WLAN信道分配方法研究

随着时代的发展,传统有线局域网已无法满足随时随地的自由网络通信。针对有线局域网的不足,无线局域网顺势诞生,并快速进入应用阶段。全球第一个无线局域网标准是IEEE802.11标准,它是由IEEE的无线局域网委员会于1997年6月制定的。通常来说802.11协议是在2.4GHz的ISM频段上工作,信道数目相当有限。根据无线通信广播的特性,AP间的高密度状态会产生干扰、竞争的情况,降低网络整体质量,且伴随着无线局域网的继续高速增长,上述问题将愈来愈严重。全文由802.11协议出发,先从理论角度分析了产生信道分配问题的原因所在,通过对接入点间的干扰情况分析说明了信道分配算法需解决的问题,最后提出了改进型算法,特点:1)分布式、自适应;2)改进了协议扫描功能,使用嗅探技术扩大了检测干扰的范围,使扫描效率得到提升;3)使用退避机制减少信道分配冲突消耗,提高了算法收敛速度。NS-2(Network Simulator version 2,NS-2)是一种针对网络技术源代码公开的免费软件模拟平台,该文用其进行了基本实验,证明了信道分配方法的效果。     

基于QoS和吞吐量公平的信道分配算法

高密度接入点(AP)部署会导致AP工作信道重叠,从而较大地影响无线局域网的吞吐量。为此,在IEEE 802.11e分析模型的基础上,考虑AP受相邻AP干扰造成的吞吐量衰减,引入Jain指标衡量基础服务集(BSS)间系统吞吐量的公平性,在满足最大公平性和最小信道干扰的限制条件下,提出一种基于最小生成树的信道分配算法CAQFT。数值分析结果表明,CAQFT算法能满足BSS内业务的服务质量需求,提高整个系统吞吐量并兼顾BSS间系统吞吐量的公平性。     

ARJ:一种可变干扰半径的IEEE 802.11g全频道干扰机

针对传统全频道干扰需利用单一频道干扰机进行相对费时的频道跳转,提出了一种全频道IEEE 802.11g干扰机(ARJ),ARJ利用临频干扰,尤其是非交叠信道临频干扰实现对全频道的覆盖.与单一频道干扰机相比,ARJ在一个固定频道上便可实现全频道干扰,可调节干扰信号发射功率实现可变的干扰半径,通过设置干扰频度达到能量有效.引入信道比特错误率的DCF马尔可夫链模型的理论分析和模拟场景的仿真实验表明:ARJ可以实现对IEEE 802.11g全频道的干扰,其在真实实验中得到实现和验证.     

基于分组管理的无线mesh网多信道分配算法*

为了合理利用多信道来提高无线网络吞吐量,针对基于802.11标准无线mesh网的业务特点,提出了基于分组管理的分布式多信道分配算法。该算法将节点接口分为回程接口与转发接口,并使回程接口分配到在干扰区域内干扰值尽可能小的信道。仿真实验结果表明,该算法可以减少区域干扰,并可充分利用信道的多样性和得到较高的网络吞吐量。     

基于均衡算法的协作信道分配策略

IEEE 802.11物理层和MAC具有支持多信道和多速率的能力。在多速率情况下,IEEE 802.11网络产生性能异常问题,低速率链路严重降低了高速率链路的性能,导致系统性能下降。针对该问题,设计了基于均衡算法的协作信道分配(CCA)协议,以解决无线网络中的性能异常问题。CCA的主要思想是通过预估传输时间(ETT)标准和均衡算法来解决信道分配问题。在预估传输时间标准下,CCA通过多信道来分离不同速率链路。通过使用均衡算法,CCA还能增加吞吐量的公平性。仿真结果表明,在无线网状网中,CCA能有效改善网络性能。     

基于双忙音的可调功率无线MAC协议

本文基于IEEE802.11DCF提出了两种基于双忙音信号的无线自组织网络MAC协议,即恒定功率双忙音(FPDBT)和变功率双忙音(VPDBT)MAC协议。这两种协议能基本解决无线自组织网络大干扰范围下的隐藏终端和暴露终端问题。本文对MAC协议进行了理论分析,并建立了OPNET仿真模型。通过仿真试验分析比较了IEEE802.11DCF、DBTMA、FPDBT和VPDBTMAC协议的信道传输性能。结果表明两种改进协议都能在大干扰范围下有效避免分组冲突,并显著提高信道利用率。VPDBT协议还能够对信道空间复用率和分组冲突避免的性能有较好的折衷。     

