柔性交流输电系统实验教学的改革与实践

《柔性交流输电系统》课程体系复杂,柔性交流输电系统FACTS基本理论课堂讲授时较为抽象和深奥,而实验教学是深化和延伸课堂教学的有效途径,据此提出了"柔性交流输电系统课程"实验教学改革的目标,对该课程的实验教学内容进行改革和实践。针对并联型补偿器这个FACTS控制器中的重要内容,设计了2个综合性实验和1个创新性实验。本次实验教学改革具有实验项目的开放性和多元性、实验课程系统化等特点,并着力培养学生的实践能力和创新能力。另外,其实验教学改革实践的具体内容可对其他兄弟院校的"柔性交流输电系统"课程的实验教学提供参考和借鉴。     

三电平SSSC潮流控制研究

柔性交流输电系统(FACTS)能够根据输电需求进行灵活调整,静止同步串联补偿器(SSSC)作为FACTS中的一类,可以控制线路的阻抗、电压、线路潮流等参数。将线路潮流作为控制目标,以三电平拓扑为基础推导出SSSC的数学模型,并提出了三电平SSSC的线路潮流控制策略,同时分析了电压空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)在SSSC中的实现方法。搭建了三电平SSSC系统的实验平台,将所提的线路潮流控制策略与SVPWM方法运用到SSSC系统中,实验验证了潮流控制策略的可行性。     

结合蓄电池储能系统的STATCOM的电流解耦控制

FACTS装置若与储能系统相结合可扩大运行范围、提高性能、扩展功能、使输电更为柔性化。针对传统STATCOM只能单一的调节无功功率这一不足,提出一种结合蓄电池储能系统(Battery Energy Storage System, BESS)的STATCOM,可实现无功功率与有功功率的双重调节,即对系统的四象限补偿,同时直流侧电压基本恒定,无需控制。描述了STATCOM/BESS的工作原理,推导了数学模型。为实现无功功率和有功功率的独立调节,采用旋转坐标系下的电流解耦控制方法,并给出了PI参数的整定原则。仿真与实验结果证明了STATCOM/BESS采用该控制方法可获得良好的动稳态特性,具有理论价值和实际意义。     

分布式静止同步串联补偿器时、频域特性研究

阐述了分布式静止同步串联补偿器(DSSC)的潮流控制原理及拓扑结构,仿真研究了DSSC感性、容性补偿模式下的特性。搭建DSSC小样机,实验验证了DSSC的潮流控制功能。针对Matlab已有模块的局限性,设计了研究柔性交流输出系统(FACTS)装置频域特性的新方法,在证明该方法有效的基础上研究了DSSC的次同步频率阻抗特性,结果表明DSSC电阻分量恒为正,其电抗为负,且绝对值随着频率的增大而增大。     

潮流和最优潮流分析中FACTS控制器的建模

综述了最近FACTS控制器的数学模型在电力系统潮流和最优潮流分析中的新进展.不仅讨论了单换流器FACTS控制器,如静止同步并联补偿器(STATCOM)和静止同步串联补偿器(SSSC);而且也讨论了多换流器FACTS控制器,如统一潮流控制器(UPFC)、相间功率控制器(IPFC)、通用统一潮流控制器(GUPFC)和电压源型直流输电(VSC HVDC).此外还讨论了基于电压源换流器技术的HVDC的数学模型.不仅涵盖FACTS控制器的单相数学模型,而且也涉及FACTS控制器的三相数学模型.此外,还探讨了多换流器FACTS控制器的电流、电压以及功率等不等约束在潮流计算中的数学模型及计算机实现.     

静止无功补偿器和移相器的最优配置及其对发输电系统可靠性的影响

作为重要的FACTS设备,静止无功补偿器能够提供无功支持和维持系统电压稳定,移相器则能改变潮流的自然分布和消除输电阻塞,因此它们对电力系统的可靠性有重大影响,实现其最优配置具有重要意义.大多数文献对于FACTS设备的最优配置都是基于确定性的方法;文章从可靠性的观点出发,通过对原始系统的可靠性评估并充分利用最优负荷削减模型中拉格朗日乘子的物理意义,提出了两个新的指标,即线路的灵敏度指标和节点的灵敏度指标,它们代表了在各线路安装移相器和各节点安装静止无功补偿器对系统期望负荷削减的边际影响,通过这两个指标,能够确定移相器和静止无功补偿器的最优配置.该方法在RBTS可靠性测试系统上进行了验证,计算结果检验了该方法是高效和合理的,也同时表明了移相器和静止无功补偿器能对系统可靠性产生重大改善作用.     

