基于多层感知器的低压电力线时变信道非线性均衡方法

通过添加适当的循环前缀(CP)的正交频分复用(OFDM)技术是一种去除高速通信中符号间干扰的有效方法，但低压电力线作为载波通信通道使用时是一种时变多径信道，采用OFDM技术进行高速载波通信时信号的正交性会因此而受到一定程度的破坏，产生子载波间干扰（ICI）。该文采用基于多层感知器（MLP）的均方差(MSE)准则实现了一种时变信道的非线性均衡。为了验证所提出的非线性均衡方法的有效性，选取具有宽带耦合放大器的实际低压电力线通信(PLC)信道作为实验用非线性信道模型。对比了基于MSE准则的线性和非线性均衡器对系统性能的影响，表明该文采用的非线性均衡方法可以更有效地补偿信道的多径性和时变性造成的影响和改善电力线载波通信系统的性能。     

Blind channel equalization

Signals that pass through a channel undergo various forms of distortion. One very common type of distortion is intersymbol interference, or ISI. ISI is caused by interference from the symbols that were transmitted before and after the given symbol. ISI-induced errors can cause the receiver to misinterpret the received samples. The equalizer is an important part of a modern digital communications receiver. It filters the received data to minimize the linear distortion induced during the transmission of the signal. (There is no nonlinear distortion.) This distortion occurs when the signal is transmitted through a channel. The channel is the physical medium that connects the transmitter and receiver. For example, the Earth's atmosphere is the medium in a wireless communications system. By sending the signal through the equalizer, the effects of ISI are counteracted; i.e. the receiver can make accurate symbol decisions based on the equalizer output. This article discusses the constant modulus algorithm, or CMA. This is the most popular algorithm used to blindly update equalizer coefficients     

A nonlinear equalization method based on multilayer perceptron for OFDM power-line communication

A high-speed data-communication over low-voltage power line is currently an active field of broad application. Power-line communication (PLC), based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), is developing rapidly. OFDM with an appropriately selected guard interval is considered as one of the most effective ways to eliminate the intersymbol interference of high-rate signal transmission. However, it is unable to deal with the orthogonality degradation between the subchannels due to the time-variant characteristics of the multipath power-line channels, which are known as the interchannel interference problem. It is, therefore, necessary to introduce a nonlinear channel equalizer. In this paper, a multilayer perceptron scheme trained with a mean square error (MSE) criterion is proposed for the design of the nonlinear channel equalizer. The performances of the traditional linear equalizer and the proposed nonlinear one are compared. In order to evaluate the robustness of the proposed approach against the channel distortion, experimental measurements are made in a real PLC network. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified via the experiments on the test system.     

Adaptation of turbo coding and equalization in turbo equalization for time-varying and frequency-selective channels

A number of authors have sought to combine equalization and decoding in an iterative system in order to reduce the effects of frequency and temporal dispersiveness of time-varying frequency-selective channels. In the recent literature, several architectures based on these iterative systems have been proposed. One can note architectures which combine a maximum a posteriori (MAP) equalizer and decoder, architectures formed by an interference canceller and MAP decoder, architectures implementing a decision feedback equalizer and a MAP decoder, etc. Most of these architectures require accurate channel estimation to adapt the equalizer filters or to execute the MAP equalizers. This article presents a turbo equalizer architecture for time-varying frequency-selective channels without channel estimators. The proposed turbo equalizer consists of an interference canceller in direct-adaptation mode and a turbo decoder. In order to reduce noise correlation, the addition of a transverse filter to the interference-canceller architecture is proposed. The reliability factor for variable time-varying frequency-selective channels is also redefined in order to improve the performance of the turbo decoder. The architecture of the proposed turbo equalizer reduces considerably the effects of frequency and temporal dispersiveness of time-varying frequency-selective channels depending on the normalized Doppler frequency range.     