面向IEEE802.15.4协议的跳频信道接入方法

IEEE802.15.4协议中2.4 GHz频段的信道极易受Wi-Fi等信号干扰,且其规定节点丢失信标帧数量超过aMaxLost?Beacons 就判定为孤立节点,需要重新扫描信道进行重新同步,这必将导致较大吞吐量降低和时间消耗。本文分析IEEE802.15.4和IEEE802.11在2.4 GHz频段中信道重叠规律,提出一种利用信标帧的周期性作为跳频函数输入变量生成的跳频序列,以此快速选择未受干扰的信道,该方法不需增加信标帧负荷和开销,且简单易实现。Wi-Fi干扰源测试结果表明,平均吞吐量最低能提高约16%,平均传输延迟由25.86 ms降低到9.07 ms。     

一种适用于窄带无线局域网的信道接入协议

在分析了IEEE 802.11协议的基础上，提出了一种应用于低速率无线局域网环境下的信道接入方法，对其性能进行了分析，通过对仿真结果的比较，得到了该协议在窄信道环境下性能要优于IEEE 802.11的结论，同时验证了理论分析的正确性。     

非理想信道下无线局域网的性能分析

提出了一种在非理想信道下分析IEEE 802.11无线局域网的饱和吞吐量的方法。分析的过程中考虑到信道“捕获”和退避“冻结”的问题，采用条件概率建立了数学模型。在IEEE 802.11b无线局域网定义的不同数据速率下，利用该方法对基本访问机制和RTS/CTS访问机制进行了分析。仿真表明，分析结果与DCF模式下的饱和吞吐量是吻合的。     

多信道无线Mesh网络的实现及其性能分析

通过搭建基于IEEE 802.11b/g协议的无线Mesh网络实验床,测试无线链路的吞吐率和延迟。实验结果表明,无线链路延迟随跳数增加而增加。利用多发射多信道的网络架构,在无线链路各跳间实现并行传输数据,保证了端到端的吞吐率,使网络性能不会因为无线跳数的增加而明显衰减。     

IEEE 802.11无线局域网标准研究*

介绍了IEEE 802.11全系列标准,研究了IEEE 802.11系列各标准的发展轨迹和相互关系,建立了该系列标准的层次模型。研究并分析了IEEE 802.11、IEEE 802.11a、IEEE 802.11b、IEEE 802.11g和IEEE 802.11n这几种常见标准,并对相应物理层和媒质访问控制层的关键技术作了重点分析。     

Distributed channel assignment algorithms for 802.11n WLANs with heterogeneous clients

As the latest IEEE 802.11 standard, 802.11n applies several new technologies, such as multiple input multiple output (MIMO), channel bonding, and frame aggregation to greatly improve the rate, range and reliability of wireless local area networks (WLANs). In 802.11n WLANs, access points (APs) are often densely deployed to provide satisfactory coverage. Thus nearby APs should operate at non-overlapping channels to avoid mutual interference. It is challenging to assign channels in legacy 802.11a/b/g WLANs due to the limited number of channels. Channel assignment becomes more complex in 802.11n WLANs, as the channel bonding in 802.11n allows WLAN stations (APs and clients) to combine two adjacent, non-overlapping 20MHz channels together for transmission. On the other hand, IEEE 802.11n is backward compatible, such that 802.11n clients will coexist with legacy clients in 802.11n WLANs. Legacy clients may affect the performance of nearby 802.11n clients, and reduce the effectiveness of channel bonding. Based on these observations, in this paper, we study channel assignment in 802.11n WLANs with heterogeneous clients. We first present the network model, interference model, and throughput estimation model to estimate the throughput of each client. We then formulate the channel assignment problem into an optimization problem, with the objective of maximizing overall network throughput. Since the problem is NP-hard, we give a distributed channel assignment algorithm based on the throughput estimation model. We then present another channel assignment algorithm with lower complexity, and aim at minimizing interference experienced by high-rate, 802.11n clients. We have carried out extensive simulations to evaluate the proposed algorithms. Simulation results show that our algorithms can significantly improve the network throughput of 802.11n WLANs, compared with other channel assignment algorithms.     

The Technology of Wireless Local Area Network

This article provides an overview of the Wireless LAN. Firstly, the article introduces the history of development of IEEE 802.11. Then, the article will discuss the basic technology of the IEEE 802.11 including IEEE 802.11b, a, and g. The finally, IEEE 802.11 a / b / g Comparison and the trend of WLANs will be prospected by this article.     

