Analysis of two-dimensional transient conduction–radiation problems in an anisotropically scattering participating enclosure using the lattice Boltzmann method and the control volume finite element method

This study deals with the performance evaluation of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the control volume finite element method (CVFEM) in terms of their abilities to provide accurate results in solving combined transient conduction and radiation mode problems in a two-dimensional rectangular enclosure containing an absorbing, emitting and anisotropically scattering medium. Coupling problems for mixed kind thermal boundary are worked out for reflective interfaces. Effects of various parameters are studied on the distributions of temperature, radiative and conductive heat fluxes. The results of the LBM in conjunction with the CVFEM have been found to compare very well with available results in the literature. So, the numerical approach is extended to deal with a practical combination of mixed boundary conditions in a transient multi-dimensional combined conductive radiative heat transfer problems in an emitting, absorbing, anisotropically scattering enclosure.     

Pumping effects on thermal insulation of clothing worn by human subjects

This study was undertaken in order to analyse the importance of the pumping effect on clothing's thermal insulation. To enhance differences in heat exchanges due to the pumping effect, two sets of condition were fixed, minimizing either the convective or the radiative heat transfers. The results showed that: (i) the clothing insulation determined on a manikin, even if he is moving, is larger than the resultant clothing insulation for living subjects; (ii) the insulation is not the same for radiant heat or cold as for convective heat or cold;(iii) the pumping effect can increase or decrease the resultant clothing insulation; (iv) the clothing insulation is smaller in warmer conditions thanin cooler ones; (v) it becomes necessary to make a definite distinction between several kinds of clothing insulation; intrinsic or basic insulation against radiation and convection; effective insulation against radiation and convection taking into account only the heat flowing through the clothing fabric; resultant insulation taking into account the magnitude of the pumping effect when clothing is worn by living subjects     

MEMS壁剪应力传感器热效应的数值模拟

借助计算流体动力学(CFD)商业软件FLUENT,采用数值模拟的方法,对基于MEMS的壁剪应力传感器热交换效应进行了分析。计算结果表明:在壁剪应力传感器的热膜下方加入真空腔或者空气腔是十分必要的。针对水流中测量的计算结果显示,真空腔和空气腔在整个计算区域的温度场分布以及对流体的传热效率的差别不大,而空腔可以明显地减小底层的热损失,这对提高剪应力传感器的灵敏度是十分有利的。此外,MEMS壁剪应力传感器的尺寸效应对传热效率也存在影响。     

The effect of added fullness and ventilation holes in T-shirt design on thermal comfort

This paper reports on an experimental investigation on the effect of added fullness and ventilation holes in T-shirt design on clothing comfort measured in terms of thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance. Four T-shirts in four different sizes (S, M, L, XL) were cut under the traditional sizing method while another (F-1) was cut with specially added fullness to create a 'flared' drape. A thermal manikin 'Walter' was used to measure the thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance of the T-shirts in a chamber with controlled temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. The tests included four conditions: manikin standing still in the no-wind and windy conditions and walking in the no-wind and windy condition. It was found that adding fullness in the T-shirt design (F-1) to create the 'flared' drape can significantly reduce the T-shirt's thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance under walking or windy conditions. Heat and moisture transmission through the T-shirt can be further enhanced by creating small apertures on the front and back of the T-shirt with specially added fullness. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: The thermal comfort of the human body is one of the key issues in the study of ergonomics. When doing exercise, a human body will generate heat, which will eventually result in sweating. If heat and moisture are not released effectively from the body, heat stress may occur and the person's performance will be negatively affected. Therefore, contemporary athletic T-shirts are designed to improve the heat and moisture transfer from the wearer. Through special cutting, such athletic T-shirts can be designed to improve the ventilation of the wearer.     

民居节能建筑外墙保温层最优厚度仿真

为提高建筑外墙保温层厚度计算结果的精度,提出基于LCCA(Life Cycle Cost Analysis)的民居节能建筑外墙保温层最优厚度计算方法。根据采暖度日数、建筑物围护结构的传热阻等值计算建筑外墙热损失。利用保温层投资与采暖燃料投资相加所得值,获取单位面积建筑外墙保温层的生命周期范围内总投资。采用反应系数法与z传递函数法分析并计算围护结构非稳态逐时热流。结合外墙热损失、保温层使用寿命内费用和墙体逐时热流分析结果,计算民居节能建筑外墙保温层最优厚度。实验发现,保温层存在一个最优厚度,可以使建筑的总费用降到最低;相同保温材料,最优保温层的厚度会随着现值因子增大不断增大,随着采暖度日数增大逐渐增大,随着非保温层热阻值增大不断减小;保温材料不同,最优保温层厚度的差异体现在随着现值因子、采暖度日数增大逐渐增大,随着外墙的非保温层热阻值增大逐渐减小;保温层最优厚度计算结果与实际值拟合度高。     

