分布式电源并网对配网馈线供电能力的影响分析

针对当前缺乏评估分布式电源DG接入对配电网馈线供电能力影响的有效手段的问题,提出一种基于分布式电源置信容量角度的评估方法。首先基于自回归移动平均ARMA模型和小时晴空指数分别建立了风光的随机出力模型,采用全年时序模型叠加随机正态分布模拟负荷。其次应用场景削减技术提高配电网可靠性计算效率,进而基于等可靠性原则提出了考虑网架故障的DG置信容量的求解流程,并从该角度提出了定量计算馈线供电能力增量的算法。最后结合IEEE-RBTS算例分析了馈线负荷、负荷曲线与DG出力相关性以及DG接入位置和容量对馈线供电能力的影响。结果表明选择DG接入负荷曲线与其出力相似度较高的馈线,以及优先规划DG以适当容量接入馈线末端有助于提升馈线的供电能力,延缓配网改造升级进程。     

Determination method for loss‐minimum configuration considering reconnection of distributed generators

In the field of electrical power system, various approaches, such as utilization of renewable energy, loss reduction, and so on, have been taken to reduce CO₂ emission. So as to work toward this goal, the total number of distributed generators (DGs) using renewable energy connected into 6.6‐kV distribution systems has been increasing rapidly. The DGs can reduce distribution loss by appropriate allocation. However, when a fault occurs such as distribution line fault and bank fault, DGs connecting outage sections are disconnected simultaneously. Since the simultaneous disconnection of DGs influences restoration configuration and normal configuration after the restoration, it is necessary to determine the system configuration in the normal state considering simultaneous disconnection of DGs. In this paper, the authors propose a computation method to determine the loss minimum configuration in the normal state considering reconnection of DGs after simultaneous disconnection by fault occurrence. The feature of determined loss minimum configuration is satisfying with operational constraints even if all DGs are disconnected from the system. Numerical simulations are carried out for a real‐scale distribution system model with 252 sectionalizing switches (configuration candidates are 2²⁵²) and 120 DGs (total output is 38.46 MW which is 23% of total load) in order to examine the validity of the proposed algorithm. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(4): 7–14, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21142     

微电网中的有功功率和无功功率均分控制

针对在单元输出功率控制(UPC)和馈线潮流控制(FFC)模式下,分布式电源(DG)之间的有功功率和无功功率均分控制进行了分析。在UPC模式下,DG输出的有功功率恒定,能够跟随给定值实现有功功率均分;在FFC模式下,DG所在馈线上的潮流值恒定能够跟随给定值,实现微电网和大电网之间的潮流交换恒定。但是受线路阻抗和本地负荷等的影响,DG的输出电压值不同,进而产生无功环流。针对这一问题,文中提出了一种抑制无功环流的控制策略,该策略是在无功电压下垂控制中加入电压补偿环节,以达到抑制无功环流的目的,该方法有效消除了逆变器之间的无功环流。针对线路阻抗和本地负荷不同时对微电网中无功环流的影响进行了分析,并分别进行了仿真,验证了该控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

基于负荷组合与光伏电源匹配算法的微电网配置

微电网中的负荷与可再生电源的输出功率具有不同日分布特性,为此,建立了兼顾负荷侧与用电侧的微电网投资效益模型,提出了基于负荷与光伏电源功率匹配算法的微电网配置方法。通过构造有根树,对微电网供电可行域内的负荷组合进行遍历,评价不同组合下负荷叠加曲线对光伏电源发电曲线的适应度。根据适应度评价结果,划定微电网的最优供电区域。最后在此基础上,进行全年模拟运行,确定微电网内各微源和储能设备的容量,使投资效益达到最优。以RBTSBus6系统为例进行计算分析,验证所述方法的有效性。     

Power loss minimization in distribution systems using multiple distributed generations

In this work, an efficient analytical method is proposed for optimally allocating distributed generations (DGs) in electrical distribution systems to minimize power losses. The proposed analytical method can be employed for obtaining the optimal combination of different DG types in a distribution system for loss minimization. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated using two test systems with different configurations by comparing with the exact optimal solution obtained from the exhaustive optimal power flow (OPF) algorithm. The calculated results and the comprehensive comparisons with existing methods prove the superiority of the proposed method in terms of accuracy and calculation speed. The proposed loss minimization method can be a useful tool for any general DG allocation problem since it provides effective and fast loss evaluation taking into account other benefits. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

