Pulsewidth Modulated Inverter Motor Drives with Improved Modulation

The performance of inverter drives, which use the pulsewidth modulated (PWM) technique to control motor applied voltage and frequency, are critically influenced by the choice of the modulation policy used in the control circuits. This paper deals with practical inverter drives for squirrel cage induction motors and presents some basic considerations on modulation requirements. The advantages and limitations of popular modulation methods are discussed, and an improved modulation scheme, which allows us to extend the practical speed range of PWM ac drives, is presented.     

Reduction of common-mode currents in PWM inverter motor drives

Modern pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter motor drives are affected by dangerous common-mode currents due to the high rate of variation of the modulated voltage. An inexpensive alternative to low-pass filters, which are normally used to limit common-mode currents, consists in reducing such currents by using suitable modulation strategies. In this paper, a new approach for designing PWM strategies is presented, which is able to reduce common-mode currents by limiting the amount of variations of the common-mode voltage. The main characteristics of the proposed approach are experimentally evaluated on a standard PWM induction motor drive     

Optimal common-mode Voltage reduction PWM technique for inverter control with consideration of the dead-time effects-part I: basic development

The objective of this paper is to investigate the optimal common-mode voltage reduction pulsewidth modulation (PWM) technique when dead-time effect is taken into account. The effect of dead time on common-mode voltage for inverter control and the associated solution are discussed. Based upon these results, an optimal common-mode voltage reduction PWM technique, which requires no extra voltage/current sensors and compensation mechanism while not being affected by the dead time, is recommended. The common-mode voltage can be reduced to one-third for the inverter with diode front end, which is widely used in industry. Intensive measured results are presented to fully support the claims.     

Common-mode voltage reduction method modifying the distribution ofzero-voltage vector in PWM converter/inverter system

This paper proposes a new space-vector pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategy that can restrict the common-mode voltage within one-third of DC-bus voltage in a PWM converter/inverter system with the synchronization of the switching sequence. In this paper, the generation of the common-mode voltage pulse whose magnitude reaches two-thirds of DC-bus voltage is investigated and the elimination method of this voltage pulse is presented. The proposed method can be easily implemented in software and requires no extra hardware without degradation in control performance of PWM converter/inverter-fed AC motor drives     

Multilevel inverter modulation schemes to eliminate common-mode voltages

It is well known that conventional two-level pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverters generate high-frequency common-mode voltages with high dv/dt. Similarly, commonly used multilevel inverter modulation schemes generate common-mode voltages. Common-mode voltages may cause motor shaft voltages and bearing currents and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). Premature motor bearing failures and electronic equipment malfunctions have been reported to be directly related to bearing currents and EMI. In this paper, approaches to eliminating common-mode voltage when using multilevel PWM inverters are presented. It is shown that inverters, which have an odd number of levels, will generate zero common-mode voltage by switching among certain states. Therefore, motor bearing currents will be eliminated and conducted EMI will be reduced. Both sinusoidal PWM and space-vector modulation (SVM) schemes are discussed and detailed comparative simulation results between conventional and novel modulation schemes are provided. The value of the proposed technique is demonstrated experimentally by applying the novel SVM approach to a conventional multilevel inverter.     

一种消除PWM逆变器驱动系统中电动机端轴电压和轴承电流的前馈有源滤波器

为抑制由PWM逆变器输出的共模电压而导致电机轴承的损坏，提出了前馈有源滤波器。滤波器包括无源共模电压检测网络，推挽电路以及四绕组共模变压器。滤波器输出与共模电压幅值相同极性相反的补偿电压，将其叠加到逆变器输出上，从而达到消除共模电压进而消除轴电压和轴承电流的目的。文中还给出了部分滤波器参数的确定方法。仿真和实验结果验证了该滤波器可以显著地抑制电机端共模电压，从而减小了变频器输出的负面影响如轴电压，轴承电流等。延长了轴承的寿命，提高了PWM驱动系统的可靠性。     

New GTO Current Source Inverter with Pulsewidth Modulation Control Techniques

A new GTO current source inverter in which two auxiliary GTO's are added to the basic inverter circuit, which consists of six GTO's and three capacitors, is presented. One of the auxiliary GTO's is connected between the positive line of the inverter and the neutral of three Y-connected capacitors; another is connected between the negative line and the neutral. In the proposed inverter, the charges of three capacitors are controlled at the same time by means of pulsewidth modulation (PWM) to main GTO's and auxiliary GTO's. This inverter can supply both the sinusoidal current and voltage to the motor. The PWM control technique, the operating principle, and the experimental results for 2.2-kW induction motor drives are described. The output current waveform of this inverter is closely sinusoidal, as opposed to trapezoidal in the basic inverter circuit. The steady-state characteristics of the GTO-CSI induction motor drive system are analyzed by the state-variable methods, and a close agreement between the analyzed and the experimental results is obtained. Smooth and noiseless drive of induction motor over a wide range of speed is observed.     