Characteristics of heated sensors emitting by radiation only

The design of an oven-mounted sensor using a single mount is presented. The sensor is placed in vacuum inside a can. The sensor temperature is maintained constant by means of the heat directly furnished inside the can, the sensor holder being used as a heater. The sensitive part of the sensor is stressless and insensitive to temperature variations of the surrounding medium. Thermal losses occur by radiative transfers. A theoretical analysis of the thermal exchanges is given, pointing out that the thermal losses depend on a parameter which varies only according to the geometry of the device and to the radiative properties of the materials used; moreover, the thermal losses are a function of the sensor and can temperatures. The role of each parameter is evaluated and the emissivity factor of the sensor area is shown to be the main factor ruling the thermal losses. The temperature distribution along the length l of the sensor is calculated, as well as the thermal-gain magnitude of the system. The variation of the standard sensor temperature versus the standard x/l coordinate is obtained. The slope at the origin does not depend on the material properties, and the average value of the sensor temperature is reached for x/l near 0.4. The thermal gain of the device reaches 500 or more for current thermal materials. Using a thermal screen interposed between the sensor and the can, the thermal gain is enlarged by several orders of magnitude. Numerical applications are applied to the case of piezoelectric accelerometers. Thermal gains greater than 10⁶ are achieved, and a drastic reduction of energy consumption occurs relative to the case of classical ovens.     

一种新型MEMS器件中的近场辐射传热现象研究

以近场辐射传热方式利用光电器件中的热能制作热光电器件从而提高整个器件转换效率的思想已经被提出。本文基于该思想设计一种新型的具有双悬空薄膜的器件,两个薄膜面对面相互平行,间距为1 ?m。每个悬空薄膜中制作白金薄膜电阻。这个器件利用MEMS工艺中的牺牲层技术制作。在存在近场辐射传热和不存在近场辐射传热两种情况下,通过测量将下方结构加热到相同温度的输入功率差,测量出两个薄膜间的辐射热功率。实验数据表明该器件中薄膜间的传热已经大于黑体辐射传热;并且,当上方薄膜温度为317.2 K时,通过近场辐射传热可以使下方薄膜的温度从293 K升高294.2 K,该温度变化为热电转换提供了条件。     

Visual simulation of heat shimmering and mirage

We provide a physically-based framework for simulating the natural phenomena related to heat interaction between objects and the surrounding air. We introduce a heat transfer model between the heat source objects and the ambient flow environment, which includes conduction, convection, and radiation. The heat distribution of the objects is represented by a novel temperature texture. We simulate the thermal flow dynamics that models the air flow interacting with the heat by a hybrid thermal lattice Boltzmann model (HTLBM). The computational approach couples a multiple-relaxation-time LBM (MRTLBM) with a finite difference discretization of a standard advection-diffusion equation for temperature. In heat shimmering and mirage, the changes in the index of refraction of the surrounding air are attributed to temperature variation. A nonlinear ray tracing method is used for rendering. Interactive performance is achieved by accelerating the computation of both the MRTLBM and the heat transfer, as well as the rendering on contemporary graphics hardware (GPU)     

Size effect on heat transfer in micro gas sensors

Gas gap is usually used as an important thermal insulation in micro gas sensors to reduce the heating power. The heat transport through the gap consists of two parts, heat conduction by air and thermal radiation between surfaces. It is usually regarded that thermal radiation through the gap is negligible compared with conductive heat transfer by air. This work investigates the heat transport by thermal radiation and heat conduction through a broad size range of gas gaps from one nanometer to dozens of micrometers. The result shows that thermal radiation is the major way of heat transfer when the gap is less than 20 nm, which will result in unexpected high energy consumption in the process of minimization. The equivalent thermal conductivity of thermal radiation is computed and a partition map is depicted to demonstrate the relative importance of radiation and conduction on different gap scales under dissimilar surface temperatures. A practical gas sensor heated by a micro hotplate (MHP) is thermally analyzed. The calculation shows that extra energy consumption comes forth as the gap distance reduces to several tens of nanometers.     

Global and local heat transfer analysis for bicycle helmets using thermal head manikins

Predicting thermal comfort of protective headgear is of particular interest since the head is one of the most heat-sensitive body parts. Thermal head manikins enable systematic investigation of heat transfer properties of headgear. Such investigation provides valuable inputs for the development of new helmet concepts to improve thermal comfort.This study presents a nine-zone thermal head manikin (9zM) to evaluate local heat transfer effects of headgear. Performance of the new manikin and local data were assessed by comparing with data from a two-zone thermal head manikin (2zM) published previously. Variation for heat flux data was found to be lower for 9zM than for 2zM in tests including convective and radiative heat transfer. The calculation of radiant heat gain revealed similar variation at cranial section for both manikins but it increased at facial section for 9zM. Classification of helmets based on heat transfer data differed for head manikins likely due to slight differences in head geometries. Moreover, local heat transfer data obtained from the 9zM allowed a more detailed investigation of headgear properties. This knowledge contributes to a better understanding of the thermal interaction of head and headgear and, therefore, to a more justified development of optimised headgear designs.     

