氧体积分数对乙烯扩散火焰中烟黑生成影响的实验

为了研究氧体积分数对扩散火焰中烟黑颗粒生长和聚合特性的影响,采用热泳沉积取样结合透射电子显微镜(TEM)图像,分析富氧和贫氧环境下乙烯/O2/N2扩散火焰中烟黑颗粒的粒径和颗粒凝聚体平均颗粒数,并采用激光消光法同步测量烟黑颗粒在火焰轴向和径向的体积分数分布.实验结果表明：对于乙烯扩散火焰,氧体积分数的增加,使火焰中心同一高度上的烟黑粒径和凝聚体平均颗粒数增大,进而引起烟黑体积分数增大,峰值位置前移;在火焰径向方向烟黑颗粒分布向中心收缩,边缘位置烟黑体积分数增大.对于本文讨论的扩散火焰,氧体积分数的增加对烟黑的生成具有促进作用,这对于火焰颗粒污染物的控制研究具有参考意义.     

火焰CVD法制备纳米TiO2颗粒尺寸分布模拟计算

用计算流体力学和颗粒动力学的积分碰撞频率系数、CFD商业软件Fluent对工业丙烷/空气火焰CYO法制备纳米TiO2颗粒材料的颗粒长大与合并过程、及颗粒的尺寸分布进行了模拟计算.用整体反应模型及涡团耗散模型计算化学反应速率、标准k-ε模型模拟湍流流动、非平衡避面函数法处理近壁面流场、离散方程中的对流项采用一阶上风差分、压力和速度的耦合方式为SIMPLE算法、辐射换热的P1辐射模型,对工业丙烷/空气火焰的形状、火焰长度、及火焰温度的模拟计算结果与实验结果一致;用流体力学方程、nv守恒条件及颗粒动力学的积分碰撞频率系数,对工业丙烷,空气火焰CVD法制备纳米TiO2颗粒尺寸分布的模拟结果表明计算流体力学和积分碰撞频率系数能够给出合理的颗粒尺寸分布及尺寸的大小.     

基于轨迹图像的煤粉颗粒速度和粒径测量

为了开发管道煤粉参数的实时在线测量技术,研究基于粒子轨迹图像的煤粉速度和粒径的测量方法.实验研究煤粉颗粒的光散射特性,获得煤粉颗粒在激光照射下不同方向和不同曝光时间下的成像特点,表明在较长曝光时间下的煤粉轨迹图像清晰可辨,弥补由于煤粉强吸收特性引起的瞬态图像偏暗和模糊的不足,并提出利用煤粉颗粒轨迹图像同时测量煤粉颗粒速度和粒径的方法.利用计算机图像处理方法对实验拍摄的大量煤粉轨迹图像进行识别和计算,获得煤粉颗粒的速度和粒径分布,并与商用PIV系统和Malvern粒度仪所得结果基本吻合.结果表明,所提出的基于粒子轨迹图像的煤粉颗粒测量方法切实可行,为开发廉价实用的煤粉颗粒在线测量系统打下基础.     

脉冲激光照相法测量液体中动态液体颗粒场的实验研究

本文设计出适用于动态颗粒场测量的高分辨率脉冲激光同轴全息照相系统和脉冲激光片光源照相系统。获得了油水两相流中油珠粒径为１～２μｍ的动态液体颗粒场的清晰图象，以及另一种油水两相流中水珠粒径为十几μｍ的动态液体颗粒场的清晰图象。     

短脉冲激光在散射性介质中传输的时域有限元分析

从瞬态辐射传输方程出发,利用最小二乘变分原理,发展了基于离散坐标形式辐射传输方程的最小二乘有限元方法,并将其用于模拟短脉冲激光在二维散射性介质中的瞬态传输现象。首先简要介绍了求解瞬态辐射传输方程的最小二乘有限元公式,然后以脉冲激光在生物介质中的应用为背景,考察了脉冲激光入射二维非均匀散射性介质的情况,调查了不同位置处时域信号的演化规律,为短脉冲激光在生物医学领域中的应用研究提供了有价值的参考数据。结果表明：对于局部短脉冲入射条件下的非均匀散射性介质,早期的时域反射信号能够较多地反映出介质光学属性分布信息,而距离入射光源较远的测量位置,由于辐射信号经过了较长时间的衰减,所包含的介质光学属性分布信息较少。     

