多种生物质与煤掺混燃烧特性研究

采用热重分析法研究了煤和污泥、秸秆、药渣3种生物质掺烧时的燃烧特性.结果表明:煤在燃烧过程中仅有1个明显的失重峰,为挥发分和焦炭同时燃烧形成;而污泥、秸秆和药渣均有3个明显的失重峰,其中第1个峰是水分析出引起,第2个峰为挥发分的析出与燃烧阶段,第3个峰为固定碳的燃烧阶段;秸秆挥发分和固定碳燃烧对应的失重峰相邻较近,而污...     

准东煤热解、燃烧和气化过程中Na的行为及高岭土的捕获作用

针对准东煤利用过程中颗粒物的生成和Na行为的控制,通过高温沉降炉实验研究准东煤煤粉分别在热解、燃烧和气化时颗粒物的生成特性及Na元素的贡献,并研究3种气氛下添加高岭土对颗粒物生成的影响和Na的捕集特性。结果表明,在煤粉燃烧过程中,热解阶段有一定程度的Na元素挥发;但是焦颗粒燃烧及其后阶段仍然是Na元素挥发的主要阶段。煤粉气化气氛反应有利于Na元素以Na Cl的形式挥发。添加高岭土可有效抑制煤粉热解、燃烧和气化气氛下细颗粒物的生成。高岭土能很好地捕集不同气氛下的反应气相中的Na元素,且气化气氛下高岭土的捕集效果最好。     

氯、氟离子对烟气中汞形态和分布的影响

在100kPa、50~950℃的条件下,采用化学热力平衡分析方法研究了煤燃烧过程中F离子和Cl离子对痕量元素汞的形态及其分布的影响。结果表明:在煤燃烧的较高温度区域,单质汞是汞的主要形式;随着烟气温度的降低,单质汞将发生化学反应生成二价汞的化合物,形式主要为HgCl2(g);氯离子含量的增加可以增强汞的蒸发,有利于排放控制,而氟元素对汞在烟气中的行为特性几乎无影响。     

三种煤的部分气化生成多环芳烃的试验研究

多环芳烃(PAHs)是煤气化过程中产生的一类有害有机物质，具有强烈的致癌性和致突变性，越来越受到人们的关注。文中在一台小型常压流化床气化炉上进行了以空气和水蒸气为气化剂的3种煤部分气化试验，采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对煤气化产物中被美国环保署(USEPA)指定的16种PAHs进行了测定，研究了煤部分气化过程中煤自身性质对多环芳烃生成和赋存规律的影响。试验结果表明：煤部分气化PAHs生成量高于原煤PAHs含量(徐州烟煤除外)；原煤固定碳和硫含量增加，煤部分气化PAHs生成量先增后降，挥发分含量增加，PAHs生成量却呈现出相反的变化规律：提高灰分含量或采用低发热量原煤，可以降低煤部分气化PAHs生成。     

混合工业污泥燃烧及动力学特性实验研究

为了更好地利用工业污泥，有必要对它的燃烧特性进行研究，文中利用热重法研究了3种典型工业污泥的单组分试样以及按不同质量比例混合后多组分试样的着火、燃尽、综合燃烧特性、反应放热性能和动力学特性，并计算出燃烧过程的动力学参数。结果表明：由于工业污泥的高挥发分、低固定碳，其着火和燃尽特性比较好，而综合燃烧特性不是很高；工业污泥着火温度与挥发分含量以及成分有关，而含碳量越高，越不易燃尽，燃尽性能越差，但燃烧越剧烈，其综合燃烧性能越好；燃烧放热主要分为挥发分燃烧和固定碳燃烧两个阶段，前者燃烧剧烈，有明显的放热峰且活化能较低，后者放热峰变小，活化能变高；混合工业污泥中的单一组分在燃烧过程中基本保持各自的着火和燃尽特性，在热重分析中的燃烧特性可以用各个单一组分试样的燃烧特性进行叠加来表示。     

350 MW低热值煤CFB机组掺烧城市污泥的汞排放与迁移特性

以350 MW烟气超低排放低热值煤CFB机组掺烧城市污泥为案例,在稳定运行工况下,采用美国环保署推荐的EPA-Method-29方法对布袋除尘器和湿法脱硫塔后烟气进行现场取样,分析结果表明,掺烧污泥后脱硫塔出口的烟气中汞含量低于1.4μg/m~3,远远小于现行燃煤机组及污泥耦合电厂的国标或地标中30μg/m~3的限制。入炉燃料中汞燃烧后主要富集于飞灰中,随着机组负荷和燃烧效率变化,飞灰中汞含量在415 ng/g～1623 ng/g之间波动,底渣中汞含量在6 ng/g以下,脱硫石膏浆液对汞的富集作用介于底渣和飞灰之间。     