Computer simulation of electric multizone tube furnaces

The paper presents the numerical model and computer program of calculations allowing the electric multizone tube furnace to be simulated. The program allows calculation of temperature distribution in thermally unsteady-state status in thermal insulation of the furnace and in the heating chamber. The program also enables the longitudinal distribution of temperature in the furnace to be calculated. The calculations involve the multilayer thermal insulation and change in physical properties of insulating materials and heat transfer coefficients with temperature.     

Numerical appraisal of three low Mach number algorithms for radiative–convective flows in enclosures

The present study investigates three different algorithms for the numerical simulation of non-Boussinesq convection with thermal radiative heat transfer based on a low-Mach number formulation. The solution methodology employs a fractional step approach based on the finite-volume method on arbitrary polyhedral meshes. The three algorithms compute the coupled governing equations in a segregated manner using the conservative form of momentum equations in conjunction with a variable coefficient pressure Poisson equation. The first algorithm (Algorithm A) uses conservation of mass and energy equation to compute density and temperature. The other two algorithms (Algorithm B) and (Algorithm C) calculates temperature and density from the equation of state respectively and solves a conservative form of the continuity and energy equation to obtain density and temperature respectively. The energy and mass conservation errors arising due to the use of Algorithms B and C are derived concerning various non-dimensional parameters governing the flow and heat transfer. The significance of these errors is highlighted by performing investigations over a range of Rayleigh, Prandtl, and Planck numbers for various two and three-dimensional natural convection problems with radiative heat transfer. Finally, the role of balancing of the pressure and buoyancy terms is emphasized for robust calculations of large temperature difference thermo-buoyant convection with radiative heat transfer.     

Interactions of the surface heat and moisture transfer from the human body under varying climatic conditions and walking speeds

The surface heat and moisture transfer from the human body are normally characterized by the thermal insulation and moisture vapor resistance, which are important parameters in environmental engineering. In the past, due to the limitation of measurement technology, simultaneous measurement of these two parameters was not possible and hence there is a lack of clear understanding on the interaction of surface heat and moisture transfer. In this paper, through the experimental measurements on a newly developed sweating/non-sweating fabric manikin (named WALTER) under varying climatic conditions and "walking" speeds, we show that the surface thermal insulation is little affected by moisture transfer. The surface moisture vapor resistances measured under isothermal conditions tend to be greater than those measured under non-isothermal conditions, especially when the wind velocity is less than 2.0m/s. The Lewis Relation holds under non-isothermal conditions, but should be corrected under isothermal condition when the wind velocity is small.     

Microscale thermal fluid transport process in a microchannel integrated with arrays of temperature and pressure sensors

One of the most important components in a microfluidic system is the microchannel which involves complicated flow and transport process. This work presents microscale thermal fluid transport process inside a microchannel with a height of 37 μm. The channel can be heated on the bottom wall and is integrated with arrays of pressure and temperature sensors which can be used to measure and determine the local heat transfer and pressure drop. A more simplified model with modification of Young’s Modulus from the experimental test is used to design and fabricate the arrays of pressure sensors. Both the pressure sensors and the channel wall use polymer materials which greatly simplifies the fabrication process. In addition, the polymer materials have a very low thermal conductivity which significantly reduces the heat loss from the channel to the ambient that the local heat transfer can be accurately measured. The airflow in the microchannel can readily become compressible even at a very low Reynolds number condition. Therefore, simultaneous measurement of both the local pressure drop and the temperature on the heated wall are required to determine the local heat transfer. Comparison of the local heat transfer for a compressible airflow in microchannel is made with the theoretical prediction based on incompressible airflow in large scale channel. The comparison has clarified many of the conflicting results among different works.     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of the dispersion of aggregated particles under shear flows

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for multicomponent immiscible fluids is applied to simulations of the deformation and breakup of a particle-cluster aggregate in shear flows. In the simulations, the solid particle is modeled by a droplet with strong interfacial tension and large viscosity. The van der Waals attraction force is taken into account for the interaction between the particles. The ratio of the hydrodynamic drag force to cohesive force, I, is introduced, and the effect of I on the aggregate deformation and breakup in shear flows is investigated. It is found that the aggregate is easier to deform and to be dispersed when I is over 100.     