Evaluating transport protocol performance over a wireless mesh backbone

IEEE 802.11n wireless physical layer technology increases the deployment of high throughput wireless indoor mesh backbones for ubiquitous Internet connectivity at the urban and metropolitan areas. Most of the network traffic flows in today’s Internet use ‘Transmission Control Protocol’ (TCP) as the transport layer protocol. There has been extensive works that deal with TCP issues over wireless mesh networks as well as noisy wireless channels. Further, IEEE 802.11n is well known for its susceptibility to increased channel losses during high data rate communication. This paper investigates the dynamics of an end-to-end transport layer protocol like TCP in the presence of burst and correlated losses during IEEE 802.11n high data rate communication, while maintaining fairness among all the end-to-end flows. For this purpose, we evaluate four TCP variants-Loss Tolerant TCP (LT-TCP), Network Coded TCP (TCP/NC), TCP-Horizon and Wireless Control Protocol (WCP), where the first two protocols are known to perform very well in extreme lossy networks, and the last two are specifically designed for mesh networks. Our evaluation shows that WCP performs better in a IEEE 802.11n supported mesh networks compared to other three variants. However, WCP also results in negative impact at high data rates, where end-to-end goodput drops with the increase in physical data rate. The analysis of the results reveals that explicit loss notifications and flow balancing are not sufficient to improve transport protocol performance in an IEEE 802.11n supported mesh backbone, rather a specific mechanism is required to synchronize the transport queue management with lower layer scheduling that depends on IEEE 802.11n features, like channel bonding and frame aggregation. The findings of this paper give the direction to design a new transport protocol that can utilize the full capacity of IEEE 802.11n mesh backbone.     

Congestion-aware channel assignment for multi-channel wireless mesh networks

In this paper, we propose a distributed congestion-aware channel assignment (DCACA) algorithm for multi-channel wireless mesh networks (MC–WMNs). The frequency channels are assigned according to the congestion measures which indicate the congestion status at each link. Depending on the selected congestion measure (e.g., queueing delay, packet loss probability, and differential backlog), various design objectives can be achieved. Our proposed distributed algorithm is simple to implement as it only requires each node to perform a local search. Unlike most of the previous channel assignment schemes, our proposed algorithm assigns not only the non-overlapped (i.e., orthogonal) frequency channels, but also the partially-overlapped channels. In this regard, we introduce the channel overlapping and mutual interference matrices which model the frequency overlapping among different channels. Simulation results show that in the presence of elastic traffic (e.g., TCP Vegas or TCP Reno) sources, our proposed DCACA algorithm increases the aggregate throughput and also decreases the average packet round-trip compared with the previously proposed Load-Aware channel assignment algorithm. Furthermore, in a congested IEEE 802.11b network setting, compared with the use of three non-overlapped channels, the aggregate network throughput can further be increased by 25% and the average round-trip time can be reduced by more than one half when all the 11 partially-overlapped channels are used.     

对IEEE 802.11 MAC层协议公平性改进的研究

Ad Hoc网络中基于IEEE 802.11的MAC层协议采用CSMA/CA机制,通过侦听只能获取一跳范围内节点的信息,存在隐终端问题,影响了网络流调度的公平性.文中对IEEE 802.11提出了一种修改方案,该方案通过邻居结点间的信息交换,使网络中每个节点具有其二跳范围内所有结点的信息,以发现网络中的隐终端,提高网络流调度的公平性.对比仿真实验结果表明,修改后的IEEE 802.11与原协议的网络吞吐量基本相当,但具有更好的公平性.     

Mutual interference analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b

IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b, operating in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed industrial scientific medical (ISM) frequency band, may lead to signal interference and result in significant performance degradation when devices are collocated in the same environment. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of mutual interference on the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b systems. An analytic model for interference between IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b is suggested. The packet error rate (PER), transmission delay, and throughput are evaluated for IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b. The power spectral density of the IEEE 802.11b is considered in order to determine in-band interference power of the IEEE 802.11b to the IEEE 802.15.4. The simulation results by OPNET are shown to validate the numerical analysis.     

无线局域网在医疗中的应用

作为个人通信的一个重要组成部分，无线局域网已经掀起移动计算的新浪潮。无线技术在传榆速率、安全性方面不断改进，它不仅是有线网络的无线延伸，也可以作为LAN的无线替代。通过分析3种不同的IEEE802.11扩展标准的调制方式、工作频段等，突出说明了IEEE802.llg标准的优越性。根据医疗领域的特殊性，在基于IEEE802.11g基础上，初步构建了一个可扩展的无线医疗网络。     

无线IEEE 802.11网络多信道MAC性能建模与分析

IEEE 802.11动态频谱接入网络是当前协议和模型在无线网络研究中一直受到广泛的关注.虽然它的物理层支持多信道,但其MAC层对多信道的支持仍面临挑战.目前的多信道MAC研究大多基于仿真实验,缺乏性能分析模型.本文设计了一种简单通用的信道切换机制,将IEEE802.11MAC扩展成为一种多信道MAC.本文提出了三维马尔可夫链分析模型描述多信道MAC性能,刻画单信道内重传次数和多信道间切换对性能的影响,支持基本和RTS/CTS两种接入方式.仿真结果表明,该多信道MAC模型能够很好地预测系统的饱和吞吐量,系统性能随着重传次数的增加能得到提高,而切换信道数量的增加并不能总是带来性能的提高.