土壤水盐介电模型对比与分析

土壤介电常数是微波遥感反演土壤水分和盐分的基础,是微波遥感研究的主要参数之一,选用模拟精度较高的土壤水盐介电模型对提高土壤水分和盐分反演精度具有重要意义。目前,土壤介电模型无法定量描述盐分对土壤介电常数的影响。采用Dobson模型及考虑盐分影响的Dobson-S模型、GRMDM模型、HQR模型和WYR模型分别模拟了土壤温度为25℃时不同土壤质地、含水量和含盐量土样在L、C、X波段的复介电常数实部与虚部,并将模拟结果与微波网络分析仪测量值进行对比分析,得到以下结论:(1)Dobson模型和GRMDM模型可较好地实现非盐渍土介电常数实部的模拟,而低频波段虚部的模拟值小于测量值;(2)Dobson-S模型对盐渍土介电常数实部的模拟精度较高,在L、C、X 3个波段相关系数(R)均为0.97,均方根误差(RMSE)小于2.10;但对于盐渍土介电常数虚部,在土壤体积含水量不同的情况下,Dobson-S模型、HQR模型和WYR模型的模拟精度不同。研究结果对选取适当的土壤介电模型反演土壤水分和盐分具有一定的参考价值。     

含水含盐土壤的微波介电特性分析研究

用微波网络分析仪测量了实验室制备的各种不同含水量,含盐量的土壤样品的复介电常数,研究了介电常数的实部和虚部与频率、盐度、含水量的关系,得出结论：频率、盐度对土壤介电常数的实部的影响很小,对于某一特定土壤,其介电常数的实部有土壤的含量决定;在较低频率范围内（f＜2GHz),虚部随着的频率增大而迅速下降,高频部分则趋向于一定值,当土壤潮湿含水时,实验结果表明,波长较长的波段,如P波段或L以段对土壤含盐程度具有更高的敏感性,其含盐量对虚部在较低频范围（f＜5GHz)影响很大;这为利用微波遥感进行土壤盐碱化程度监测,提供了可能和实验依据。     

盐渍土介电特性及模型改进研究

基于控制试验对配制的具有不同含水量和含盐量的土壤样本进行介电特征量测和分析,同时结合Stogryn盐水介电模型和土壤溶液离子浓度、电导率、含水量和含盐量等参数对介电常数虚部的影响,将饱和度这个关键参量引入盐渍土介电模型中,提高盐渍土介电模型模拟精度。结果表明：①当土壤体积含水量较低时,土壤含盐量对介电常数的实部和虚部均未产生明显的作用。当土壤体积含水量较高时,介电常数实部则随着土壤含盐量的增加呈逐渐下降趋势,介电常数虚部以增加态势为主;②修正后的盐渍土介电模型可以较好地刻画介电常数变化特征。此外,将修正后的模型在白银采样点进行验证,同样取得较好的模拟结果,表明修正后的盐渍土介电模型对不同土壤类型具有一定的适用性。     

互补开口谐振环微带传感器介电常数的测量

介电常数是材料的重要特性之一,采用互补开口谐振环微带传感器实现了不同厚度待测物质介电常数的无损测量。方形互补开口谐振环蚀刻在微带线接地平面上,与微带线耦合实现谐振,分析了谐振器的等效电路,讨论了介电常数与谐振频率之间的关系。通过有限元分析,谐振频率的负二次方与待测物质的介电常数实部值存在线性关系,且线性关系受待测物质的厚度影响;介电常数的虚部值对谐振频率的影响可忽略不计;最终建立了介电常数实部值与谐振频率和样本厚度之间的数学解析式。实验测试结果表明,当待测样品的厚度大于2 mm时,实部介电常数的相对测量误差小于3.5%。     

合成孔径雷达遥感原理及应用（四）

６ＳＡＲ应用简介概括地说，合成孔径雷达影像主要反映了如下几方面的地表特性：（１）从介电性质方面看，主要是含水量的问题。水是地球上普遍存在的物质，自由水在微波波段的介电常数，不论实部还是虚部都非常大。束缚水的介电常数尽管比自由水要小些，仍比较大，与其它...     