FACTS元件在AVC系统中的交互影响及协调应用

随着柔性交流输电（FACTS）技术的典型应用,静止无功补偿器（SVC）和静止同步补偿器（STATCOM）在电网中的应用越来越广泛。将可以实现连续调节的FACTS元件统一纳入到电网电压无功控制系统中,对于离散调节的AVC系统无功调节起到了弥补的作用,使系统保持足够的可调无功储备,提高了电网运行的安全性。相应地对于不同FACTS元件在电压无功控制系统中的交互影响及协调应用则是一个重要的课题。笔者提出了基于＂离散设备优先动作,连续设备精细调节＂原则的3级协调控制策略：采用AVC系统将变电站内电容、电抗及各种FACTS元件统一纳入控制体系,并简单分析了STATCOM控制器在控制系统中的交互影响（时间分级上及空间分区上）。最后通过仿真对提出的控制策略进行了验证,仿真显示系统具有良好的动静态性能。     

基于EtherCAT总线技术的链式STATCOM控制系统

为了使静止同步补偿器(static synchronous compensator,STATCOM)控制系统具有灵活的扩展性、灵活的信息配置功能、高速的传送速率、极短的数据交换时间以及精确的时钟同步,提出了一种用于链式STATCOM的基于EtherCAT总线技术的控制系统。该控制系统采用2个EtherCAT总线网：（1）主控网采用串型通讯方式,从站有数据采集从站、开入开出从站、调节保护从站和暂态故障记录从站;（2）模块网采用星型通讯方式,所有从站经耦合器引出,从站有调节保护从站、暂态故障记录从站以及所有模块从站。调节保护从站和暂态故障记录从站都隶属于2个EtherCAT总线网。该控制系统在调节保护从站、暂态故障记录从站以及所有模块从站中均使用数字信号处理器（digital signals processor,DSP）实现控制,可显著提高信号传输速度和控制速度,能够满足实时控制要求。实验结果表明,该控制系统极大提高了装置的扩展性、配置功能、传输率,达到了精确的同步,可应用于链式STATCOM及其他采用链式换流器的柔性交流输电（flexible AC transmission systems,FACTS）装置中,具有控制目的明确、易于实现、控制效果稳定等特点。     

±20 Mvar STATCOM控制器设计

介绍了±20 Mvar STATCOM控制器的特点、功能,并较详细地介绍了基于DSP的高精度脉冲发生器、主控制器及控制算法的具体实现方法,指出了STATCOM控制器设计时应该注意的关键技术问题。±20 Mvar STATCOM现场实验结果表明,所设计的控制器具有良好的性能。对各种FACTS装置控制器设计具有较大的参考价值。     

静态同步串联补偿器（SSSC）对系统振荡抑制功能的仿真

静止商步串联补偿器（Static Synchronous Series Compensator）属于灵活交流输电系统（FACTS）家族成员之一。静止同步串联补偿器在功率振荡抑制器（POD controller）控制下,可以对暂态情况下的系统功率振荡起到一定的抑制作用。本文将通过对一个实例的仿真来说明SSSC在暂态情况下对系统功率振荡的抑制能力。     

静止无功补偿器在电压稳定中的分析研究

对SVC和STATCOM在静态和暂态电压稳定中的作用进行了分析研究.针对IEEE 14节点算例系统,利用连续潮流分析和时域仿真分析方法进行了计算和仿真,结果表明SVC和STATCOM均可以大大提高系统的稳定性,同时也体现出了STATCOM与SVC相比所存在的优点,与理论分析相吻合.     

Design of integral controller for Load Frequency Control of Static Synchronous Series Compensator and Capacitive Energy Source based multi area system consisting of diverse sources of generation employing Imperialistic Competition Algorithm

This paper presents the design of integral controller for Load Frequency Control (LFC) under deregulated environment having diverse sources of power generation employing Imperialistic Competition Algorithm (ICA). Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) along with Capacitive Energy Storage (CES) has also been proposed to further increase the dynamic performance of the system in terms of peak time, overshoot and settling time. The concept of soft computing techniques greatly helps in overcoming the disadvantages posed by the conventional controllers. Open transmission access and the evolving of more socialized companies for generation, transmission and distribution affects the formulation of LFC problem. So the traditional LFC system is modified to take into account the effect of bilateral contracts on the dynamics. Simulation results show that the Imperialistic Competition Algorithm based system employing Static Synchronous Series Compensator and Capacitive Energy Source has better dynamic performance over the system without these parameters.     