A numerical method for solving the radiative transfer equation in two-dimensional X−Y geometry

A method of solving the radiative transfer equation in two-dimensional X?Y geometry is proposed. Starting from the interaction principle, a set of linear equations for the intensities on a discrete grid in a rectangular domain are derived, by an extension of the one-dimensional method of Grant and Hunt. The method yields positive intensities and flux conservation, provided that the size of the cells of the grid is sufficiently small. A simple problem is presented to illustrate the method.     

Temperature regulation and tracking in a MIMO system with a mobile heat source by LQG control with a low order model

A multi-input multi-output (MIMO) thermal control problem in real-time is investigated. An aluminum slab is heated on one side by a mobile radiative heat source and cooled on the other side by a fan panel. Starting from a nominal steady state configuration of heat power, source position and ventilation level, the objective is to control temperature at 3 chosen locations on the rear side when the nominal ventilation level is subject to disturbances. The main features of this paper are: (i) the use of the heat source power and its displacements in both directions along the plate as actuators, which is the principal originality of this work, (ii) the use of a low order model identified from experimental data by the Modal Identification Method to perform state feedback control in real time (t=2 s) through a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) compensator, instead of a (large-size) heat transfer model, and (iii) the study of the effect of the control time period, the LQG parameters and the order of the model. Both thermal regulation and tracking problems have been addressed. Results show promising future developments involving more actuators and controlled outputs.     

Canopy directional emissivity: Comparison between models

Land surface temperature plays an important role in many environmental studies, as for example the estimation of heat fluxes and evapotranspiration. In order to obtain accurate values of land surface temperature, atmospheric, emissivity and angular effects should be corrected. This paper focuses on the analysis of the angular variation of canopy emissivity, which is an important variable that has to be known to correct surface radiances and obtain surface temperatures. Emissivity is also involved in the atmospheric corrections since it appears in the reflected downwelling atmospheric term. For this purpose, five different methods for simulating directional canopy emissivity have been analyzed and compared. The five methods are composed of two geometrical models, developed by Sobrino et al. [J. A. Sobrino, V. Caselles, & F. Becker (1990). Significance of the remotely sensed thermal infrared measurements obtained over a citrus orchard. ISPRS Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 44, 343-354] and Snyder and Wan [W. C. Snyder & Z. Wan, (1998). BRDF models to predict spectral reflectance and emissivity in the thermal infrared. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 36, 214-225], in which the vegetation is considered as an opaque medium, and three are based on radiative transfer models, developed by François et al. [C. François, C. Ottlé, & L. Prévot (1997). Analytical parametrisation of canopy emissivity and directional radiance in the thermal infrared: Application on the retrieval of soil and foliage temperatures using two directional measurements. International Journal of Remote Sensing 12, 2587-2621], Snyder and Wan [W. C. Snyder & Z. Wan (1998). BRDF models to predict spectral reflectance and emissivity in the thermal infrared. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 36, 214-225.] and Verhoef et al. [W. Verhoef, Q. Xiao, L. Jia, & Z. Su (submitted for publication). Extension of SAIL to a 4-component optical-thermal radiative transfer model simulating thermodynamically heterogenous canopies. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing], in which the vegetation is considered as a turbid medium. Over surfaces with sparse and low vegetation cover, high angular variations of canopy emissivity are obtained, with differences between at-nadir view and 80° of 0.03. Over fully vegetated surfaces angular effects on emissivity are negligible when radiative transfer models are applied, so in these situations the angular variations on emissivity are not critical on the retrieved land surface temperature from remote sensing data. Angular variations on emissivity are lower when the emissivity of the soil and the emissivity of the vegetation are closer. All the models considered assume Lambertian behaviour for the soil and the leaves. This assumption is also discussed, showing a different behaviour of directional canopy emissivity when a non-Lambertian soil is considered.     

稠油注汽管线保温效益评估系统

稠油的开采通常采用注汽热采技术.在实际生产中,由于注汽管线处于室外并且长度大,散热损失非常严重,对油田开采效益有很大影响.优选注汽管线保温材料、优化保温结构,能有效减少散热损失,但相关数据的计算复杂繁琐,为了提升信息采集与处理的效率,提高计算的快速性和准确性,将信息技术应用到稠油注汽管线保温效益分析工程中.构建稠油注汽...     

Sensitivity of thermal inertia calculations to variations in environmental factors

The sensitivity of thermal inertia (TI) calculations to errors in the measurement or parameterization of a number of environmental factors is considered here. The factors include effects of radiative transfer in the atmosphere, surface albedo and emissivity, variations in surface turbulent heat flux density, cloud cover, vegetative cover, and topography. The error analysis is based upon data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite for July 1978 at three separate test sites in the deserts of the western United States. Results show that typical errors in atmospheric radiative transfer, cloud cover, and vegetative cover can individually cause root-mean-square (RMS) errors of about 10% (with atmospheric effects sometimes as large as 30–40%) in HCMM-derived thermal inertia images of 20,000-200,000 pixels.