Active cancellation of the common-mode voltage produced by a voltage-source PWM inverter

This paper proposes an “active common-mode noise canceler” that is capable of eliminating the common-mode voltage produced by a voltage source PWM (pulsewidth modulated) inverter. It generates a compensating voltage which has the same amplitude as, but the opposite phase to, the common-mode voltage produced by the PWM inverter. The compensating voltage is superimposed on the inverter output by a common-mode transformer. As a result, the common-mode voltage applied to the load is canceled completely. The design method of the active common-mode noise canceler is also presented in detail. A prototype has been constructed and tested to verify the effectiveness for an induction motor drive system of 3.7 kW using an IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) inverter. Some experimental results show that the proposed active common-mode noise canceler makes a significant contribution to eliminating the common-mode current or the ground current, and it prevents an electric shock from being received by anyone handling it.     

Five-level GTO inverters for large induction motor drives

The development of large induction motor drives with low torque ripple and fast dynamic response for new or retrofit applications has been limited by the device ratings and problems of series connections. This paper investigates the use of a five-level GTO voltage-sourced inverter for large induction motor drives. The advantages of such a drive are that single GTO thyristors may be used at each level, thereby avoiding the need for series connection of the thyristors. The thyristors are well protected from overvoltages by the clamping action of the DC supply capacitors. The disadvantages are that each DC level requires a separate supply, four in the case of the five-level inverter, and that the devices are not equally loaded. This paper reviews the basic operation of the five-level inverter and possible PWM voltage/frequency control techniques for the specific application of induction motor drives. The simulation results clearly show the unequal loading of the devices and the need for independent voltage supplies for the five levels. It is shown that a combination of several PWM techniques offers the best solution for the drives application. The conclusions indicate that large induction motors with ratings up to 22 MVA, 7.46 kV may be supplied by the five-level inverter using available 4.5 kV, 3.0 kA GTO thyristors. The recommended supply for such an inverter with full regenerative operation over the complete speed range is four, four-quadrant converters in a quasi-24-pulse configuration     

多电平逆变器PWM控制方法的研究

近年来,多电平逆变器在大功率场合应用越来越广泛.基于空间矢量原理提出了一种新的多电平PWM控制方法,这种PWM方法称为多电平最优空间矢量PWM方法(MOSV PWM),可用于多电平串联逆变器供电的压频比控制的异步电动机调速系统.仿真结果表明,MOSV PWM方法与多电平载波方法和单脉冲法相比有许多优点,可以在线实现,输出线电压THD低,开关频率低.这种方法可以推广用于其它类型的多电平逆变器,除电机传动外还可以用于静态无功补偿和其它FACTS场合.     

变频器驱动系统滤波器设计研究

由于PWM逆变器输出的脉冲电压在电机接线端子及绕组上产生了差模电压和共模电压;特别是当逆变器通过长线电缆与电机连接时,会在电机端产生电压反射现象,从而在电机端形成很大的过电压,危害电气设备的安全运行。通过对PWM逆变器驱动电机系统产生差模和共模电压机理分析的研究,在变频器输出端抑制电机端差模电压的RLC滤波器的基础上,提出一种改进型变频器输出端无源滤波器的方案,并给出了参数的设计方法。该滤波器可对共模及差模电压同时起到抑制作用,仿真结果验证了该滤波器设计方案的有效性,为变频器驱动系统滤波器设计研究提供理论依据。     

Software Pulsewidth Modulation for ?P Control of AC Drives

The on-line pulsewidth modulation (PWM) of a voltage source inverter for converter-fed ac drives is presented. The modulation is realized by software, thus allowing a direct interface between the microprocessor-based speed control and the on-off commands for the inverter. An efficient modulation technique is achieved by asynchronous switching of the inverter phases; a current control loop provides fast feedback, so that a fast step response of the stator currents can be obtained. All control functions, including field-oriented speed control of an induction motor, are performed by a 16-bit microprocessor. Experimental results obtained with a 22-kW induction motor prove that the proposed scheme provides a very good performance of the drive from standstill up to the field weakening range.     

多电平SPWM变频器中共模电压抑制技术的研究

鉴于两电平变频器输出的共模电压只能依靠外接滤波器进行消除，研究了三电平PWM变频器中共模电压的抑制技术。利用三电平变频器的有效开关状态，分析了三电平变频器中产生共模电压的原因，得出奇数电平变频器可以通过软件的方法来抑制共模电压的结论。针对常用的变频器控制策略一SPWM，提出了降低和消除共模电压的改进策略，并用仿真结果验证了其正确性。文中还给出了不同的调制策略对电动机性能影响的比较，验证了所提策略的可用性。     

Reduction of capacitive and induced shaft voltages in an induction motor drive using dual-bridge inverter approach

The dual-bridge inverter approach, developed to eliminate the common-mode voltage and the resulting bearing current generated by frequency converters, is investigated by means of experiments and simulations. The approach reduces the capacitive and induced shaft voltages by more than 80% in the examined 1.4MW induction motor drive. The remaining shaft voltage is found to be caused by the rectifiergenerated common-mode voltage and a time delay between the PWM pulses of the parallel inverter units.     

