暂态电能质量扰动引发电压变动对闪变检测的影响

随着电能质量在线监测系统建设的深入,IEC规定的数据标记已不能应对暂态电能质量扰动在传播过程中引发的电压变动对闪变检测的不利影响,给闪变源定位方面的技术监督工作带来巨大挑战。针对该现状定义了暂态电压变动并给出刻画其电压均方根值形状的特征量,而后基于IEC闪变仪分析各特征量变化对闪变检测结果的影响特性及程度,实现考虑背景的暂态电压变动引起闪变水平的量化,给出幅值差的限值建议,并通过实例验证。最后面向不同场景在线监测数据,总结长时闪变月趋势数据分布特征,提出应用统计学准则的四分位数判别方法,分析结果表明了该方法的有效性,为暂态电压变动造成闪变超标的监测点快速筛查提供可选方法。     

Wavelet representation of voltage flicker

Voltage flicker can be considered as a voltage magnitude modulated signal with a frequency ranging from 0.5 to 30 Hz. Wavelet transform is a powerful tool to analyze this kind of nonstationary, wide-range frequency signal. The wavelet representation of voltage flicker signal is presented in this paper. The proposed scheme is implemented in three steps. Firstly, a low-pass demodulation filter is designed to find the magnitude of 60 Hz component. Accordingly, a high degree of accuracy may be achieved and the effect of the transient, harmonics and white noise may be eliminated. Secondly, a multiresolution analysis (MRA) scheme that is an orthonormal wavelet transform, can then be applied to decompose the demodulated signal into several components according to the scales. Components at high scale can be considered as white noise, while components at the low scale represent the voltage fluctuation. The smooth version left by the MRA scheme represents the DC component. Finally, the voltage flicker level can be estimated by the wavelet coefficients at different scales, which give the time and frequency information. Numerical examples are also presented in this paper to show the efficiency of the proposed scheme.     

基于3G的智能电表远程监测系统的研究

先进的基于智能电表的实时监测装置除了包括基本的电量误差监测,互感器绝缘监测,时钟超差检测,防窃电外,还实现了反映电能质量的谐波方面的监测功能.考虑到电压波动和闪变也会引起智能电表的计量误差,有必要开发一套能够实现包括电压波动和闪变监测功能在内的综合在线监测系统.本文在介绍了多种监测功能实现原理的基础上,重点分析了电压波...     

Hilbert–Huang Transform Based Approach for Measurement of Voltage Flicker Magnitude and Frequency

Voltage flicker is a non-stationary waveform for which direct spectral analysis is not appropriate. To overcome this difficulty, a Hilbert–Huang transform based technique is proposed here. Hilbert–Huang transform is a new signal processing method that can be used in the analysis of non-linear and non-stationary signals. In the suggested method, the recorded voltage signal is decomposed into Hilbert–Huang transform components, namely the empirical mode decomposition and intrinsic mode function components. These components are used in the calculation of the frequency and amplitude of voltage flicker. The clear success of empirical mode decomposition in depicting envelope variations of a sinusoidal waveform has been the main motivation for the adoption of Hilbert–Huang transform in flicker analysis. Simulations are performed over waveforms, including single- and multiple-flicker frequencies and flicker with harmonic, voltage sag, and voltage swell. The waveforms are selected as pure sinusoids, as well as harmonically rich voltage waveforms. Simulation results show that the proposed methodology constitutes a plausible way to analyze voltage flickers, making it an alternative to the available flicker analysis tools.     

基于FFT的闪变值离散化测量及误差校正

IEC推荐的电压闪变测量方法设计复杂,实现较困难;在IEC闪变测量原理的基础上,基于FFT的离散化算法可以简化闪变值的计算过程.根据国家标准中对电能质量监测设备通用要求,选取合适参数对简化算法进行了仿真;同时,针对离散化算法主要环节的误差分析,对计算结果进行了误差校正.     

考虑风资源影响的风电场电压波动和闪变评估

风电并网后引起的电压波动和闪变水平可能超出国家有关标准,造成严重的电能质量问题,因此,在风电并网之前需对这两者进行评估。采用了一种新的评估方法。区别于国际电工标准(IEC61400-21)中电压波动与闪变的评估,此方法考虑了风电场的风资源情况对这2个指标的影响。对风电场在不同出力下由阵风引起系统的电压波动进行计算,并用IEC闪变仪计算短时间闪变值Pst。用所提方法和IEC标准对我国某一新建的风电场进行评估。结果表明,所提方法不仅能有效地进行电压波动与闪变评估,而且能更好地考虑风速变化对风电场带来的潜在影响。     

Distributed generation as Voltage support for single wire Earth return systems

Key issues for distributed generation (DG) inclusion in a distribution system include operation, control, protection, harmonics, and transients. This paper analyzes two of the main issues: operation and control for DG installation. Inclusion of DG in distribution networks has the potential to adversely affect the control of voltage. Both DG and tap changers aim to improve voltage profile of the network, and hence they can interact causing unstable operation or increased losses. Simulations show that a fast responding DG with appropriate voltage references is capable of reduction of such problems in the network. A DG control model is developed based on voltage sensitivity of lines and evaluated on a single wire earth return (SWER) system. An investigation of voltage interaction between DG controllers is conducted and interaction-index is developed to predict the degree of interaction. From the simulation it is found that the best power factor for DG injection to achieve voltage correction becomes higher for high resistance lines. A drastic reduction in power losses can be achieved in SWER systems if DG is installed. Multiple DG can aid voltage profile of feeder and should provide higher reliability. Setting the voltage references of separate DGs can provide a graduated response to voltage correction.     

