高密度电子封装器件的温度分布研究

系统封装(System In Packaging)是电子封装工艺的前沿技术。为了研究这种高密度电子封装器件的热特性,寻求提高散热速率的途径,开发了一个SIP典型器件的传热模型,模拟了器件的热传递过程和温度分布状况,探讨了各种设计参数和物性参数对温度场的影响,为进一步改善器件的热性能提供了理论依据。     

基于火积耗散原理的热网加热器优化设计与分析

为使热网加热器具有最优的换热性能,基于粒子群优化算法,以火积耗散数为目标函数,提出热网加热器优化设计的最小火积耗散优化方法.与传统的热网加热器设计计算不同,本文的优化设计不预先设定热网加热器的结构,通过优化确定热网加热器的最佳尺寸,同时,热网加热器优化设计考虑了工质的相变,以潜热修正值对壳侧蒸汽凝结的对流换热系数进行修正.对一热网加热器优化设计结果表明,通过优化设计,热网加热器的效能增加7.8%,同时热网加热器功率消耗下降19.6%,表明当热网加热器的热力性能最优时,其功耗达最小值.     

Theoretical investigations on heat transfer to H_2O/CO_2 mixtures in supercritical region

The supercritical H_2O/CO_2 mixture is the working fluid to drive a turbine in a novel power generation system with coal gasified in supercritical water. This system is promising because of zero pollution emission in contrast to the conventional coal-fired power plant. Heat transfer coefficients of the supercritical H_2O/CO_2 mixtures are important to design heat transfer devices in this system, which is similar to the role of heat transfer to supercritical water in conventional systems. However, heat transfer to supercritical mixtures has received less attention. Here, we show that the supercritical mixtures with H_2O being one of the components, have similar convection heat transfer behavior to supercritical pure fluids for temperatures and pressures above the critical point of H_2O. This phenomenon was demonstrated from two aspects. Firstly, the forced convection heat transfer coefficients of supercritical mixtures were numerically calculated using the simulation model for supercritical pure fluids and using the thermophysical properties(density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and viscosity) of supercritical mixtures as input.The calculated results agree well with experimental data in the supercritical region. Secondly, the calculated results also agree well with the correlations for supercritical pure fluids. The mechanisms were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations on the diffusion of supercritical mixtures. These results lay the foundation for predicting convection heat transfer coefficients of supercritical mixtures and for designing heat transfer devices with supercritical mixtures as heat transfer fluids.     

新型管状相变材料热管理系统的数值仿真与实验研究

设计了一种新型的管状复合相变材料(tubular Composite PCM,t-CPCM)结构,用以替代传统的块状复合相变材料(block-shaped Composite PCM,b-CPCM)结构,将其耦合强制对流换热后应用于电池热管理。仿真结果表明,相比于b-CPCM电池仿真模型,t-CPCM电池仿真模型不仅流道分布更加均匀,而且对流换热面积更大,理论计算得出的对流换热热阻仅为0.8 K·W⁻¹,是b-CPCM电池仿真模型的1/20。实验结果表明,t-CPCM电池模组优异的散热性能可以有效地控制电池温度,t-CPCM电池模组的最高温度仅为46.9 ℃,温差为0.8 ℃;而b-CPCM电池模组的最高温度高达51 ℃,温差均为5 ℃。所设计的管状复合相变材料在电池热管理方面具有良好的应用价值。     

Analysis Method of Transient Temperature Field for Fuel Tank of High-Altitude Large UAV

In this paper the design and implementation of sixth-order lowpass elliptic switched-capacitor filter (SCF) for interface circuit of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) sensor are presented. This work aims to lower total harmonic distortion (THD) without deteriorating other performances. After system design in Simulink, the filter is realized in transistor level and finally fabricated in Central Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (CSMC) 0.5 μm metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Typical measured results are: it operates with 25:1 clock-to-corner frequency ratio and a 10 kHz maximum corner frequency. The maximum passband ripple is about 0.49 dB and the minimum stopband rejection is 40 dB for the temperature from -20 ℃ to 80 ℃. For the 250 kHz clock frequency setting, given the 1 kHz, -8 dBVrms input signal, the measured worst case THD is -64 dB. The active area of the chip is 2.8 mm² with 8 pads. The analog power dissipation is 10 mW from a 5 V power supply.     

