Performance of gas turbines in Russia under the changing climatic conditions

The impact of the expected climatic changes on the performance of gas turbine units (GTU) as part of the power industry and gas pipeline network in Russia is considered. Long-term estimates of changes in the average annual air temperature throughout the country are made based on the authors’ model. The calculations using the efficiency value of gas turbine units as a function of the ambient air temperature show that climatic changes will significantly deteriorate the operational efficiency of gas-turbine equipment in practically all of Russia’s regions. Based on publicly available statistical data, we assessed the installed capacity of gas-turbine power stations (including combined-cycle power plants) and gas-turbine drive of gas pipeline network. Three development scenarios have been considered for gas turbine power in the national electric power industry, differing in the rates of new facilities’ commissioning. Integrated estimates have been made of the increase in gas consumption in Russia’s gas pipeline network and power industry resulting from climatic changes by 2030 and 2050. It is shown that the total increase in the annual gas consumption associated with a reduction in the efficiency of gas turbine units due to climate warming by 2030 could reach approximately 130000 tce (of which approximately 90000 tce in the gas pipeline network and 40000 tce in the electric power industry) and more than 170000 tce (120000 and 50000 tce, respectively) by 2050. Should more optimistic scenarios be implemented for the development of the electric power industry, this effect will increase 1.5–2.0 times by 2050. Despite high absolute values, the increase in GTU fuel expenditures due to higher ambient temperatures resulting from climate change in Russia will only amount to a fraction of a percent of the total gas consumption and will be two orders of magnitude lower than the savings in space heating.     

Changing pattern and amount of the residential and commercial energy consumption in response to economic and climatic factors

This paper presents the results of calculating the amounts and the pattern of energy consumption in the residential and the commercial sectors of the Russia economy under conditions of the present-day economic development with due regard for climate change. The analysis of regional specific features and the estimate of the future energy consumption by the housing and municipal services (HMS) sector for the period until 2050, as well as a comparison with similar indicators found in foreign countries, are given. It has been shown that, as a result of improved living standards, enhanced energy efficiency in the HMS sector, and global warming for the next decades to come, a considerable reduction in the specific energy consumption in this sphere will take place, while the pattern of the energy consumption in it will correspond to the present-day situation in Canada. In southern regions of Russia this indicator will approach the values typical for the northern contiguous states of the USA.     

节能减排背景下的内蒙古高耗能行业用电需求研究

近年来,高耗能行业成为中国节能减排工作的重点。高耗能行业用电对全社会用电形势有着非常重要的影响。为预测内蒙古高耗能行业未来用电需求状况,利用索洛模型和协整理论建立了高耗能行业电力需求与行业产值及其占全社会总产值比重、电耗强度之间的长期均衡模型,在此基础上结合国家及内蒙古自治区节能减排相关政策,分情景对内蒙古高耗能行业电力需求进行了预测。结果表明,内蒙古高耗能行业用电需求在2013—2020年将以8.06%的年增速增长,2015年和2020年行业用电量将分别达到2 016～2 134亿 kW?h和2 672~2 946亿kW?h。若实现高耗能行业的绿色可持续发展,内蒙古应加快淘汰落后产能并加大绿色技术的开发与应用。     

从CO2减排看我国2020年能源及电力消费水平

根据我国政府向国际社会作出的二氧化碳减排承诺,创建了1个可反映单位GDP二氧化碳排放量变化对能源需求影响的计算公式。通过量化研究相关因素对能源需求产生的影响,得到2020年不同情景下满足二氧化碳减排要求的能源消费总量,并根据供给侧能源消费总量与电力消费水平的内在联系,测算了相应的全社会用电量。我国2020年较理想的目标是能源消费总量控制在不超过51亿t标准煤,全社会用电量为7.5×10¹² kW·h左右。研究成果可为有关部门合理确定能源消费总量控制目标提供参考。     