基于Sentinel-1与FY-3C数据反演植被覆盖地表土壤水分

基于新一代的Sentinel-1SAR数据与FY-3C的MWRI数据,研究植被覆盖地表土壤湿度反演方法。为消除植被对土壤湿度反演影响,首先利用FY-3C/MWRI的微波极化差异指数MPDI,建立植被含水量反演模型;然后,结合植被含水量反演模型和水—云模型,发展一种主被动微波联合反演植被覆盖地表土壤含水量模型;最后,在江淮地区开展反演试验,利用观测的土壤湿度数据进行反演结果的精度验证。结果表明:(1)对于植被覆盖地表土壤湿度反演,由FY3C/MWRI提取的MPDI对于去除植被影响效果较好;(2)相比于VH极化哨兵1号卫星数据,VV极化数据更适用于土壤含水量的反演,能够得到更高的土壤湿度反演精度;(3)哨兵1号卫星数据能够获得较高精度的土壤含水量反演结果,试验反演的土壤湿度值与实测值相关系数为0.561 2,均方根误差为0.044cm~3/cm~3。     

不同介电常数模型的平静海表面亮温仿真差异性分析

利用介电常数模型仿真平静海表面亮温是海洋盐度遥感反演的基础工作之一。利用Matlab软件对K-S模型、M-W模型和Bl模型3种介电常数模型进行了仿真。首先分析了3种介电常数的实部和虚部值随电磁波入射角变化的差异性,然后通过介电常数模型获得的3种平静海表面亮温,分析了在盐度为30~40 psu以及不同入射角的情况下,3种介电常数模型得到的平静海表面亮温和盐度变化率的关系。研究结果表明,在L频段(1.4~1.427 GHz),3种模型的差异主要体现在实部,K-S模型介电常数实部值相对于其他2个模型更高,电磁波衰减程度基本一致;在入射角为55°时,亮温与盐度的变化率差异最明显,3种模型的垂直极化亮温的变化率比水平极化亮温高30%左右。     

基于被动微波的地表温度反演研究综述

热红外遥感反演地表温度已取得丰硕的成果,某些反演算法精度可达到1 K以内。然而在非晴空条件下,热红外遥感的应用受到很大限制,甚至无能为力。而被动微波遥感受大气干扰小,可穿透云层获取地表辐射信息,具有全天候、多极化及高时间分辨率等特点,在地表温度反演中具有独特的优越性。被动微波反演地表温度已经成为被动微波遥感技术应用研究的主要问题之一。系统阐述了微波热辐射机理、地表温度反演模型、反演算法及应用现状,分析了目前被动微波地表温度反演研究中存在的主要问题与技术难点,为后续相关研究提供参考。     

全极化微波信号海面风场反演技术现状与发展趋势

全极化微波辐射计是一种新型的被动微波遥感仪器,可以测量海面辐射的全部4个Stokes参数,提供了测量海面风场的一种新方法。首先介绍了国内外先进微波辐射计的技术特点及其海洋遥感应用情况,然后描述了海面微波发射信号的变化机理,以及海面全极化信号的风向谐波特征及其反演海面风场的优势,归纳了全极化微波信号海面风场反演的总体技术思路和产品精度,最后分析了全极化微波辐射计风场反演的关键技术和难点,并对该项技术的发展进行了展望。     

L波段多角度裸露地表土壤水分反演研究

土壤水分是气象预报、农情监测以及水文模型的重要参数之一,利用被动微波遥感技术可以有效获取土壤水分。欧空局（ESA）计划于2009年发射卫星SMOS(Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) ,其主要目的是监测全球范围内的土壤水分和海洋盐度变化。根据SMOS的设置情况,寻找精度较高的半经验模型以便为进一步的土壤水分反演提供简化模型。对于裸露地表,地表粗糙度、土壤介电常数等因素影响最终的微波发射率。运用Dobson半经验介电常数模型计算土壤的介电常数,将计算结果输入高级积分方程模型(AIEM)。通过AIEM模拟的数据库,利用回归关系建立了一个精度相对较高的L波段多角度半经验模型。     

Comparative Analysis of Soil Water and Salt Dielectric Model

The soil dielectric constant，the basis of the microwave remote sensing inversion of soil water and salt，is one of the main parameters of microwave remote sensing research.It is very important to select the high precision soil water and salt dielectric model to improve the precision of soil water and salt inversion.However，the existing soil water and salt model still can’t quantitatively describe the effect of salt factor on soil permittivity.This paper simulates the complex permittivity of different texture，water content and salinity wet soil by Dobson model，Dobson\|S model，GRMDM model，HQR model and WYR model at L，Cand X bands when soil temperature equal 25 ℃.Comparison and analysis the simulation values with measured values by microwave vector network analyzer.The results show：(1)Dobson model and GRMDM model can accurately simulate the real part of dielectric constant of non\|saline soil，while the stimulated values of imaginary part is less than the measured values;(2)Dobson\|S model can well simulate the real part of the dielectric constant of saline soil，at L，C\nd Xbands the correlation coefficient R equal 0.97，the RMSE is less than 2.10.But for the imaginary part of the dielectric constant of saline soil，the Dobson\|S model，HQR model and WYR model with different simulation accuracy，when soil water content different.This study would benefit the choice of a suitable soil dielectric model for soil moisture and salinity retrieval.     

