Automatic generation control of a multi-area system using ant lion optimizer algorithm based PID plus second order derivative controller

This article presents the automatic generation control of an unequal three area thermal system. Single stage reheat turbines and generation rate constraints of 3%/min are considered in each control area. Controllers such as Integral (I), Proportional – Integral (PI), Proportional – Integral – Derivative (PID), and Proportional – Integral – Derivative Plus Second Order Derivative (PID + DD) are treated as secondary controllers separately. A nature inspired optimization technique called Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) algorithm is used for simultaneous optimization of the controller gains. Comparison of dynamic responses of frequencies and tie line powers corresponding to ALO optimized I, PI, PID and PID + DD controller reveal the better performance of PID + DD controller in terms of lesser settling time, peak overshoots as well as reduced oscillations. Robustness of the optimum gains of best controller obtained at nominal conditions is evaluated using sensitivity analysis. Analysis exposed that the optimum PID + DD controller gains obtained at nominal are robust and not necessary to reset again for changes in loading, parameter like inertia constant (H), size and position of disturbance. Furthermore, the performance of PID + DD controller is found better as compared to PID controller against random loading pattern condition.     

Integrated PLC-fuzzy PID Simulink implemented AVR system

Improving the transient response of power generation systems using automation control in a precise manner is the key issue. We design a fuzzy proportional integral derivative (PID) controller using Matlab and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for a set point voltage control problem in the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. The controller objective is to maintain the terminal voltage all the time under any loads and operational conditions by attaining to the desired range via the regulation of the generator exciter voltage. The main voltage control system uses PLCs to implement the AVR action. The proposed fuzzy controller combines the genetic algorithm (GA), radial-basis function network (RBF-NN) identification and fuzzy logic control to determine the optimal PID controller parameters in AVR system. The RBF tuning for various operating conditions is further employed to develop the rule base of the Sugeno fuzzy system. The fuzzy PID controller (GNFPID) is further designed to transfer in PLCs (STEP 75.5) for implementing the AVR system with improved system response. An inherent interaction between two generator terminal voltage control and excitation current is revealed. The GNFPID controller configures the control signal based on interaction and there by reduces the voltage error and the oscillation in the terminal voltage control process. We achieve an excellent voltage control performance by testing the proposed fuzzy PID controller on a practical AVR system in synchronous generator for improve the transient response.     

Energy management strategy for fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor hybrid vehicle based on fuzzy logic

In order to enhance the fuel economy of hybrid vehicle and increase the mileage of continuation of journey, a fuzzy logic control is utilized to design energy management strategies for fuel cell/battery (FC + B) hybrid vehicle and fuel cell/battery/ultra-capacitor (FC + B + UC) hybrid vehicle. The models of hybrid vehicle for FC + B and FC + B + UC structure are developed by electric vehicle simulation software ADVISOR which uses a hybrid backward/forward approach. The results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy can satisfy the power requirement for four standard driving cycles and achieve the power distribution among various power sources. The comprehensive comparisons with the power tracking control strategy which is wide adopted in ADVISOR verify that the proposed control strategy has better rationality and validity in terms of fuel economy and dynamic property in four standard driving cycles. Therefore, the proposed strategy will provide a novel approach for the advanced energy management system of hybrid vehicle.     

模糊控制器的设计及其鲁棒性分析

本文分析了常规PID控制器,模糊自适应PID控制器和变结构模糊PID控制器的原理,并设计了3种控制器。针对同一控制对象进行了ATLAB仿真,分别对比了被控对象参数和结构均不变、被控对象参数改变、被控对象结构改变等3种不同情况下控制器的鲁棒性。从仿真结果可以看出,变结构模糊PID控制器在3种情况下的鲁棒性最好。     

Direct power control of a multilevel inverter based active power filter

A cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter based active power filter with a novel direct power control is proposed in this paper. It can be directly connected to medium/high voltage power line without using the bulky transformer or passive filter. Due to the limited switching frequency (typically below 1 kHz) of high-power solid-state devices (GTO/IGCT), multiple synchronous/stationary reference frame current controllers are reviewed and derived. Based on this, a novel current controller is proposed for harmonic current elimination and system power factor compensation. Furthermore, a synchronous/stationary hybrid structure can be derived with fundamental de-coupling control. The instantaneous reactive power theory and synchronous reference frame based control are compared based on mathematical models. A direct power control concept is then derived and proposed. It is equivalent as the hybrid synchronous/stationary frame current controller, but has a simpler implementation. It has clear physical meaning and can be considered as a simplified version of the hybrid frame current controller. Simulations on a 4160 V/1.2 MVA system and experimental results on a 208 V/6 kVA laboratory prototype are presented to validate the proposed active power filter design.     