考虑N-1安全约束的分布式电源出力控制可视化方法

配电网运行需满足N-1安全准则,而现有文献中的分布式电源(DG)优化运行模型均未计及N-1准则,所得出力策略未必满足系统安全要求。为解决这一基础性问题,提出了一种考虑N-1安全约束的DG出力控制可视化方法。首先,介绍了配电系统安全域理论,给出了安全域、安全边界和安全距离的概念、模型和意义。其次,利用坐标变换技术,定义了风光转换系数,以研究以风电和光伏发电为代表的DG组合的出力特性。然后,分析了考虑节点电压限制和N-1潮流约束的DG出力上限求解方法。此外,以每条馈线为研究单位,给出了DG出力控制可视化流程。最后,通过修改的IEEE RBTS-Bus4配电系统算例进行了验证,结果表明建立的DG出力控制方法具有合理性和可视化的特点,并能满足N-1安全。在保证资产效率最大化的同时,此法为含DG的配电网在线安全监视、评价提供了一定的理论和实践凭据。     

考虑DG接入影响配电网经济运行时间的线损分摊模型

每一区域配电网都有使其网损达到最小值的经济运行区间,而分布式电源(DG)的接入会影响配电网的运行状况,有可能使配电网偏离或进入经济运行区间。为了维持配电网的经济运转,文中提出了一种考虑DG接入影响配电网经济运行时间的线损分摊方法。首先,基于等值电阻法计算配电网线损,以配电网线损最小为目标,引入配电网经济运行时间的概念,进而计算得到DG接入前后该时段配电网所处的负载区间;其次,通过分析DG接入前后配电网负载区间发生变化的原因,形成不同的DG并网运行场景;然后,在潮流追踪分摊网损的基础上,为不同运行场景下的DG分别设置不同的奖惩系数,修正DG线损分摊量;最后,以某地区实际运行的线路为例进行计算分析,并与潮流追踪算法计算的结果比较,验证所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

计及逆变型分布式电源控制特性的配电网故障分析方法

随着分布式电源(DG)的大量接入,DG的故障穿越行为对配电网的故障特性影响很大。而传统的等值模型均未计及DG的控制策略,从而造成含DG的配电网故障分析存在不可忽略的局限性。为此,文中在系统分析DG控制策略和动作行为的基础上,建立了计及控制策略的逆变器并网方式下DG压控电流源等值模型,更加真实地体现出DG故障电流的输出特性。在此基础上,通过建立故障前后电网支路电流和节点电压关系方程,推导出故障穿越时DG输出电流与公共连接点电压的求解方程组,从而建立故障精确分析方法。最后,基于DIgSILENT建立含DG的10kV配电网仿真模型,验证了所述方法的正确性和有效性。     

A theory of maximum capacity of distributed generators connected to a distribution system using electric power density model

Recently, the number of distributed generators (DGs) connected to distribution systems has been increasing. System operators should know the maximum capacity of DGs that can be connected without problems to one feeder of the system in order to control the system appropriately. Many studies of the maximum capacity of the DG have been presented, but they have produced limited results calculated by a typical or average‐value model. However, many DGs will access one feeder if deregulation of the electric power industry is accelerated in the near future. In order to deal with this situation, the authors have derived a general formula to calculate the range of the maximum DG capacity per feeder. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. In order to deal with sets of DGs that are dispersed completely on the distribution line, the authors have derived a differential equation for the complex power and one for the voltage drop, which are expressed as functions of distance from the substation. The general formula to calculate the range of the maximum DG capacity connected to the system is determined by solving these equations under the constraints of the line voltage, the line current, and the power factor of the DGs. By a numerical analysis, the authors have calculated the maximum capacity of DGs depending on many parameters, such as the length of the feeder, the DG power factor, and the like. In a short‐length system, the maximum DG capacity is governed by the current constraint, but in a long length system, it is governed by the upper voltage constraint. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(3): 18–28, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20330     

