the routing optimization is further defined as the fitness value of a chromosome in bio-inspired optimization. Further, we propose an effective joint optimization framework, in which two representative bio-inspired optimization methods (genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm) are hybridized to enhance the searching ability. The detailed evolution processes for both genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm are demonstrated. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed algorithm converges fast and approaches the sub-optimal solution effectively.     

An efficient Neighbourhood Load Routing metric for Wireless Mesh Networks

The Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is a highly capable technology that can offer low-cost and easy-deployable network connectivity to both small-size community networks and large-scale metropolitan networks. As a key emerging technology to provide the next generation broadband networking, WMN combines the advantages of both mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and traditional fixed network, attracting significant industrial and academic attentions. In WMN, the load balancing has already shown its key role in enhancing communication quality by providing reduced latency, jitter and error rate as well as improving bandwidth utilisation and allocation polices. Although there are a number of proposals on using load-aware strategy in WMN, the neighbourhood load has not been considered within the context of load balancing and high efficient WMNs. In this paper, we propose a Neighbourhood Load Routing metric to further improve the performance of existing routing protocols such as AODV in WMN. We have conducted extensive simulation experiments and our results confirm the superiority of our proposed scheme over its well-known counterparts, especially in grid topologies.     

Efficient link scheduling for online admission control of real-time traffic in wireless mesh networks

Link scheduling is used in wireless mesh networks (WMNs) to guarantee interference-free transmission on the shared wireless medium in a time division multiple access approach. Several papers in the literature address the problem of link scheduling guaranteeing a minimum throughput to the flows traversing the WMN. However, none of the existing works address the problem of computing a schedule that guarantees that pre-specified end-to-end delay constraints are met. In this paper, we make a first step forward in this direction by defining a link scheduling algorithm that works in sink-tree WMNs, i.e. those whose traffic is routed towards a common sink (i.e. the Internet gateway). Our iterative algorithm exploits a delay-based admission control procedure, devised through Network Calculus, which solves an optimization problem and tests the feasibility of a schedule from the point of view of delay guarantees. Thanks to a clever solution approach for the optimization problem, the iterative algorithm computes feasible solutions in affordable times for networks of several tens of nodes, and is thus amenable to online admission control of real-time traffic.