Impact of climatic factors on energy consumption during the heating season

Global and regional climate changes produce a significant effect on energy production and consumption, especially on heating and air conditioning in residential, industrial, commercial, and office rooms. In Russia, with its contracting climate conditions, energy consumption varies a lot in different regions. Thus, we have to review the dynamics of energy consumption during the cold season individually for each region of the country. We analyzed the dynamics of duration and temperature of the heating season in Moscow region and completed a comparative study of heat energy consumption, actual and calculated based on the 'degreedays' concept, in the municipal economy of Moscow during the last decade. Based on the actual data analysis, we proved that conservation of energy resources in a large city relies not so much on a shortening of the heating period as on the growth of atmospheric air temperature in winter. The projected climate warming in the Moscow region in the nearest decades, along with measures of energy conservation, will promote a significant reduction in energy consumption of the municipal economy in winter. The results shown in this article were obtained in the process of preparing and implementing project no. 16-17-00114 by the Russian Science Foundation “Analysis of an impact of the regional climate change on the residential and commercial energy consumption of Russian megacities,” within the main area of focus of the Russian Science Foundation, which is “Fundamental Research and Exploration in Main Topical Areas of Focus.” The project was implemented within the framework of the scientific area of focus, which is “Reduction of the Risk and Mitigation of Consequences of Natural and Man-made Disasters” (“Studying Economical, Political, and Social Consequences of Global Climate Changes” problem).     

基于细分行业用能结构特征的“十四五”电能替代电量规划

“电能替代”战略的实施,推动了能源发展方式的转变,对中国未来能源高质量发展起到了至关重要的作用。首先对中国终端能源消费及能源供应情况进行分析,梳理了电能替代发展现状,提出了基于行业用能特征的电能替代基准年理论潜力测算模型。其次,耦合规划期政策、技术等因素,提出了“十四五”期间电能替代潜力测算方法。再次,基于潜力测算提出“十四五”期间替代电量规划方法。最后预判电能替代发展趋势。依托该模型方法,预判“十四五”期间国网经营区电能替代潜力超1万亿kW·h,替代规划电量约5000亿kW·h。研究可为政府部门出台相关政策、电网企业科学开展电能替代工作提供支撑。     

Evaluation of the use of renewable energy sources and peat in rural municipal economy

This paper analyzes the cost-effectiveness of the use of renewable energy sources (RES) and peat in production of electric and heat energy in rural places of the country by comparing tariffs (prices) of energy versus total expenditures on generation of electric and heat energy when using RES and peat. The appraisal of a cost-effective scale in application of energy plants working on RES and peat in the rural side in Russia is made by using a model-information set developed at the Energy Institute of the National Research University (Higher School of Economics). It is shown that with the current tariffs, the production by use of RES and peat may become economically effective, which means to achieve 1.8 billion kW/h of electric and 250 million GJ of heat energy per year, and, in the long run, 30 billion kW of electric and up to 400 million GJ per year. In comparison of total expenditures on production of electric and heat energy in rural areas (which are considerably above the established tariffs), it becomes cost effective to produce the electric energy of up to 12 billion kW in the nearest years and up to 80 billion kW in the long run. The need for the governmental policy motivating the projects based on use of RES and peat and the lines of this policy for the rural areas of the country are outlined.     

基于大比例新能源输电的受端电网调峰费用测算及补偿机制

天山-中州±800 kV特高压直流输电工程（简称天中直流）是“疆电外送”首个特高压直流项目。天中直流工程设计年输送电量440亿kW·h,对实现西电东送、促进更大范围的能源资源优化配置发挥了重要作用。天中直流为风火打捆输送,风火打捆比例不同会对河南电网运行带来不同程度的影响。新疆电网低谷时段的送电电力大小将直接影响河南电网的调峰运行,并增加河南电网的调峰运行费用。以此工程为例,进行了基于大比例新能源输电的受端电网调峰费用测算及补偿机制研究,以期为相关电价政策制定提供参考。     