Nonlinear intelligent DC grid stabilization for fuel cell vehicle applications with a supercapacitor storage device

This paper presents an intelligent DC link control using a fuzzy logic controller based on the differential flatness control theory for hybrid vehicle applications supplied by a fuel cell (FC) (main source) and a supercapacitor (auxiliary source). The energy in the system is balanced by dc bus energy stabilization (or indirect voltage regulation). A supercapacitor module functions by supplying energy to regulate the dc bus energy. The FC, as a slow dynamic source in this system, supplies energy to the supercapacitor module to maintain its charge. The FC converter combines four-phase parallel boost converters with interleaving, and the supercapacitor converter employs four-phase parallel bidirectional converters with interleaving. These two converters are called a multi-segment converter for high power applications. Because the model of the power switching converters is nonlinear, it is preferable to apply model-based nonlinear control strategies that directly compensate for the nonlinearity of the system without requiring a linear approximation. Using the intelligent fuzzy control law based on the flatness property, we propose straightforward solutions to hybrid energy management and to the dynamic and regulation problems. To validate the proposed method, a hardware system is developed with analogue circuits, and a numerical calculation is generated with a dSPACE controller DS1104. Experimental results for a small-scale power plant (a polymer electrolyte membrane FC (PEMFC) of 1200 W and 46 A with a supercapacitor module of 100 F, 500 A, and 32 V) in the laboratory corroborate the excellent performance of this control scheme during vehicle motor drive cycles.     

模糊自适应PID控制在异步电机矢量控制系统中的应用研究

针对异步电机矢量控制系统因电机参数变化和负载波动等因素而性能变差的问题,设计了一种模糊自适应整定PID控制的异步电机矢量控制系统。可以根据输入变量的大小调整模糊控制器的量化因子、比例因子和两个输入变量的权重,从而自动调整模糊控制规则。仿真和实验结果说明,具有模糊自适应整定PID控制的异步电机矢量控制系统不仅动态和稳态性能都得到提高,而且具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Optimization models based on GM (1, 1) and seasonal fluctuation for electricity demand forecasting

In this paper, a novel combined approach which combines the first-order one-variable gray differential equation (GM (1, 1)) model derived from gray system theory and seasonal fluctuation from time series method (SFGM (1, 1)) is proposed. This combined model not only takes advantage of the high predictable power of GM (1, 1) model but also the prediction power of time series method. To improve the forecasting accuracy, an adaptive parameter learning mechanism is applied to SFGM (1, 1) model to develop a new model named APL-SFGM (1, 1). As an example, the statistical electricity demand data from 2002 to 2011 sampled from South Australia of Australia are used to validate the effectiveness of the two proposed models. Simulation and graphic results indicated that both of two proposed models achieve better performance than the original GM (1, 1) model. In addition, the APL-SFGM (1, 1) model, which is actually an adaptive adjustment model, obtains a higher forecasting accuracy as compared to the SFGM (1, 1) model.     

Robust non-fragile power system stabilizer

This paper presents a step towards the design of robust non-fragile power system stabilizers (PSSs) for single-machine infinite-bus systems. To ensure resiliency of a robust PSS, the proposed approach presents a characterization of all stabilizers that can guarantee robust stability (RS) over wide range of operating conditions. A three-term controller (x₁ + x₂s)/(1 + x₃s) is considered to accomplish the design. Necessary and sufficient stability constraints for existing of such controller at certain operating point are derived via Routh–Hurwitz criterion. Continuous variation in the operating point is tackled by an interval plant model where RS problem is reduced to simultaneous stabilization of finite number of plants according to Kharitonov theorem. Controller triplets that can robustly stabilize vertex plants are characterized in a similar manner. The most resilient controller is computed at the center of maximum-area inscribed rectangle. Simulation results confirm robustness and resiliency of the proposed stabilizer.     