流化床常压空气部分气化和半焦燃烧的试验研究

为进行煤的多联产方案研究,在1 MW循环流化床热电气多联产试验装置上,选取兖州煤、大同煤为试验煤种进行了部分空气气化和半焦燃烧试验。试验结果表明,空气部分气化方案得到的煤气热值较低,为3~5 MJ/m3,在气化炉中的碳转化率为40%~70%,剩余半焦被送入循环流化床反应器中燃烧,该系统的总体转化效率为90%左右。气化炉床层温度对气化炉碳转化率影响较大,随着温度升高其碳转化率明显提高,而燃烧炉燃烧效率呈下降趋势。石灰石的加入除了对焦油的裂解有一定的促进作用外,还具有脱除硫化氢作用,当[Ca]/[S]为3时,脱硫效率为90%。气化炉的给煤量、燃烧炉运行温度随气化炉鼓风温度提高而增加。     

富氧燃烧气氛中H_2O和HCl对Hg~0氧化的影响

充分了解富氧燃烧气氛下汞析出形态规律,特别是明确富氧煤燃烧气氛下高H_2O和HCl含量对烟气中主要的氧化性组分Cl/Cl_2的作用,以及反应产物和组分与元素汞(Hg~0)间的相互影响规律,是富氧燃烧等新型燃烧技术背景下汞控制问题的关键。通过模拟富氧燃烧气氛实验装置,研究了燃烧温度、燃烧气氛中HCl和H_2O(g)含量对烟气中Hg~0氧化的影响。结果表明:运行温度、HCl含量与氧化性Cl/Cl_2的生成与Hg~0的氧化有较强的正相关性;模拟烟气温度越高,HCl含量越多,烟气中氧化性Cl/Cl_2生成越多,Hg~0就越容易被氧化;烟气中H_2O对Hg~0的氧化有抑制作用;HCl可改善H_2O的抑制作用,但是温度越高,H_2O的抑制作用越明显。     

污泥和煤混烧过程中含氧官能团的变化规律

采用X射线光电子能谱研究一种干燥后的市政污泥和一种烟煤在不同质量分数下组成混合物燃烧过程中含氧官能团的演化规律。分别取污泥质量分数为0、10%、20%、30%和100%配制成5组样品,在管式炉反应器中分别得到各样品在0、30%、50%、70%和100%燃尽率下的焦样。运用X射线光电子能谱对焦样中含氧官能团的分析发现：随着燃烧的进行,烟煤中无机氧的含量上升,羟基的含量减少,羰基含量呈波动状,羧基的含量先增加后减少。市政污泥中的含氧官能团形态与煤相同,其演化规律与煤相近。煤和污泥中的含氧官能团在混烧过程中均保持了各自的独立性,未发生明显的相互作用。     

煤粉燃烧过程中矿物质气化影响因素的模拟研究

鉴于目前国内的实验设备和测量手段，精确测量煤燃烧过程中各种矿物质的气化率还存在很大困难。该文通过建立煤中矿物质气化的数学模型，针对煤中SiO2和FeO两种成分，来探讨相关因素对它们气化率的影响，最后应用CFD软件来研究它们在600MW锅炉内的气化行为。计算结果表明：温度是煤中SiO2和FeO气化的主要影响因素，煤粒粒径和CO2浓度也会对它们有一定影响。通过与实验结果的比较，表明计算结果比较合理。     

污泥–秸秆衍生固体燃料燃烧特性

污泥秸秆衍生燃料技术是一种有效的污泥无害化、资源化处理技术。研究了通过化学调质法制备的污泥秸秆衍生固体燃料的燃烧特性,为污泥衍生燃料的应用提供理论依据。在升温速率为20 K/min、流量为70 mL/min的空气介质中,实验研究了4种污泥秸秆衍生固体燃料的着火特性、燃尽特性及综合燃烧性能,并求出了相关动力学参数。结果表明:燃料的燃烧过程分为干燥脱水、第一类有机物分解挥发及燃烧、第二类有机物的分解挥发及燃烧和固定碳的燃烧4个阶段,其温度范围大致为295~475 K、475~650 K、660~840 K和900~1000K,前3个阶段有相互交叉和重叠的现象;4种燃料燃烧的着火点均在490~515 K内,燃尽指数Cb最小为5.10×10 3min-1,综合燃烧特性指数S最小为10.80×10 10mg2 min 2 K 3,1000K内可完全燃烧;第一类挥发份的燃烧是二级反应,而第二类挥发份及固定碳的燃烧为一级反应,反应的活化能最大为64.80kJ/mol,与污泥单烧及煤混烧相比,污泥固体燃料燃烧性能更好,可作替代燃料使用。     