“十三五”以来电力消费增长原因分析及中长期展望

“十三五”以来,受国内外多种复杂因素影响,中国电力消费超预期增长。深入分析电力消费快速增长的原因,剖析中长期电力需求的影响因素,科学研判未来电力需求增长趋势,对电力工业高质量发展具有重要意义。分析“十三五”以来电力消费增长原因的基础上,综合考虑新形势下影响中长期电力需求的主要因素,采用中长期电力需求预测模型对2020-2050年中国电力需求进行展望。在加速电气化情景下,预计2020、2030、2035、2050年全社会用电量分别达到7.7万亿、11.1万亿、12.2万亿、13.9万亿kW·h,2015-2020、2020-2035、2035-2050年全社会用电量年均增速分别为6.1%、3.1%、0.9%,2050年电能占终端能源的比重达到45.2%。     

Door for Sino-Russia power cooperation is getting open

As reported by China Power News on October 11, China and Russia planned to make an investment of US$ 10 billion to construct some power plants in Russian areas contiguous to China in the five years to come. These power plants will supply China with electricity. Their designed power will exceed 10 GW and annual generation is expected to come up to 60 TWh, being equal to three times the present electricity generation in the Far East area of Russia. By the time the report was released, the two sides were speeding in negotiation.     

基于CO2 减排目标的2050年全球能源需求展望

分析展望中长期能源需求,研究和提出相应的能源可持续发展战略,一直是国内外相关机构和学者研究的热点领域。应用时间序列、趋势外推、计量经济、能源系统（平衡）分析等模拟技术构建了全球能源需求分析模型。在此基础上,以2050年能源消费产生的CO2减排50%为目标设计了2 ℃情景,对该情景的能源需求进行了分析展望。研究显示：2 ℃情景下亚太地区特别是印度是全球能源需求增长的重要驱动力,全球一次能源需求总量将在2045年后趋近饱和;一次能源需求结构将实现由化石能源为主向非化石能源为主的转型,非水可再生能源快速发展是这一转型的主要动力;电能替代是终端能源消费结构变化的主旋律,电力将取代石油成为第一大终端用能。     

Carbon emission flow:from electricity network to multiple energy systems

Anthropogenic carbon emissions associated with energy consumption are rapidly increasing. Such carbon emissions are further directly related to global climate change. Thus, reducing carbon emissions to mitigate global climate change has been attracting increasing attention. Energy production and energy consumption is linked by energy networks. The network-constrained energy flow leads to a virtual circulation of embedded carbon emissions. This paper introduces the concept and significance of carbon emission flow(CEF), which helps identify the relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption. Challenges for extending the CEF from an electricity network to multiple energy systems(MES) are analyzed, and CEF models in both the electricity network and MES are summarized. The distribution of CEF and transfer of carbon emissions are studied using realistic case studies based on the energy interconnection system of Southeast Asia and real-world MES in the Jing-Jin-Ji economic circle. Considering the electricity trade in Southeast Asia in 2050, the results show that significant amounts of carbon emissions are transferred among countries. Approximately 19698 ktCO_2 of carbon emissions in Malaysia are attributable to electricity demands of other countries. Conversely, the Philippines and Vietnam would be responsible for additional carbon emissions of 10620 ktCO_2 and 42375 ktCO_2, respectively. With the CEF model, carbon emissions in different energy sectors can be reasonably quantified, thus facilitating the allocation of emission reduction targets in climate change negotiations and low-carbon policymaking.     

An assessment of energy storage requirements in the strategic Indian electricity sector

In order to achieve improved power quality and grid reliability, the Indian electricity sector will requires a cumulative energy storage capacity of 270?GW by 2047, at a cumulative capital outlay of US$ 200 billion in pumped hydro storage and US$ 120 billion in electrochemical-based systems.     

我国风电行业拉开大发展序幕

一、风电发电行业前景广阔 近几年,随着我国能源供应的持续紧张,合理地开发利用绿色新能源就成为摆在我们面前的重要课题.中科院专家提出:风能、太阳能、潮汐能的开发可以有效缓解我国的能源供应困局.     