永磁直线同步电机进给系统模糊PID控制

针对永磁直线同步电机(PMLSM)永磁体磁链为常数的特点,对其d-q轴模型进行分析,提出了永磁直线同步电机进给系统的动力学方程.结合传统PID控制和模糊控制的优点,根据永磁直线同步电机直接进给系统的非线性和可能的不确定性因素,建立PID参数自调整的推理规则,设计了永磁直线同步电机进给系统的模糊PID控制器.仿真和实验结果表明,模糊PID控制器与传统PID控制器相比具有更好的动态稳定性和跟踪性能,对外界干扰具有较强的鲁棒性.     

基于模糊PID的单相逆变电源的设计与仿真分析

单相逆变电源具有较强的非线性和参数时变性,当系统参数摄动或有外部扰动时,传统的数字PID控制器不能达到理想的控制效果,输出电压的波形畸变甚为严重。为此,提出以模糊规则调整PID参数的控制策略,提高PID参数的自适应能力,并在Matlab/Simulin环境下进行仿真。该方式综合了模糊控制和PID控制控制的两种优点,提高了单相逆变电源输出电压波形的质量,抗干扰性和鲁棒性强,减少了超调量,使系统具有良好的动、静态性能。     

Maclaurin–Newton algorithms in 132 kV subtransmission security simulations

This paper examines how applicable approximate Jacobian inversions are when implemented in the security analysis simulations of 132 kV power subtransmission. The complete Scottish 400/275/132 kV power transmission network was simulated, including the 132 kV subtransmission network with its high r/x ratios. Both the coupled and decoupled Maclaurin–Newton load flow algorithms were tested. It was proved that high r/x ratios found in the 132 kV level, five times higher than in 400/275 kV, have an important influence on convergence and accuracy of the inversion Jacobian load flow algorithms. It was found that the decoupled inversion load flow was applicable for 132 kV, it converged regularly, but had worse convergence and accuracy characteristics, compared to 400/275 kV applications, while the coupled inversion load flow was not applicable at all for 132 kV, it always diverged.     

基于Fuzzy-PID控制的雷达伺服系统研究

针对传统PID控制方法存在的参数控制难度大、动态性能差等缺陷,提出基于Fuzzy PID控制器的雷达伺服系统。根据需求设计了以模糊控制器为核心的Fuzzy PID控制器,将传统PID控制与模糊控制进行有效结合。通过MATLAB软件对基于Fuzzy PID控制器的雷达伺服系统进行仿真实验。与传统PID控制方法相比,Fuzzy PID控制显著提高了雷达伺服系统的快速性和平稳性,有效改善了伺服系统的动态性能。     

视轴稳定系统的模糊PID控制器设计

为了实现无人机视轴稳定系统的准确测量与跟踪,设计了经典PID和模糊控制为基础的视轴稳定控制器。在实际工程中PID参数整定过程存在大量不确定性,为了实现PID参数的在线整定,将模糊控制算法与经典PID控制相结合,构造了参数自整定模糊PID控制器,实现了对PID控制器的修正。在MATLAB中的Fuzzy Toolbox和Simulink中,将PID和参数自整定模糊PID进行对比,参数自整定模糊PID控制器在无扰动和10 Hz的正弦扰动的阶跃响应曲线表明,模糊PID相对于模糊控制和PID控制有更短的响应时间和更小的隔离度;在输入为1~10 Hz的系统正弦响应曲线,模糊PID误差最小,控制效果最好。由此可得参数自整定模糊PID在视轴稳定系统中有良好的鲁棒性和控制性能。     

Design and installation of a ±250 kVAr D-STATCOM for a distribution substation

A Static Compensator (STATCOM) is a flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) controller, which can either absorb or deliver reactive power to a power system. This technology has resulted in an equipment that is principally different from conventional static VAr compensators (SVC). The steady-state characteristics of a STATCOM are similar to those of a rotating synchronous condenser. A ±250 kVAr D-STATCOM was designed and installed for a 1.6 MVA distribution substation in Tehran, which is the first installation of this type in Iran. The principal aim of this installation is reactive power control for voltage regulation, with a particular work on reduction of unbalance issue. This paper describes the design and operating fundamentals and characteristics of a D-STATCOM as well as its basic control strategy. Moreover, different practical results demonstrate the flexible operation of the employed equipment.     