Optimal wind turbine sizing to minimize energy loss

The integration of renewable distributed generation (DG) in power systems has been increasing day by day. One of the most promising DG technologies is wind turbine among the renewable sources. Therefore, the optimization of DG whose the output power is varying with time is very crucial for the future power systems. However, it is difficult to establish a suitable objective function by taking into account of time varying characteristics. In this paper, a methodology based on weighting factors is proposed in order to minimize energy loss by finding the optimal sizes of wind turbines. The optimization is carried out by using the genetic algorithm with utilizing power flow analysis. The contribution of this paper is to allow considering the time varying characteristics of both load and wind-generation profile in a pairwise manner without violating the harmony of correspondence between load and generation profile. In addition, the proposed methodology is merged with the fuzzy-c means clustering to reduce execution time and allow long term planning due to the fact that the computational burden of the genetic algorithm is substantially high. The proposed methodology is applied to the IEEE-30 bus test system for 4 days and annual energy loss minimization scenarios. The results show that energy loss can be reduced significantly by using the proposed methodology.     

不同类型分布式电源在配电网中的优化布置

分布式电源接入配电网后对电网节点电压、网络潮流、网损等方面带来的影响与分布式电源的种类、接入容量及接入位置密切相关。本文基于静态负荷模型,对小水电、光伏发电两种典型分布式电源与储能设备进行了研究。通过分析不同分布式电源的稳态输出特性,将不同分布式电源的出力特征与电力系统中潮流、电压不越限等约束条件相结合,以网损最小为目标函数提出了小水电、光伏发电与储能设备的优化布置函数。结论表明考虑出力差异性后,不同分布式电源的最优布置计算结果具有明显区别,相比将分布式电源当作常规电源出力将更加精确。     

分布式电源接入下配电网电压无功控制效果分析

分布式电源的接入对配电网的运行状况会有很大的影响,尤其是配电网的电压分布以及网络损耗方面。首先给出了分布式电源和负荷的详细模型,通过准确建模真实模拟电网潮流变化情况。然后引入一种基于规则的电压无功控制方法,以加入分布式电源和具体负荷的IEEE13节点典型馈线系统作为仿真算例,通过电压变化曲线和系统消耗功率等指标验证该算法在分布式电源接入情况下的有效性,并分析接入分布式电源的配电网的电压无功连续控制效果。     

Power loss minimization considering short‐circuit capacity in distribution system with decentralized distributed generation

In the future, a large number of distributed generators are expected to be connected to the distribution system. However, with the connected capacity of distributed generation (DG) increasing, the problems of short‐circuit capacity (SCC) over the interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker (CB) and power loss increases due to reverse power flow from DG are inevitable. In this paper, a reconfiguration methodology based on an optimal algorithm is applied to the distribution system with DG to minimize power loss, taking into account the SCC. Moreover, in order to further reduce the loss, the daily load variation is also considered and the optimal model decided by calculations. Finally, to illustrate its application, the methodology is applied to a case study of a 33‐bus system with decentralized DG units. The results show that this method is obviously able to reduce power loss and make the network operate in the optimal mode with normal load variation, at the same time decreasing the SCC within the interrupting maximum of the faulty CB. Moreover, the whole voltage profile is also improved. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

考虑负荷电压静特性的含分布式电源的配电网潮流计算

针对传统前推回代算法在考虑负荷静态电压特性时存在迭代次数较多、对负荷静态电压特性变化呈强敏感性的问题,提出了一种改进前推回代法。与传统前推回代法相比,改进算法的效率对负荷静态电压特性变化的敏感性较弱。研究了各种类型分布式电源(distributed generators,DG)在改进前推回代算法中的计算模型,克服了前推回代法只适用于P、Q恒定型负荷节点的限制。以IEEE 36节点系统为例验证了算法和模型的有效性和鲁棒性,并分析了不同负荷静态电压特性、不同类型DG对算法收敛性及系统潮流的影响,为DG合理接入配电网提供参考。     