Blind decoder‐assisted interference reduction for coded DS‐CDMA systems

We propose an iterative blind interference reduction strategy for short‐burst coded DS‐CDMA systems. The blind strategy works by creating a set of ‘training sequences’ in the receiver that are used as input to an interference reduction algorithm whose task is to produce a corresponding set of equalizers that attempt to recover the desired signal. To maintain a reasonable complexity level we develop a semi‐blind interference reduction algorithm that is capable of equalizing the received signal with a relatively small training sequence length (thus maintaining a small training sequence set). The objective then becomes to determine which equalizer from the generated set gives the best performance (smallest bit error). It is demonstrated that the success of this scheme depends greatly on the ability to find an appropriate criterion for picking the best equalizer. Of the tested criteria, one based on feedback from the decoder (essentially using trellis information) is shown to achieve nearly optimal performance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fractionally spaced spatial adaptive equalization of S‐UMTS mobile terminals

In this paper we present fractionally spaced adaptive equalization techniques and space diversity combined receiver and evaluate their performance for the downlink of S‐UMTS system. The conventional ‘training’ (or non‐blind) and the ‘unsupervised’ (or blind) adaptive equalization algorithms are both investigated. Simulation results show that the equalizers are robust to Doppler shift and non‐linearity effects due to TWT amplifiers aboard the satellite. It is also shown that even with a moderate array size of two antenna elements, a significant improvement in terminal performance is achieved. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptive Robust Turbo Equalization for Power-Line Communications

Data communication over power lines requires advanced signal-processing techniques to cope with time-varying intersymbol interference and severe impulsive noise. A further challenge comes from strict regulatory constraints that stipulate low transmission power. In this paper, we propose an adaptive robust turbo equalizer for single-carrier coded systems. The turbo equalizer has a component equalizer to deal with the deep frequency notches present in power-line channels. The component equalizer exchanges extrinsic information with a component decoder to perform iterative detection. To facilitate adaptive equalization in time-varying power-line channels, a simple system identification-based channel estimator is incorporated. Most important, a nonlinear-matched myriad filter (MMyF) is used for efficient baseband filtering in impulsive channels. The results show that the MMyF is indispensable for the turbo equalizer to achieve reliable channel estimation and data detection in impulsive power lines. Substantial performance improvements over the conventional scheme designed for Gaussian channels are observed.     

Ill convergence of minimum output energy infinite impulse response equalizer for digital vestigial sideband signals

Minimum output energy (MOE) algorithm is a widely used adaptive algorithm for blind adaptation of infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. In this paper, we show that the MOE algorithm is not suitable for blind adaptation of the complex‐valued IIR equalizer for digital vestigial sideband signals, whereas the constant modulus algorithm successfully achieves blind adaptation of the IIR equalizers when MOE fails. Because of the difficulty in analyzing IIR equalizers, the analysis is limited to a simple two‐tap channel case. For more general multitap channel cases, the performance of a complex constant modulus algorithm IIR is evaluated through simulation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptive distortion compensation with integrated optical finite impulse response filters in high bitrate optical communication systems

In high-bit-rate optical transmission systems, distortions due to dynamic chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion, and power changes are larger than the distortion tolerances of the system. To meet the tolerances and the desired quality of service, an adaptive equalizer is necessary. We demonstrate the capabilities of planar lightwave circuit integrated optical finite impulse response filters for mitigating distortions of the transmission channel, and we investigate two adaptive equalization approaches. The first approach uses an adaptive feedback generated from electrical spectrum monitoring; the second one uses intersymbol interference minimization with a least mean square error algorithm. We successfully demonstrated adaptive equalization of chromatic dispersion, self-phase modulation, and polarization mode dispersion, as well as combinations of these distortions.     

Robust ISI equalization for uncertain channels via minimax optimal filtering

We consider a problem of equalization for intersymbol interference (ISI) occurring during data transmission through an imperfectly known channel. It is shown that this problem can be effectively addressed using the minimax filtering approach developed in the paper. This approach leads to a numerically tractable methodology for robust equalizer design which guarantees an optimal upper bound on the equalization error. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A methodology to design continuous‐time adaptive equalizers

Serial communications systems suffer from channel bandwidth limitations that result in eye closure and inter‐symbol interference. Adaptive equalization at the receiver is widely implemented to alleviate this, and a number of continuous‐time techniques aiming multi‐gigabit operation have been proposed. The operation of adaptive equalizers is based on signal filtering carried out by loop filters whose characteristics are usually given ad‐hoc after a trial and error process. This paper presents a unified analysis of the operation of continuous‐time adaptive equalizers that results in a general design methodology to select the frequency characteristics of the filters implemented in the adaptation loop. Using the proposed methodology, a novel adaptation loop filter combination incorporating two low‐pass filters is presented. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A closed loop inductorless equalizer with a modified analysis of power comparator behaviour