Decoupled control of grid connected inverter with dynamic online grid impedance measurements for micro grid applications

This paper presents a decoupled control of grid connected inverter using dynamic online grid impedance measurements for a micro grid application. The proposed controller is implemented in synchronous reference frame (SRF) and controlled using linear PI controllers. The mutual coupling introduced between the d and q control loops due to the transformation into SRF is accurately decoupled using the dynamically measured grid impedance using a feed-forward control. The decoupling allows independent control of active and reactive powers against step changes in the active/reactive power references. The online measurement of the actual impedance and its use further for decoupling is proposed in this paper for making the decoupling accurate inspite of the network configuration being altered like in micro grids. Here the grid resistance and inductance are measured during the operation using a non-characteristic frequency current continuously injected into the grid, and subsequently calculating the impedance using discrete Fourier transforms. The continuous injection of non-characteristic current at 75 Hz avoids the injection of sub-harmonics into the grid during measurements. The control loop is updated periodically with the estimated grid impedance, thus enabling the independent control of active and reactive powers delivered by the inverter. The proposed decoupled controller with grid impedance measurement is tested through simulation studies and hardware experiments. The experiments are conducted with the proposed controller on a scaled down laboratory model of micro-grid with a 1 kVA solar inverter, and the performances are presented for step changes in the power references and the results are presented.     

模糊神经网络PID和PSO-PID优化的荧光检测控制系统

针对核酸提纯、扩增、检测一体化设备的荧光检测系统多通道检测运动的快速性和稳定性,设计了三种基于PID控制器的控制策略,分别为模糊PID、模糊RBF神经网络PID和PSO-PID。经MATLAB仿真结果表明,模糊PID控制有较大的超调量和调节时间,震荡较大;模糊RBF神经网络PID控制的超调量十分小,调节时间较小,无震荡;PSO-PID控制有小幅度震荡和超调量,调节时间最短,可快速到达稳定状态。模糊RBF神经网络PID和PSO-PID控制步进电机的方式同模糊PID相比,没有了主观经验的影响,反应时间快、稳定性好,具有很好的自学习、自适应能力。     

一级倒立摆模糊PID控制器设计

一级倒立摆是一个典型的非线性、强耦合、多变量的不稳定系统,为了控制它的平衡性,首先对系统进行分析,建立数学模型。然后在模糊PID控制器的设计过程中,分析了模糊PID控制器的控制原理;确定了模糊语言变量和隶属函数;制定了模糊规则和解模糊的方法。最后利用Matlab中的Simulink和Fuzzy工具箱对一级倒立摆模型进行仿真研究。实验结果表明,模糊PID控制器具有很好的控制效果。     

Performance investigation of linear and nonlinear controls for a fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid power plant

In this paper, linear proportional–integral (PI) and nonlinear flatness-based controllers for dc link stabilization for fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid power plants are compared. For high power applications, 4-phase parallel boost converters are implemented with a switching interleaving technique for a fuel cell (FC) converter, and 4-phase parallel bidirectional converters are implemented with a switching interleaving technique for a supercapacitor converter in the laboratory. As controls, mathematical models (reduced-order models) of the FC converter and the supercapacitor converter are given. The prototype small-scale power plant studied is composed of a PEMFC system (the Nexa Ballard FC power generator: 1.2 kW, 46 A) and a supercapacitor module (100 F, 32 V, based on Maxwell Technologies Company). Simulation (by Matlab/Simulink) and experimental results demonstrate that the nonlinear differential flatness-based control provides improved dc bus stabilization relative to a classical linear PI control method.     

自适应模糊PID控制的无刷直流电机及仿真

提出了利用自适应模糊PID控制器实现对永磁无刷直流电机调速系统进行设计的新方法。文中首先建立永磁无刷直流电机的数学模型，以此进行转速和电流双闭环调速系统控制；并通过调节PWM发生器的开关频率来减少转矩脉动。接着将模糊控制器和PID控制器通过自适应因子结合，在线自调整控制参数，进一步完善了PID控制器的性能，提高了系统的控制精度。并把MATLAB中的Fuzzy Toolbox和SIMULINK以及Power System Blockset有机结合起来，实现了该自适应模糊PID控制器的计算机仿真。结果表明，该方法有较高的精度。