Position Sensorless Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Using Unknown Input Observer for High-Speed Drives

This paper proposes a new position sensorless control for interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives fed by overmodulation mode pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage source inverter. It is attractive to expand the speed range of the IPMSM for application to electric vehicles, electrical household appliances, and so on. An overmodulation mode PWM voltage-source inverter makes it possible to solve problems such as efficiency, wide speed range operation, and so on. Most position sensorless controls based on inverter output voltage knowledge, however, cannot directly be utilized because the voltage reference obtained by the controller is not equal to the inverter output voltage. This paper proposes unknown input observer to estimate rotor position without voltage knowledge, and investigates robustness to inductance variation.      

A new direct torque control strategy for the minimization of common-mode emissions

This paper presents a new direct torque control (DTC) algorithm for induction machine drives capable of reducing the common-mode conducted emissions of the drive. It is based on the application of only odd or only even voltage vectors in each sector in which the stator flux lies. In the work, after an overview of the generation of common-mode emissions of inverter fed drives and the most employed techniques for their minimization, a simplified equivalent circuit of the common-mode path has been identified to be used in numerical simulation on the basis of experimental measurements. Then, the new DTC technique has been described and applied to an induction machine drive, both in numerical simulation and experimentally on a suitably developed test setup. Finally, results are presented and compared to those obtained with the classic DTC technique. It has been shown that this methodology is able to reduce the common-mode voltage repetition rate, and therefore the resulting common-mode currents in comparison with the classic DTC in a frequency range of about tens of kilohertz. Finally the analysis of the impact of both control techniques in terms of the current absorbed by the grid has been performed.     

光伏水泵系统PWM输出滤波方法及影响分析

针对光伏水泵系统的逆变器PWM电压输出导致的共模电压、电流等现象常引起水泵电机故障的问题,在分析了PWM 逆变器驱动电机系统产生共模电压、电流机理的基础上,采用滤波电容公共点接回到光伏母线侧负端的LC滤波器,使共模电压与电流得到抑制。LC滤波器使电机侧的输入状态发生改变,通过分析PWM输出LC滤波方法对感应电机控制系统的影响,对滤除参数的选取进行了优化。并对以上研究进行了实验,结果表明参数选取方法的正确及有效性。     

Motor shaft voltages and bearing currents and their reduction inmultilevel medium-voltage PWM voltage-source-inverter drive applications

This paper presents test results on problems and solutions of motor shaft voltages and bearing currents in medium-voltage pulsewidth modulated (PWM) drive systems. Tests show that multilevel medium-voltage PWM voltage-source inverter drives can cause motor bearing currents, similar to a low-voltage PWM drives, even with one motor bearing insulated. Common-mode voltages generated as a result of PWM switching are observed on motor windings and capacitively coupled to the motor shaft, leading to bearing currents. Potential solutions, including altering common-mode circuitry, changing the grounding scheme, providing common-mode filtering, and grounding the motor shaft, are investigated. Test results on their effectiveness are presented     

基于预测控制技术的逆变-电机系统共模干扰抑制

共模电压幅值大小是衡量电磁干扰强弱的重要指标,较大的共模电压会对电机绕组间绝缘和电机轴承产生严重的危害。通过电压源逆变器驱动的三相电机共模电压的建模控制与分析,发现模型预测控制可以有效减小共模电压,比传统的屏蔽滤波技术有减少成本与体积等优势,但会带来输出电流波形的畸变。在传统的三相感应电机电流预测控制基础上,引入共模电压幅值的影响,通过调节代价函数相应影响因子的权重,达到低输出电流畸变与低共模电压的平衡。通过仿真分析验证了此控制策略的有效性与可行性。     

Improved current source GTO inverter-fed induction motor driveswith PWM-controlled thyristor converter

An improved current-source GTO (gate turn-off) inverter system for driving an induction motor at high frequency was developed. This system is composed of an inverter using GTOs and a PWM (pulsewidth-modulated)-controlled thyristor rectifier. The energy rebound circuit in the inverter is used to turn off the thyristors in the rectifier and to apply PWM control techniques. This circuit plays an important role in the treatment of reactive power in a load. The capacitors connected to the AC input terminal to improve PWM control also function as a filter. Thus, the waveforms of the input voltage and current become almost sinusoidal. Principles and circuit operations of the rectifier section are described in detail. The current-source GTO inverter is used to drive a 5.5 kW induction motor. The experimental waveform and characteristics for the tested motor drives are given. It is shown that the harmonic components of the input voltage and current are eliminated or reduced by using the PWM control technique without spoiling the inherent characteristics of the current-source GTO inverter