多类型分布式电源在配电网中的优化配置

决定分布式电源(distributed generator,DG)发挥最大效益的关键是在进行分布式发电系统规划时能够对众多DG类型进行合理的选择和配置。为此首先建立了各种DG的出力模型,然后以满足负荷增长需求、考虑环境效益的供电公司年总规划成本现值最小为优化目标,利用Homer软件对含有多种DG(包括风力发电、光伏发电、采用微型燃气轮机的冷热电联供)的分布式发电系统进行了仿真分析,并对风速、天然气价格以及排污处罚标准3变量进行了敏感性分析,最后得到分布式发电系统的优化配置结果。分析结果对城市大型DG项目规划和个人DG安装决策具有参考意义。     

基于DG和多端VSC协调控制的交直流配电网优化运行

分布式电源(DG)大规模并网不仅带来了消纳问题,还使交直流网络的经济安全运行面临巨大挑战。基于此,文中提出一种基于DG选址和多端电压源换流器(VSC)协调控制的交直流混合配电网优化运行方法。针对DG选址,基于灵敏度分析方法提出一种节点网损灵敏度指标,利用网络中不同位置的负荷节点对网损敏感度不同的规律进行交流网侧的DG选址。进而建立以网络有功总损耗、节点电压偏移量和DG盈余量最小为目标的多目标优化模型,对多端VSC不同控制策略下的端口功率电压变量和DG的有功出力进行协调控制。仿真结果表明,所提优化运行方法能够提高网络运行经济性和安全性,并兼顾配电网对DG的消纳水平,为实际工程中的决策人员提供重要的参考。     

Multi-Objective Approach for Reconfiguration of Distribution Systems with Distributed Generations

This paper presents a fuzzy multi-objective based heuristic algorithm for network reconfiguration of distribution systems considering distributed generations (DGs). The objectives of reduction of real power loss, branch current carrying capacity limit, maximum and minimum voltage constraints, and feeder load balancing are considered for performance enhancement of the distribution system. Since these objectives are non-commensurable and difficult to solve simultaneously using conventional approaches, they are converted into fuzzy domain and a fuzzy multi-objective function is formulated. A sensitivity analysis based on voltage profile improvement and real power loss reduction is used for obtaining optimal locations of DGs and genetic algorithm is used for optimal sizing of DGs. The proposed reconfiguration algorithm is implemented in two stages, initially in the first stage without incorporating DGs and in the second stage incorporating DGs for obtaining an optimal distribution system network reconfiguration. The advantage of the proposed method is demonstrated through a seventy node four feeders and a sixteen node three feeders distribution systems.     

基于模型识别的有源配电网单相接地故障定位方法

分布式电源(distributed generation, DG)大量接入使配电网继电保护面临严峻挑战。单相接地故障发生概率大,但故障信息十分微弱,特别是在DG多样化故障输出特性的影响下,有源配电网单相故障定位的准确性常难以保证。为此,提出了一种基于模型识别的有源配电网单相接地故障定位方法。分析了配电网单相接地故障下DG的输出特性,建立了在不同故障位置下有源配电网的正序增广网络,构建了故障位置关于馈线出口以及DG输出电流的函数,建立了配电网单相接地故障位置模型,利用不同故障位置下短路电流矢量占比系数的差异性构建了新的故障定位判据。通过将单相接地故障定位问题转化为故障位置模型系数的求解问题,提高了故障定位的准确性和实用性。理论和仿真分析表明,在不同故障位置、不同过渡电阻下均能准确定位单相接地故障,具有原理清晰、故障特征量采集便捷、灵敏性和可靠性高的优点。     

含分布式电源的配电网电压越限薄弱环节识别方法

提出一种含分布式电源(DG)的配电网电压越限薄弱环节的识别方法。对电压越限原因进行机理分析,确定导致电压越限可能的原因及其电压敏感度;定义压降比系数,提出计及网损的各节点DG/负荷最大准入容量的计算方法;研究将各节点实际接入DG容量归算至馈线末端的方法,并将其与馈线末端的最大准入容量进行比较,识别配电网中易发生电压越限的薄弱节点及越限原因;在MATLAB上搭建IEEE 33节点系统验证所提方法的有效性和正确性。