Ka频段6 W固态集成功放的热分析与设计

热模拟是毫米波中高功率放大器设计中的关键环节之一,可靠的散热结构可确保系统中有源器件工作在额定温度下,而基于有限元方法的数值模拟技术是毫米波功率放大器热分析的重要工具。针对由四块毫米波功率单片合成的Ka频段6 W固态集成功放,采用有限元软件ANSYS建立了其三维热模型,对模型在空气自然对流情况下的温度分布状况进行了模拟和分析,模拟结果与实测值基本吻合,验证了模型的有效性。研究结果对毫米波功率放大器的热设计提供了重要的理论依据。     

Constructal optimization for geometry of cavity by taking entransy dissipation minimization as objective

The entransy dissipation extremum principle provides new warranty and criterion for optimization of heat transfer. For two cases (body with heat generation and body heated externally) of a solid conducting wall with an open cavity, a dimensionless equivalent thermal resistance based on entransy dissipation definition was taken as the optimization objective to optimize the model constructal geometry. Numerical results validated the necessity and feasibility of the presented method. Comparisons of the numerical results based on minimization of dimensionless maximum thermal resistance and minimization of dimensionless equivalent thermal resistance, respectively, showed that there was no obvious difference between the two results when the volume fraction Φ occupied by cavity was small, but the difference between the two results increased with the increases of Φ and the body aspect ratio H/L for any model. The optimal cavities for bodies heated externally were more slender than those for bodies with heat generation. Heat origin had obvious effect on the global performance of heat transfer. The entransy dissipation of body heated externally increased 2–3 times than that of body with heat generation, indicating that the global performance of heat transfer weakened. The method presented herein provides some guidelines for some relevant thermal design problems.     

水下控制腔内部自然对流换热特性及其影响因素研究

海洋装备电子控制腔有效散热能力是其持续工作的重要保证。以含内热源的封闭腔体为研究对象,采用基于Boussinesq近似的零方程模型对腔内空气的湍流自然对流进行建模,并使用有限体积法完成数值计算,分析了腔体内部温度分布和空气流动规律。结合控制腔功能设计要求,着重讨论了热源不同位置,铝合金隔板厚度和间距等因素对气密腔体内自然对流散热效果的影响规律。研究的结果为海底长周期运行装备控制腔热设计提供了参考依据。     

Characteristics of Convection Heat Transfer in Power-Law Fluid Saturated Porous Media Channel

幂律流体饱和多孔介质通道内对流换热特性

田兴旺¹,张琨¹,刘峰¹,王平²,徐士鸣²

（1.大连海洋大学 海洋与土木工程学院,辽宁 大连 116023;2.大连理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024）

摘 要：

基于Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer流动模型和局部非热平衡模型,考虑黏性耗散效应的影响,建立了幂律流体在多孔介质通道内流动传热的一般模型。推导出无量纲速度分布和流、固温度分布的计算表达式,并在恒热流边界条件下,利用经典的四阶Runge-Kutta法进行了自编程序的数值求解。模拟结果表明,无量纲的相间传热系数Bi、有效导热系数比k、达西数Da,布林克曼数Br、综合惯性参数F等表征参数对无量纲流、固温度分布有着较大的影响,同时发现不同幂律指数的流体对流动传热特性也有着重要的影响。

关键词：粘性耗散;幂律流体;多孔介质;局部非热平衡;数值模拟

     

架空原油管道停输期间温降及原油凝固界面推进

由于架空原油管道没有土壤的蓄热来减缓管内原油的热散失,架空原油管道的温降过程往往成为决定整条管道允许停输时间的关键。根据原油温度划分管内原油为纯液油区、凝油区和纯固油区,并假设凝油区以已凝固原油、固体骨架和液态原油为填充相的多孔介质区域,该区域随着温降过程向管心推移。考虑了凝固潜热和空气横掠管道对流换热对原油温降过程的影响,建立了空气、管道与原油相互耦合的传热模型,并进行了数值模拟,数值结果表明停输前期管内原油的温度整体下降较快;在停输中后期,由于凝固潜热的释放,凝油厚度增加使得热阻增大,大大减缓了原油温度的降低;对流换热系数沿管道周向分布不均,导致管内原油温度周向分布不均和凝固界面中心偏离管道中心。     