Air-based coal gasification in a two-chamber gas reactor with circulating fluidized bed

During the bed gasification of solid fuels, the process temperature in the reaction zone is not high enough for reaching the maximum rate of the chemical efficiency factor of the gasification process. In order to increase the chemical efficiency factor, it is necessary to supply extra heat to the reaction zone to increase the reaction temperature. In this article, coal gasification in a chamber with forced fluidized bed is considered and it is proposed to supply extra heat with a circulating flow of an inert particulate heat transfer agent. Circulating inert particulate material is successively heated by coal combustion in a cone chamber with bubbling fluidized bed and in a combustion chamber with a spherical nozzle that inhibits the forced fluidized bed. After that, the heat transfer agent heated to 930–950°C enters first in a gasification chamber with bubbling bed and then in a chamber with forced fluidized bed, where it transfers the physical heat to the air fuel mixture. The experiments conducted with crushed Borodinsky coal and inert particulate heat transfer agent (electrocorundum) showed the temperature rise in a gasification chamber with from 760 to 870°C and the increase in the combustible component (CO) concentration in the gasification products by 5.5%. Based on the kinetic equations of the fuel combustion reactions and the CO₂ reduction to CO and on the thermal balance equations of combustion and gasification chambers, the simulation model for the gas composition and the temperature rate calculated by the height of reaction chambers was developed. The experimental temperature rates and product gas compositions are in good agreement with the simulation results based on the proposed kinetic gasification model.     

循环流化床富氧气化运行特性研究

在江西某循环流化床富氧气化装置上,考察了不同煤种、原煤粒径分布、料层差压、反应温度、氧气流量对气化装置运行特性的影响,研究了各工况对煤气热值、炉渣含碳量和碳转化率的影响并进行了综合优化调整。结果表明:在相同气化条件下,陕北神木原煤运行的各项参数指标均高于内蒙东胜原煤。原煤粒径分布、料层差压、反应温度和氧气流量对降低炉渣含碳量,提高碳转化率、煤气有效组分和热值有一定作用,为大型循环流化床富氧气化装置运行和优化提供了方法。     

Organic coal-water fuel: Problems and advances (Review)

The study results of ignition of organic coal-water fuel (OCWF) compositions were considered. The main problems associated with investigation of these processes were identified. Historical perspectives of the development of coal-water composite fuel technologies in Russia and worldwide are presented. The advantages of the OCWF use as a power-plant fuel in comparison with the common coal-water fuels (CWF) were emphasized. The factors (component ratio, grinding degree of solid (coal) component, limiting temperature of oxidizer, properties of liquid and solid components, procedure and time of suspension preparation, etc.) affecting inertia and stability of the ignition processes of suspensions based on the products of coaland oil processing (coals of various types and metamorphism degree, filter cakes, waste motor, transformer, and turbine oils, water-oil emulsions, fuel-oil, etc.) were analyzed. The promising directions for the development of modern notions on the OCWF ignition processes were determined. The main reasons limiting active application of the OCWF in power generation were identified. Characteristics of ignition and combustion of coal-water and organic coal-water slurry fuels were compared. The effect of water in the composite coal fuels on the energy characteristics of their ignition and combustion, as well as ecological features of these processes, were elucidated. The current problems associated with pulverization of composite coal fuels in power plants, as well as the effect of characteristics of the pulverization process on the combustion parameters of fuel, were considered. The problems hindering the development of models of ignition and combustion of OCWF were analyzed. It was established that the main one was the lack of reliable experimental data on the processes of heating, evaporation, ignition, and combustion of OCWF droplets. It was concluded that the use of high-speed video recording systems and low-inertia sensors of temperature and gas concentration could help in providing the lacking experimental information.     

基于CaSO4载氧体的煤化学链燃烧还原反应实验研究

基于CaSO4载氧体的煤化学链燃烧技术,采用小型流化床模拟燃料反应器,对煤气化–CaSO4还原反应展开实验研究。水蒸气作为气化及流化介质,煤气化气体产物(CO、CH4、H2)与CaSO4发生还原反应。结果表明,煤气化是煤气化–CaSO4还原反应过程的控制步骤;CH4、H2累积量随温度升高呈减少趋势,高于950 ℃时反应产物中无CH4、H2,温度低于950 ℃时CO累积量随温度增高亦呈减少趋势, 但高于950 ℃时CO累积量随温度升高反而略有增加;煤气化反应的碳气化效率以及煤气化–CaSO4还原反应的C–CO2转化率均随温度而增大,最大值分别达95.9%、91.5%。CaSO4在CH4、H2气氛的反应活性随温度升高而显著提高,而在CO气氛下其反应活性较弱;煤气化–CaSO4还原反应后的载氧体颗粒出现轻微磨损,扫描电镜分析表明反应后载氧体颗粒的比表面积增大,950 ℃时存在轻微烧结现象,但对载氧体反应活性影响不大。     