Inductorless circuits are gaining advantage in radio frequency (RF) and high-speed serial link circuits due to the reduced silicon area. This paper presents an inductorless adaptive analog equalizer using an adaptive hybrid filter comprising integrated low pass and high pass filter. The equalizer, designed and fabricated in 180-nm CMOS technology, is able to adjust the high-frequency boost (HFB) and cutoff frequency of the internal filters depending on the data rate and the channel loss. The presented equalizer operates at data rates more than 4 Gbps in post-layout simulation without electrostatic discharge (ESD) and package parasitics. For the test purposes, the equalizer has been packaged in QFN 64 pin package and hence the measurement results are up to 3.125 Gbps. The measurement results show that the equalizer is able to adapt the HFB for the channel losses as high as 5 dB. Average dissipated power of the equalizer at 3.125 Gbps is 18 mW with 1.8-V supply. After reading this chapter you should be able to understand the merits of the proposed hybrid filter compared with the conventional RC filters in the adaptive equalizer using spectrum balancing technique; theoretical analysis and the impact of short channel effects on the performance of the power comparator; and test results of the adaptive equalizer using the proposed hybrid filter in the spectrum balancing technique.     

Compact self‐constructing recurrent fuzzy neural network with decision feedback for quadrature amplitude modulation signaling systems

This paper proposes a novel adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE) based on compact self‐constructing recurrent fuzzy neural network (CSRFNN) for quadrature amplitude modulation systems. Without the prior knowledge of channel characteristics, a novel training scheme containing both compact self‐constructing learning (CSL) and real‐time recurrent learning algorithms is derived for the CSRFNN. The proposed CSL algorithm adopts two evaluation criteria to intelligently decide the number of fuzzy rules that are necessary. The real‐time recurrent learning is performed simultaneously with the CSL at each time instant to adjust DFE parameters. The proposed DFE is compared with several neural network‐based DFEs on a nonlinear complex‐valued channel. The results show that the CSRFNN DFE is superior to classical neural network DFEs in terms of symbol‐error rate, convergence speed, and time cost. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Double‐Switch Series‐Resonant Cell‐Voltage Equalizer Using a Voltage Multiplier for Series‐Connected Energy Storage Cells

Series connections of energy storage cells, such as lithium‐ion cells and electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs), require cell‐voltage equalizers to ensure years of operation. Conventional equalizers require multiple switches, magnetic components, and/or secondary windings of a multiwinding transformer in proportion to the number of series connections, which usually makes them complex, expensive, bulky, and less extendable with increasing series connections. A double‐switch series‐resonant equalizer using a voltage multiplier is proposed in this paper. The double‐switch operation without a multiwinding transformer achieves simplified circuitry and good modularity at reduced size and cost, compared to conventional equalizers. Operational analyses were separately performed for the following two functional parts of the proposed equalizer: a series‐resonant inverter and a voltage multiplier. The mathematical analyses derived a dc‐equivalent circuit of the proposed equalizer, with which simulation analyses of even an hour's duration can be completed in an instant. Simulation analyses were separately performed for both the original and equivalent circuits. The simulation results of the derived circuit correlated well with those of the original circuit, thus verifying the derived dc‐equivalent circuit. A 5‐W prototype of the proposed equalizer was built for eight cells connected in series and an experimental equalization was performed for series‐connected EDLCs from an initially voltage‐imbalanced condition. The voltage imbalance was gradually eliminated over time, and the standard deviation in the cell voltages decreased to approximately 5 mV at the end of the experiment, thus demonstrating the equalization performance of the proposed equalizer.     