Effects of the thermal environment on the thermal control system of AMS

This paper presents an overview of the AMS thermal control system and its thermal environment on the ISS.We give examples of analysis and correlation of space environmental impacting on the thermal control system of AMS.The most critical factors that affect the thermal environment to AMS are beta angle,attitude of ISS,ISS solar array and ISS radiator positions.The design of a special sandwich structure with embedded heat pipes provides the radiator with higher heat transfer ability for electronics and power crates,and it provides a large heat retaining capacity to balance the frequent changes of the space environment temperatures as well.In cold cases,the thermostatically controlled heaters are working actively to protect AMS.However,sometimes,because of ISS special operations plus extreme beta angle condition,AMS needs to request NASA to adjust the ISS configuration for thermal control.The AMS thermal control system is reliable and stable,which has been verified by its operation on the ISS for more than three years.All the detectors operate normally,the electronics and crates work within their specific temperature limits.     

机载雷达舱瞬态温度场的数值模拟

针对机载雷达舱瞬态温度场的分析与计算问题,引入壁面热流函数,简化了雷达舱外复杂的热边界条件,针对雷达舱内电子设备热物性参数的不确定性,提出了一种简化的工程计算方法.分析了雷达舱内辐射-导热-对流耦合换热作用,建立了雷达舱动态热平衡方程,在结合雷达舱环控系统的基础上,采用蒙特卡罗法求解舱内设备之间的辐射换热,采用热网络法求解雷达舱内的耦合换热,获得了雷达舱内的瞬态温度场,分析了不同初始状态及飞行工况对雷达舱瞬态温度场的影响,为机载雷达舱设计及相关研究提供了重要依据.     

基于微小通道波形扁管的圆柱电池液冷模组散热特性

针对圆柱动力电池的散热特点,建立一种基于微小通道波形扁管的液冷电池模组. 采用电化学热模型对该模组的散热特性进行三维瞬态分析,通过改变波形扁管的通道数和接触角对液冷结构进行优化. 10通道的波形扁管散热优势明显,增大波形扁管的接触角可以提升液冷结构的散热效率并改善电池组温度分布均匀性. 当电池模组在35 °C环境下以1 C倍率放电时,即使质量流量低至4×10^?3 kg/s,使用接触角大于40°的10通道波形扁管可将电池组表面最高温度控制在40 °C以下,同时将温差控制在5 °C以内. 在优化工况下进行实验以验证该电池模组的换热性能. 仿真结果与实验值基本一致,这验证了微小通道波形扁管的散热有效性;仿真结果可为圆柱动力电池的热管理提供参考.     

Natural convection heat transfer of molten salt in a single energy storage tank

Heat transfer in molten salt in a cylinder tank is studied via simulation and experiment to obtain its natural convection heat transfer in a single energy storage tank. Simulation and experimental results show that the natural convection heat transfer of water in a cylinder tank fits well with Garon's correlation. However, significant deviations occur when Garon's correlation is used to predict the natural convection heat transfer of molten salt because of its high viscosity and low thermal conductivity. However, the simulated data of the natural convection heat transfer of molten salt fit well with those of the experimental results. Thus, a correlation that considers the effect of variable physical properties is proposed in this study to predict the natural convection heat transfer of molten salt. The deviation of the present data from the proposed correlation is less than ±20%. The results of this study can serve as a basis for the design of single energy storage tanks.     

Thermal design of a novel heat sink cooled by natural convection with phase transition in the series loop

In this paper, a novel heat sink, cooled by natural convection, with phase transition in the circulation loop was designed, and the heat sink was applied on averaging temperature and cooling the electronic equipment. The working fluid in the heat sink was driven by the capillary pump. Numerical simulations were performed, to study the heat transfer performance of two systems with various heating power, filling ratios and refrigerants. The influences of above elements on temperature uniformity of two systems were also studied and the thermal performances of two systems were compared. The volume of fluid (VOF) model was utilized to simulate fluid motion in ANSYS FLUENT. The simulation results indicate that the temperature differences of the system comprising two substrates (system 1) are very small under suitable filling ratio conditions, and the thermal performance of system 1 is preferable to the system comprising one substrate (system 2) at the same volume. Besides, the simulation results also show that the system using R245fa possesses excellent temperature uniformity for the same filling ratio and heating power. Finally, the experiments were investigated and the experimental results proved the correctness of the theoretical model.     