某600MW机组配煤掺烧试验与分析

为研究掺烧对机组NOx排放和锅炉效率的影响,对某电厂600 MW超临界机组进行热态试验。分析了煤质特性、煤的组合方式、配风控制对机组NOx排放和锅炉效率的影响,阐述了不同工况NOx的排放规律,为电力生产企业优化燃烧过程,降低燃料成本和污染物排放提供依据。     

烟气脱汞技术研究进展

对近几年的汞污染控制技术进行了研究,综述了国内外汞控制技术的最新进展。汞控制技术一般分为燃烧前脱汞、燃烧中脱汞及燃烧后脱汞。燃烧前脱汞主要是指利用洗煤技术及热处理技术去除煤中的一部分汞,虽然去除的量不大,但由于其工艺简单,应用前景较为广泛;燃烧中控制技术主要是通过改进燃烧方式,在降低NOx的同时,可以抑制一部分汞的排放,其中流化床燃烧器对控制汞的排放有一定的作用;燃烧后脱汞是汞控制技术的主要方式,现在主要进行用于汞脱除的各种吸收剂的研究和如何利用现有的脱硫装置脱汞的研究。     

Modern State and Topical Issues of Studying Solid Fuel Particle Primary Fragmentation Processes as Applied to Biomass Combustion and Gasification in Fluidized and Dense Bed (Review)

It is shown that it is important to take into account the variation of particle sizes due to their fragmentation in fluidized bed biomass combustion. The present state of investigations into the fragmentation process is analyzed. It is shown that primary fragmentation, a process involving cracking and disintegration of initial fuel particles into two or more parts due to thermal stresses and growth of pressure in the particles during their rapid heating at the drying and devolatization stages is the most essential issue. Factors causing the cracking of fuel particles and the nature of this process are considered. The particle fragmentation quantitative characteristics and criteria are analyzed. It is shown that the particle critical diameter is the simplest criterion for estimating the susceptibility of different fuels to fragmentation. The main factors influencing the occurrence of primary fragmentation, namely, particle size, heating rate, bed temperature, and fuel characteristics, are considered. The list of fuel’s main characteristics affecting its primary fragmentation includes the volatiles content, porosity, moisture and ash content, susceptibility of particles to swelling or shrinking, and the organic part composition. Matters concerned with predicting primary fragmentation of fuels are considered. Information about the interrelation between the main characteristics of fuels, their susceptibility to primary fragmentation, and its nature is presented. In view of biomass properties and its combustion conditions, both of the primary fragmentation mechanisms, namely due to devolatization induced stresses and thermal stresses, are supposed to take place. It can be expected that the domination of one or another mechanism will depend on the combination of particle size and heating temperature. The lines of and methods for studying the nature of biomass particles primary fragmentation and its quantitative characteristics under different conditions are outlined. The data obtained as a result of such fundamental investigations will form the basis for elaborating methods for designing furnace devices and gasifiers operating on biomass taking into account the effect of particle fragmentation on the combustion, gasification, carryover, and heating surface contamination processes.     

Influence of high-energy impact on the physical and technical characteristics of coal fuels

Currently, in the world’s large-scale coal-fired power industry, the combustion of pulverized coal is the most widely spread technology of combusting the coals. In recent years, the micropulverization technology for preparation and combustion of the coal has been developed in this field. As applied to the small-scale power industry, the method of combusting the coal in the form of a coal–water slurry has been explored for years. Fine coal powders are produced and used in the pulverized-coal gasification. Therefore, the coal preparation methods that involve high-dispersion disintegration of coals attract the greatest interest. The article deals with the problems of high-energy impact on the coal during the preparation of pulverized-coal fuels and coal–water slurries, in particular, during the milling of the coal in ball drum mills and the subsequent regrinding in disintegrators or the cavitation treatment of the coal–water slurries. The investigations were conducted using samples of anthracite and lignite from Belovskii open-pit mine (Kuznetsk Basin). It is shown that both the disintegration and the cavitation treatment are efficient methods for controlling the fuel characteristics. Both methods allow increasing the degree of dispersion of the coal. The content of the small-sized particles reground by cavitation considerably exceeds the similar figure obtained using the disintegrator. The specific surface area of the coal is increased by both cavitation and disintegration with the cavitation treatment producing a considerably greater effect. Being subjected to the cavitation treatment, most coal particles assume the form of a split characterized by the thermodynamically nonequilibrium state. Under external action, in particular, of temperature, the morphological structure of such pulverized materials changes faster and, consequently, the combustion of the treated coal should occur more efficiently. The obtained results are explained from the physical point of view.