基于非线性控制理论的SSSC控制器的研究

提出了一种运用非线性最优控制理论设计SSSC控制器的方法。在分析SSSC原理的基础上，导出了SSSC的动态数学模型。并运用MATLAB的仿真工具建立了SSSC的仿真模型，对含SSSC的单机无穷大系统发生三相短路故障进行了仿真。仿真结果表明采用非线性控制器，SSSC能有效改善电力系统的稳定性。     

基于直接电流控制的D-STATCOM动态建模与系统仿真

配电网静止同步无功补偿器D-STATCOM是重要的用户电力设备,能够有效解决配电网中电压波动与闪变、三相电压不平衡、电网谐波污染等电能质量问题。针对配电网静止无功补偿器D-STATCOM的动态性能,用开关函数法建立了D-STATCOM的动态数学模型,然后依据瞬时无功理论对直接电流控制的D-STATCOM控制系统进行了设计。根据所建立的数学模型和控制系统,搭建了D-STATCOM的系统仿真模型,得到了D-STATCOM的动态仿真图。仿真结果表明,基于直接电流控制的D-STATCOM具有良好的动态性能。     

Dynamic ATC enhancement through optimal placement of FACTS controllers

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers offer an effective means to enhance the power transfer capability of the network. However, the extent to which a FACTS controller can enhance Available Transfer Capability (ATC) depends on its optimal location in the system. This paper has proposed sensitivity analysis of structure preserving energy margin with respect to the control parameters of FACTS controllers for their optimal placement in the network. Two types of FACTS controllers, viz. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) have been considered. The hybrid approach, combining a structure preserving and a time domain simulation method, has been utilized to compute the dynamic ATC in presence of these controllers and their impact on dynamic ATC has been analyzed. The potential energy, contributed by the STATCOM and the UPFC, has also been included in the structure preserving energy function to include their influence on transient stability. The proposed method has been tested on 39-bus New England system and a practical 246-bus Indian system.     

50kvar用户端STATCOM主电路参数的设计

静止同步补偿器(Static Synchronous Compensator,STATCOM)是一种应用广泛、性能非常好的动态无功补偿装置。介绍了用户端STATCOM的基本原理及直接电流控制方法,给出了50 kvar容量STATCOM的主电路参数选择的方法;通过实验证明STATCOM具有良好的无功补偿效果和动态补偿性能。     

50kvar用户端STATCOM主电路参数的设计

静止同步补偿器（Static Synchronous Compensator,STATCOM）是一种应用广泛、性能非常好的动态无功补偿装置。介绍了用户端STATCOM的基本原理及直接电流控制方法,给出了50kvar容量STATCOM的主电路参数选择的方法;通过实验证明STATCOM具有良好的无功补偿效果和动态补偿性能。     

Optimal location and sizing of Distribution Static Synchronous Series Compensator using Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper describes the power quality improvement using Particle Swarm Optimization for optimal placement and sizing of Distribution Static Synchronous Series Compensator in radial distribution networks. In this analysis, enhancement of power quality includes improvement of voltage and reduction of line losses. A complete performance analysis is carried out on 12 and 69 bus radial distribution systems to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed work. The results show that the placement of DSSSC in radial distribution systems effectively improves the voltage of a system and reduces the power losses. MATLAB, Version 7.10 software is used for simulation.     

ATC with ZIP load model – A comprehensive evaluation with third generation FACTS in restructured electricity markets

In this paper, an optimal power flow based approach has been applied for multi-transactions in deregulated environment for ATC determination with third generation FACTS devices. The main contribution of the paper is (i) OPF based approach for evaluation of ATC with multi-transactions, (ii) ATC enhancement with third generation FACTS devices viz. Static Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) for intact and line contingency cases (iii) Impact of ZIP load on ATC determination and comparison of ATC obtained with ZIP load model and constant P,Q load model, (iv) Comparison of ATC obtained with DC/AC-PTDFs based method along with FACTS devices for comparison. The results have been determined for intact and line contingency cases taking simultaneous as well as single transaction cases for IEEE 24 bus RTS.     

Voltage control of distribution network with a large penetration of photovoltaic generation using FACTS devices

In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in distributed generation from viewpoints of environmental problems and energy saving measures. Thus, a lot of distributed generators will be connected to the distribution network in the future. However, increase of distributed generators, which convert natural energy into electric energy, raises concerns as to their adverse effects on the distribution network. Therefore, control of distribution networks using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices is considered in order to adjust the voltage profile, and as a result more distributed generations can be installed into the networks. In this paper, four types of FACTS devices— Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and self‐commutated Back‐To‐Back converter (BTB)— are analyzed by comparison of required minimum capacity of the inverters in a residential distribution network with a large penetration of photovoltaic generations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(3): 16– 28, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20499