基于BOBYQA算法的微小通道热沉优化设计

为了解决高热流密度电子器件散热问题,基于BOBYQA(bound optimization by quadratic approximation)梯度自由优化算法,并调用CFD软件的数值模拟结果,对微小通道热沉进行了优化设计.目标函数为热沉的总体热阻,约束了泵功消耗.分别讨论了不限制热沉总体高度以及约束高度2种条件下的最优解,详细计算了各个几何设计参数的优化路径.结果表明,窄深的通道更加有利于换热.与此同时,还计算了不同泵功消耗下的最优解,结果表明,随着泵功的增加,最优的热阻减小,但减小幅度随着泵功的增加而减小.     

有机朗肯循环系统换热设备仿真研究

有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle,ORC)在中低温热能发电方向具有广阔的应用前景。换热器是ORC的重要部件,然而当前对于换热器偏离设计工况运行性能的研究尚不够深入。本文提出了偏离设计工况运行条件下换热器分区仿真建模方法,建立了换热器仿真模型并通过实验验证。经验证,蒸发器和冷凝器仿真与实验的换热量最大误差分别为3.74%和3.20%。在模型验证基础上,对ORC中换热器偏离设计工况运行特性进行了分析,获得了换热器偏离设计工况运行特性和换热面积迁移规律,定义并获得了换热器当量换热系数,为ORC中换热器设计及系统运行提供了指导。     

螺旋盘管相变蓄热换热器蓄放热过程数值模拟

对螺旋盘管相变蓄热换热器的结构和PCM(相变材料)的传热理论进行介绍,并利用FLUENT软件对在自然对流条件下的PCM熔化过程与凝固过程进行数值模拟,获得如下结论:蓄热体体积相同时,盘管匝数越多,蓄热体熔化所需的时间越少;盘管匝数相同时,蓄热体体积越大,蓄热体熔化所需的时间越多;对于结构参数相同的螺旋盘管相变蓄热换热器,盘管匝数越多的蓄热体,其熔化时的Fo数越大;而对于结构参数不相同的螺旋盘管相变蓄热换热器,盘管匝数相同的蓄热体,即使蓄热体体积不同,但其Fo却基本相同;自然对流换热对PCM的熔化过程影响很大,对PCM的凝固过程影响很小。     

蒸汽-有机工质联合循环发电热经济性分析

为了减少火电厂中汽轮机乏汽热量的排放,降低余热热污染,应对余热回收并加以利用.以NZK660- 24.2/566/566机组为例,通过利用水蒸汽和有机工质联合循环,以达到减少机组乏热排放的目的;新循环分为两个单元:水蒸汽循环单元和有机工质循环单元.该模型通过余热换热器将两个循环相结合,将具有一定热力参数的水蒸汽的热量传...     

相变木塑围护结构热工性能实验与数值模拟

为对相变木塑围护结构的热工性能进行研究,以相变木塑复合构件为基础制成缩尺实验箱,对箱内温度实时监测,采用辐射蓄热、对流放热的方式对相变木塑复合构件的热工性能进行了测试,得出:相变木塑墙体比普通木塑墙体有更理想的室温调节能力,光照的不足对墙体蓄、放热能力影响很大,相变木塑墙体在阴天光照条件下相比于晴天温控能力大大降低.为对相变木塑围护结构的热工性能进行改善,建立相变传热物理模型及数学模型,利用MATLAB软件进行室内温度、相变内墙与室内空气对流换热量、相变内墙表面温度的数值模拟,得出:提高材料导热系数及增大墙体对流换热强度均能改善相变木塑墙体的热工特性,随着导热系数的增加,夜间室内平均温度由15.2℃升至15.7℃,同时对流换热量和内墙温度增加,但增加幅度十分有限,随着对流换热强度的增加,夜间室内平均温度由15.2℃升至16.3℃,同时夜间相变墙体表面对流换热量显著增加,增加幅度明显,所以提高对流换热强度更具热工性能的改善潜力.