Dielectric Properties of Saline Soil and an Improved Dielectric Model

The measurement and analysis of the dielectric constant of soil samples with different moisture and salinity are achieved based control experiment. The saturation is introduced to the dielectric model of salinity soil to improve simulation accuracy by taking the Stogryn model and the influence of soil solution ion concentration, conductivity, moisture content, and salt content for dielectric constant imaginary part into consideration. The results indicate that the soil salt content has little influence on both real part and imaginary part of dielectric constant when soil volumetric moisture content is low, while soil volumetric moisture content is high, the real part of the dielectric constant decreases with the increase of soil salt content, and the imaginary part of the dielectric constant increases. The improved dielectric model of salinity soil can well reveal the changes of dielectric constant, and it is also having a great effect in Baiyin soil samples. That is to say, the improved dielectric model can apply to different soil types.     

Dielectric properties of salt-affected soils

A detailed laboratory experiment was conducted on three soils of different textures viz., sand, sandy clay loam and clay to study the influence of soil salinity and sodicity on the complex dielectric behaviour of soils as a function of volumetric soil moisture using an L-band (1 ·25 GHz) dielectric probe. The results revealed that soil salinity has no influence on the real part of the dielectric constant (?') whereas, the imaginary part (?'') is dependent and increases with increase in salinity for all the soils considered. It was found that the real part is more dependent on soil moisture and imaginary part on soil salinity. The sodicity of a soil has no influence either on real part or imaginary part. This study shows L-band (1·25 GHz) microwave response to soil salinity. It also demonstrates the possibility of separating saline soils from sodic soils at L-band frequencies under moist soil conditions.     

Modified Alex–Behari model for soil moisture as a function of salinity,texture and frequency

Alex and Behari obtained experimental soil moisture data at microwave frequencies and computed emissivity from these. Following this they suggested an empirical model which provides a good agreement up to a soil moisture value of 25%. Taking into consideration the soil texture, the modified Alex–Behari (MAB) model provides agreement with the available data up to 40%. A non-linear relationship between volumetric soil moisture and emissivity is obtained. The dielectric constant shows an increase with volumetric soil moisture. The dielectric properties of the soil are known to depend on soil moisture content along with other factors like salinity, texture and frequency. In the present investigations the experimental dielectric constant of various types of soils was taken in the frequency range (1.4–18.0 GHz) to fit the modified model in the given range of moisture content. The computed data show that the real part of the dielectric constant decreases and imaginary part increases with soil salinity. It is suggested that the proposed model will be of interest to agricultural scientists, and applicable to remote sensing of salt-affected areas.     

无创血糖检测中不同葡萄糖浓度的介电- 频率响应特性研究

无创血糖检测技术具有无痛感、不易感染和可连续监测等优点,是血糖检测技术发展的重要 方向。为了研究在不同频率下、不同葡萄糖浓度对介电特性的影响,该文首先以不同葡萄糖浓度的 水溶液为研究对象,探索了 500 kHz～5 MHz 频率范围内不同葡萄糖浓度水溶液的介电-频率特性。 研究表明,葡萄糖水溶液在 500 kHz～5 MHz 的响应特性与高频下的响应特性不同。在该频段下,当 葡萄糖浓度不变时,水溶液的复介电常数的实部和虚部随着频率的增大而减小;当频率不变时,水 溶液的复介电常数的实部和虚部随着葡萄糖浓度的增大而减小。其次,该文还通过对复介电常数测量 值进行二阶 Debye 模型拟合,并对 Debye 模型中的参数进行了二次多项式拟合。拟合的决定系数均 高于 0.93,最终得出了葡萄糖浓度为 0～16% 水溶液的复介电常数在不同葡萄糖浓度和频率下的相关 函数,量化了葡萄糖水溶液的复介电常数与葡萄糖浓度及频率的关系。最后,通过建立包含皮肤、血 液、肌肉的无创血糖检测模型,并采用基于时域有限差分法对模型进行仿真分析。结果表明,接收电 极 2 与 3 之间的电压差值随着葡萄糖浓度的增加而线性增大,为基于 500 kHz～5 MHz 频率范围内的 无创血糖检测提供了一定的理论基础。     