一种基于载波相位测量的阵列天线自适应校正技术

针对卫星导航阵列抗干扰处理过程中的阵列校正问题,本文采用一种基于载波相位测量的阵列天线自适应校正技术。利用阵列天线各阵元分别接收同一颗卫星信号,分别进行捕获、跟踪、观测量提取等,获取指定卫星各通道载波相位,求取载波相位差,计算各通道间误差,对阵列天线幅相不一致性进行校正,从而降低幅相不一致性对抗干扰算法性能的影响。相比于传统阵列天线自适应校正算法,具有以下优点：1）可针对每颗卫星进行单独校正;2）可综合校正射频通道不一致性、天线阵子安装误差、AD采样不一致性造成的通道相位不一致;3）可实时对卫星来向的通道误差进行校正。仿真证明,该方法具备较好的幅相误差抑制效果。     

Second‐order blind algorithms for adaptive recursive linear equalizers: analysis and lattice implementation

Adaptive recursive linear equalizers present important advantages in terms of performance and robustness compared to more standard finite impulse response structures, and provide a means for blindly initializing the decision feedback structure. We present an analysis of a pair of algorithms for the adaptation of the recursive part of the equalizer, which are based on the second‐order statistics of the received signal, in a multichannel complex‐valued setting with spatially coloured noise. When the number of equalizer poles is no less than the channel order, both algorithms enjoy a unique stationary point, which in addition is locally convergent; global convergence properties, on the other hand, can be quite different. When the optimum setting presents poles close to the stability boundary, the lattice structure is preferred for ease of stability monitoring. Lattice versions of the two algorithms are developed and their convergence properties discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Greedy approach to sparse multi‐path channel estimation using sensing dictionary

As most components of sparse multi‐path channel (SMPC) are zero, impulse response of SMPC can be recovered from a short training sequence. Although the ordinary orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm provides a very fast implementation of SMPC estimation, it suffers from inter‐atom interference (IAI), especially in the case of SMPC with a large delay spread and a short training sequence. In this paper, an adaptive IAI mitigation method is proposed to improve the performance of SMPC estimation based on a general OMP algorithm. Unlike the ordinary OMP algorithm, a sensing dictionary is designed adaptively and posterior information is utilized efficiently to prevent false atoms from being selected due to serious IAI. Numeral experiments illustrate that the proposed general OMP algorithm based on adaptive IAI mitigation outperforms both the ordinary OMP algorithm and the general OMP algorithm based on non‐adaptive IAI mitigation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Semi‐blind fast equalization of QAM channels using concurrent gradient‐Newton CMA and soft decision‐directed scheme

This contribution considers semi‐blind adaptive equalization for communication systems that employ high‐throughput quadrature amplitude modulation signalling. A minimum number of training symbols, approximately equal to the dimension of the equalizer, are first utilized to provide a rough initial least‐squares estimate of the equalizer's weight vector. A novel gradient‐Newton concurrent constant modulus algorithm and soft decision‐directed scheme are then applied to adapt the equalizer. The proposed semi‐blind adaptive algorithm is capable of converging fast and accurately to the optimal minimum mean‐square error equalization solution. Simulation results obtained demonstrate that the convergence speed of this semi‐blind adaptive algorithm is close to that of the training‐based recursive least‐square algorithm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电力线通信中信道估计和模糊滤波技术研究

信道估计是正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing，OFDM) 技术中数据解调与均衡的基础。文章在分析电力线信道特性的基础上，针对电力线信道的非线性畸变对数据传输准确率的影响，提出采用基于模糊模型的滤波器来估计信道模型。仿真结果表明，所设计的H∞ 滤波器与OFDM 通信技术相结合能够有效消除或降低电力线信道中存在的噪声干扰、码间干扰和信道间干扰。     

基于神经网络的开关磁阻电机无位置传感器控制

论文提出了基于自适应径向基函数(radial basis function，RBF)神经网络的开关磁阻电机(SRM)无位置传感器控制新方法。该方法构造了一个隐层节点初始个数为零的RBF网络，通过在训练过程中不断按照自适应算法添加和删除隐层单元，形成一个结构简单、紧凑的网络来实现电机电压、磁链与转子位置之间的非线性映射，实现SRM的无位置传感器控制。网络训练分为离线训练和在线训练两个部分。利用训练样本按给出的自适应算法对网络进行离线训练，确定RBF网络隐层节点的个数及位置；按递推最小二乘法(RLS)在线修正隐层与输出层之间的连接权。仿真及实验结果表明，该方法能够实现电机的准确换相，从而实现了位置传感器的消去。