A technical evaluation framework for the connection of DG to the distribution network

Technical advances and institutional changes in the electric power industry have resulted in a constantly increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) resources in the grids. For the connection of new DG installations to the network a variety of factors are taken into account, including technical requirements imposed by utilities to ensure that the DG station does not adversely affect the operation and safety of the network. In this paper, fundamental issues related to the interconnection of DG installations to the grid are discussed and evaluation rules are presented, which address power quality considerations and are suitable for application by electric utility and DG engineers. The attention is focused on the steady-state and fast voltage variations, flicker and harmonic emissions. The simplified evaluation procedures of the paper are largely based on the relevant IEC publications and reflect the current practice of several European utilities. A discussion of the interconnection protection requirements is also included in the paper.     

An optimal allocation of distributed generation and voltage control devices for voltage regulation considering renewable energy uncertainty

Distributed generation (DG) may result in voltage fluctuation by changing line flow and reactive power injection, especially DG that generates power from renewable energy resources. To cope with this problem, this paper proposes an optimization process to optimally regulate the system voltage profile to lie close to the desired values by using the adaptive Tabu search (ATS) algorithm. The system voltages will be regulated by using dispatchable DG and voltage control devices, i.e. voltage regulator and capacitor. Moreover, probabilistic load flow calculation by using Monte Carlo simulation is chosen to evaluate the uncertainty of DG powered by renewable energy resources. The number of switching operations of the voltage regulator and capacitor are also accounted for in the optimization constraints, as excessive frequent switching operations can damage these devices. The optimal sizes and locations of dispatchable DGs and capacitors are considered as the optimization variables. The proposed method is demonstrated in an IEEE 34‐bus distribution test system and a modified 21‐bus Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) system (Thailand). © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Calculating flicker propagation in a meshed high voltage network with interharmonics and representative voltage samples

The calculation of flicker propagation is vital in assessing power quality levels throughout the network. As an alternative to the established stationary flicker propagation methods, this paper introduces representative voltage samples that, together with flicker transfer factors, enable the calculation of flicker levels throughout the network at the same voltage level. The shorter 1-s voltage samples are extracted from the instantaneous voltages measured and can represent the longer operating periods of an arc furnace. The calculation of flicker levels with the use of voltage samples is practical and eliminates the need for flicker measurements in an arbitrary network node. Additionally, the flicker levels in nodes under the influence of flicker from multiple arc furnaces can be obtained without the use of superposition factors.     

基于SSI-LS的电压闪变参数提取新方法

为精确检测出电压闪变参数,提出了基于随机子空间辨识（SSI）与最小二乘法（LS）的电压闪变参数提取方法。首先采用稳定图法确定系统的阶次,然后利用随机子空间辨识得到频率,最后利用最小二乘法估计出幅值与相位,从而实现了电压闪变参数的检测。分别针对噪声背景下简单闪变、含高次谐波的电压闪变、含频率相近调幅波的多频闪变和现场实测数据进行分析,仿真结果表明：SSI-LS方法不受谐波和调幅波个数的影响,有效提取了以上信号的参数,且该方法抗噪能力强、计算速度快、检测精度高,特别对频率相近的闪变信号具有较高的分辨率。仿真计算和实例分析均验证了该方法的可行性与有效性。     

电压闪变仪的软件设计及其应用

电压闪变是评定电能质量的重要指标之一,准确检测电压闪变具有重要的意义。根据国际电工委员会(IEC)制定的闪变仪设计规则,将闪变仪的模拟模型转化为数字模型,然后基于COM技术结合VC 编程,完成了数字式闪变仪软件的设计。文中设计的闪变仪软件达到了IEC标准的要求,而且已应用于电气化铁道电压闪变的检测,收到了良好的效果。     

基于虚拟仪器的风电场电压闪变测量研究

风电场并网引起的闪变频率约为1~3Hz,位于闪变测试系统的低频段,而IEC闪变测试系统在低频段存在误差。采用虚拟仪器技术开发电能质量在线监测系统,运用移动窗的数据处理方式,通过对电压采样值进行闪变值离散化计算获得瞬时闪变视感度和其它闪变评价参数。算法在低频段误差小,实现简单。实验结果证明所开发的闪变测量功能模块可用于风电场闪变仪设计。     