Calibration of a TDR probe for low soil water content measurements

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes are increasingly used for field and laboratory estimation of soil water content. Usual calibration of TDR probes for the determination of soil water content uses two media: air for low and water for high values of dielectric permittivity, although the measured range of dielectric permittivity in soil is much smaller as compared to the range implied by the calibration media. The use of air for calibration of short TDR probes gives calibration errors due to overlapping incident and reflected pulses in the reflectogram, which result in their relative shift in time. This phenomenon, named the convolution effect, can be avoided by the application of selected calibration media. The presented approach minimizes of dielectric permittivity measurement errors by choosing the calibration media with dielectric permittivity values close to the limits of the measurement range and the possibility to use TDR probes of various lengths. The comparison of errors of TDR apparent dielectric permittivity measurement in three sandy soils, based on the probe calibrations in various media, is also presented.     

Water content estimation in vegetation with MODIS reflectance data and model inversion methods

Statistical and radiative-transfer physically based studies have previously demonstrated the relationship between leaf water content and leaf-level reflectance in the near-infrared spectral region. The successful scaling up of such methods to the canopy level requires modeling the effect of canopy structure and viewing geometry on reflectance bands and optical indices used for estimation of water content, such as normalized difference water index (NDWI), simple ratio water index (SRWI) and plant water index (PWI). This study conducts a radiative transfer simulation, linking leaf and canopy models, to study the effects of leaf structure, dry matter content, leaf area index (LAI), and the viewing geometry, on the estimation of leaf equivalent water thickness from canopy-level reflectance. The applicability of radiative transfer model inversion methods to MODIS is studied, investigating its spectral capability for water content estimation. A modeling study is conducted, simulating leaf and canopy MODIS-equivalent synthetic spectra with random input variables to test different inversion assumptions. A field sampling campaign to assess the investigated simulation methods was undertaken for analysis of leaf water content from leaf samples in 10 study sites of chaparral vegetation in California, USA, between March and September 2000. MODIS reflectance data were processed from the same period for equivalent water thickness estimation by model inversion linking the PROSPECT leaf model and SAILH canopy reflectance model. MODIS reflectance data, viewing geometry values, and LAI were used as inputs in the model inversion for estimation of leaf equivalent water thickness, dry matter, and leaf structure. Results showed good correlation between the time series of MODIS-estimated equivalent water thickness and ground measured leaf fuel moisture (LFM) content (r²=0.7), demonstrating that these inversion methods could potentially be used for global monitoring of leaf water content in vegetation.     

Hyperspectral field estimation and remote-sensing inversion of salt content in coastal saline soils of the Yellow River Delta

This study explored hyperspectral field and satellite-based remote sensing of soil salt content. Using Kenli County in the Yellow River Delta as the study area, in situ soil field spectra and satellite-based remote-sensing images were integrated with laboratory measurements of soil sample salinity to improve remote sensing-based soil salt estimation and inversion procedures. First, the narrow-band hyperspectral reflectance field data were used to model the wide-band reflectance data from Landsat 7. Second, the bands and spectral features sensitive to soil salt content were identified through correlation analysis and band combination. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to find a best model, which was then inverted to predict soil salt content using remote-sensing images from Landsat 7 and Landsat 8. The applicability of the model was verified by ground-checking the inversion results. The results show that the bands sensitive to soil salinity are mainly in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions. Combining information from these bands can eliminate some background effects and significantly improve the correlation with salinity. The best model of soil salinity is y = 1.345 ? 25.898 × g_SWIR1 ? 245.440 × g_Red × (g_Red ? g_NIR) ? 0.252 × (g_Red + g_NIR)/(g_Red ? g_NIR) ? 19.563 × (g_Red ? g_SWIR1). This model has a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.896, a verification R² of 0.867, a relative prediction deviation (RPD) of 2.135, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.264. The model fits well and is highly stable. The inversion results based on Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 images are consistent with the actual situation of soil salinity in the study area. This study provides an effective and feasible method for the estimation of soil salt content in coastal regions based on field spectral measurements and remote-sensing inversion.