中国中长期能源和电力需求及碳排放情景分析

综合考虑未来经济发展和主要行业产品产量,对比国内外分行业能源强度和电力强度的变化,采用“自下而上”的方法构建了中国中长期能源、电力需求及碳排放情景分析模型。分3种情景对2015、2020、2030年的全国能源、电力需求与结构以及碳排放进行了分析,测算了非化石能源消费比例和碳排放强度。结果表明,2020年我国一次能源需求50亿t标准煤左右,全社会用电量7.7×10¹² kW·h左右;3种经济发展情景下,均能实现2020年碳排放量比2005年下降40%~45%的目标;在非化石能源开发达到规划上限的条件下,能够实现非化石能源消费占一次能源消费比重15%的目标。     

山东省工业用电单耗分析

对山东省工业发展及用电状况进行分析,计算出山东省工业及工业14个主要行业的用电单耗；根据工业用电单耗和各行业用电单耗的变化．分析经济结构调整、科学技术进步、能源结构调整等因素对工业用电单耗的影响分析结果表明．经济结构调整和科学技术进步是促使工业用电单耗不断下降的主要动力;能源结构调整也会对工业用电单耗产生影响.     

新冠肺炎疫情对2020年电力消费影响及趋势研究

电力消费是电网公司制定中长期电力规划、当年综合计划的重要边界条件,精准衡量2020年新冠肺炎疫情影响意义重大。构建疫情对电力消费的影响测算和预测模型,设计基准、风险情景,从总量、产业、行业、区域、省份等维度测算疫情及政策因素对电力消费影响程度,预测2020年电力消费增长趋势。结果表明：预计疫情及政策因素拉低2020年国家电网经营区用电量增速2.6~3.3个百分点。新冠肺炎疫情对电力消费产生了明显冲击,后期应紧密跟踪疫情影响、滚动调整预测结果。     

新冠肺炎疫情对2020年电力消费影响及趋势研究

电力消费是电网公司制定中长期电力规划、当年综合计划的重要边界条件,精准衡量2020年新冠肺炎疫情影响意义重大。构建疫情对电力消费的影响测算和预测模型,设计基准、风险情景,从总量、产业、行业、区域、省份等维度测算疫情及政策因素对电力消费影响程度,预测2020年电力消费增长趋势。结果表明：预计疫情及政策因素拉低2020年国家电网经营区用电量增速2.6~3.3个百分点。新冠肺炎疫情对电力消费产生了明显冲击,后期应紧密跟踪疫情影响、滚动调整预测结果。     

基于价差法和对数平均迪氏指数分解法模型的我国工业部门电价交叉补贴规模影响因素

我国电价交叉补贴的存在使得工业部门用电成本较高,不利于工业企业的发展和行业资源的优化配置。基于此,运用价差法和对数平均迪氏指数分解法（logarithmic mean divisia index, LMDI）对我国工业部门电价交叉补贴的规模及其影响因素进行了研究。实证测算结果表明:我国工业部门电价交叉补贴规模呈现波动上升的发展态势,从2008年的190.54亿元上升到2018年的910.42亿元;不同时期我国工业部门电价交叉补贴规模影响因素存在较大差异,2008—2014年期间价格机制是影响我国工业部门电价交叉补贴规模变动的最大因素,2015—2018年工业部门电力消费量成为最大影响因素。所提方法可为电力市场化改革背景下我国电价交叉补贴的解决路径和政策制定提供一定的参考。     

Mechanism of CO_2 Emission Reduction by Global Energy Interconnection

The challenge of global warming has become a driving force for a global energy transition. The Global Energy Interconnection(GEI) is a modern energy system aimed at meeting the global power demand in a clean and green manner. With the development of clean replacement, electricity replacement, and grid interconnection strategies, GEI contributes to the global temperature control by dramatically reducing the level of energy-related CO_2 emissions. This study proposes an integrated framework for analyzing the mechanism of CO_2 emission reduction via GEI implementation. The obtained results demonstrate that the total cumulative contribution of GEI to mitigating the effects of CO_2 emissions(estimated by conducting a scenario analysis) corresponds to a total reduction of 3100 Gt CO2. The contributions of the clean replacement, electricity replacement, and carbon capture and storage GEI components to this process are equal to 55, 42, 5%, respectively. Using GEI, the utilization of clean energy in 2050 will increase by a factor of 4.5 at an annual growth rate of 4.4%, and the electrification rate will be 2.4 times greater than the current one.