荧光灯照明光输出和闪烁的研究

对荧光灯照明光输出特性的研究和评价十分必要。闪烁指数是重要的评价指标。闪烁基频为工频频率的二倍，采用电感镇流时闪烁高达10％以上，降压或调光则急剧增加。采用电子镇流时，特别是输入功率因数有源校正方式，可使荧光灯在宽输入电压变动范围内接近于无闪烁运行。     

分布式电源对配电网电压的影响分析及其优化控制策略

针对配电网中分布式电源(DG)接入渗透率不断提高带来的电压波动、电压越限等电能质量问题,首先从理论上较全面地推导分析分布式电源接入对配电网电压的影响,包括对接入点电压和对电压分布的影响,并通过仿真对比分析了不同DG渗透率和不同DG功率因数下的电压变化情况,指出了全局电压控制的必要性。在此基础上,综合考虑配电网中分布式电源和储能的有功、无功电压调节能力,提出一种基于模型预测控制(MPC)的电压优化控制方案,通过计算各节点电压灵敏度,建立各节点电压预测模型,提前感知各节点电压变化趋势,以各节点预测电压与额定电压之间偏差最小为控制目标,实现了控制成本最低的协调电压控制策略。通过IEEE33节点配电网系统仿真算例分析,结果表明:本文提出的方法能更大限度地消除配电网中分布式可再生能源随机波动带来的影响,具有较好的电压控制灵活性和鲁棒性。     

Assessment of energy distribution losses for increasing penetration of distributed generation

High levels of penetration of distributed generation (DG) are a new challenge for traditional electric power systems. Power injections from DGs change network power flows modifying energy losses. Although it is considered that DG reduce losses, this paper shows that this is not always true. This paper presents an approach to compute annual energy losses variations when different penetration and concentration levels of DG are connected to a distribution network. In addition, the impact on losses of different DG technologies, such as combined heat and power, wind power, photovoltaic, and fuel-cells, is analyzed. Results show that energy losses variation, as a function of the DG penetration level, presents a characteristic U-shape trajectory. Moreover, when DG units are more dispersed along network feeders, higher losses reduction can be expected. Regarding DG technologies, it should be noted that wind power is the one that shows the worst behavior in losses reduction. Finally, DG units with reactive power control provide a better network voltage profile and lower losses.     

Optimum siting and sizing of a large distributed generator in a mesh connected system

This paper proposes a new approach to optimally determine the appropriate size and location of the distributed generator (DG) in a large mesh connected system. This paper presents a visual optimization approach in which the planner plays an important role in determining the optimal siting and sizing of the DG through the choice of the appropriate weight factors of the parameters included in the optimization technique according to the system deficiencies. Losses, voltage profile and short circuit level are used in the algorithm to determine the optimum sizes and locations of the DG. The short circuit level parameter is introduced to represent the protective device requirements in the selection of the size and location of the DG. The proposed technique has been tested on the IEEE 24—bus mesh connected test system. The obtained results showed clearly that the optimal size and location can be simply determined through the proposed approach.     

A Petri net based protection monitoring system for distribution networks with distributed generation

Connection of distributed generation (DG) essentially changes distribution network operation and creates a range of well-documented effects varying voltage levels and short circuit currents. Among others, DG can alter protection system operations in distribution networks, leading to failure of reclosing, disconnection of healthy feeder or prevention of protection operation. This paper proposes a procedure, based on Petri nets and supported by a centralized monitoring architecture for monitoring failures of the protection systems in radial distribution networks. Some case studies applied to a real Italian distribution network proved the effectiveness of the proposed procedure that can therefore represent an effective solution to improve distribution systems reliability in presence of DG.     

Optimal location and sizing of real power DG units to improve the voltage stability in the distribution system using ABC algorithm united with chaos

The introduction of a Distributed Generation (DG) unit in the distribution system improves the voltage profile and reduces the system losses. Optimal placement and sizing of DG units play a major role in reducing system losses and in improving voltage profile and voltage stability. This paper presents in determination of optimal location and sizing of DG units using multi objective performance index (MOPI) for enhancing the voltage stability of the radial distribution system. The different technical issues are combined using weighting coefficients and solved under various operating constraints using a Chaotic Artificial Bee Colony (CABC) algorithm. In this paper, real power DG units and constant power load model and other voltage dependent load models such as industrial, residential, and commercial are considered. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated by testing it on a 38-node and 69-node radial distribution system.     

Short-circuit calculations in networks with distributed generation

Fault level considerations may be an inhibiting factor for the interconnection of distributed generation (DG) to the network, particularly at the medium voltage level. In this paper, the latest edition of the IEC 60909 Standard is applied for the calculation of the resulting fault level in medium and low voltage distribution networks with DG. First, an outline of the IEC calculation methodology is presented, including all relevant equations for DG cases studies. Then the short-circuit contribution of the various DG types is extensively discussed. The application of the methodology is demonstrated on a study case medium voltage distribution network, which includes all representative types of DG sources. Emphasis is placed on the contribution of the upstream system, which is the dominant source of short-circuit current. A discussion is also included on potential measures for fault level reduction.