激光散射法悬浮颗粒浓度检测的理论研究

悬浮颗粒浓度是环境污染物浓度检测中一项重要指标。针对空气中悬浮颗粒浓度自动测量的实现方法问题,研究了一种基于激光散射法测量悬浮颗粒浓度的理论方法。确定了以Mie散射原理作为激光散射法测量颗粒浓度的理论依据。在Mie散射的基础上,对悬浮颗粒物的光散射特性进行了理论分析,通过MATLAB软件仿真分析了不同特征参数下的单个悬浮颗粒的散射光强度分布曲线和消光系数曲线,分别得到了散射光强分布与入射光波长λ、折射率m(实部和虚部)、颗粒粒径α之间的关系。结合仿真分析的结果,应用遗传寻优算法对粒径分布进行反演,通过反演结果证明了本方案在理论上的可靠性。验证表明,该研究所设计方法能精确地实现悬浮颗粒物质量浓度的测量,为相关检测仪器的设计提供理论基础。     

激光干涉成像两相流粒径空间分布测量

为了实现两相流粒径空间分布的测量，研究了激光干涉成像测量技术．激光干涉成像测量技术利用片状脉冲激光束照射粒子场，用数码相机拍摄粒子的散射光干涉图像，并从粒子干涉图像中获取粒子空间位置和粒径分布信息．利用激光粒度仪验证激光干涉成像测量技术的粒径测量精度．实验证明，该技术有较高的测量精度．对水喷雾场的不同片状区域进行测量，从而获得两相流的空间粒径分布．结果显示，所测喷雾场平均粒径由中心区域向边缘区域逐渐变小，大粒子基本集中在中心区域，小粒子基本集中在边缘区域．该方法为研究两相流流场特性提供了一种有效的测量手段．     

考虑复散射的颗粒群光散射蒙特卡罗算法研究

在Ｍｉｅ光散射理论对单个颗粒光散射计算的基础上，应用蒙特卡罗直接模拟方法实现对颗粒群的复散射计算，得出了不同粒径及分布、不同颗粒浓度条件下，颗粒群的复散射光强分布，该方法可用于在线颗粒测量中的复散计算。     

用激光粒度仪进行粘土的颗粒分析

为获得细粒土的粒度分布,分别采用Mastersizer 2000激光衍射粒度仪和传统的密度计法测量合肥地区的粘土。根据激光法的测量原理和影响因素,用单因素试验法依次改变仪器的折射率、质量浓度、超声波端位移和时间、泵速,研究这些控制参数对颗粒粒径的影响,并确定了该仪器测量合肥地区粘土的最佳参数。通过比较最佳参数条件下的激光法和传统密度计法的测量结果,发现激光法在粘土颗粒分析中具有测量范围更广、准确度更高、重复性更好等特点。     

脉冲爆震发动机头部雾化、掺混实验研究

脉冲爆震发动机（PDE）内燃烧时间不足0．001s，对燃油和空气的混合提出了很高的要求。本实验采用基于激光散射理论的激光喷雾粒度分析仪，对不同工作条件下脉冲爆震发动机头部雾化、掺混进行了测量、研究，得到了不同状态下粒径大小和颗粒尺寸分布特性。证实了现有喷雾装置的优越性，并且为进一步雾化优化提供了方向。     

基于椭偏法的烟尘粒子复折射率测量

粒子复折射率是计算粒子光散射特性的重要参数.传统的KBr样片透射测量粒子复折射率的方法过程复杂,对颗粒物粒径要求满足Mie散射条件.提出了基于椭偏法的烟尘粒子复折射率测量方法,推导了椭偏法测量复折射率的理论公式,将现场采集的烟尘粒子制备成以玻璃为基底的烟尘粒子薄膜,搭建了基于椭偏法的烟尘粒子复折射率测量实验装置,获得了烟尘粒子多光谱复折射率.实验结果表明,与KBr样片透射法的测量结果吻合较好,这为其颗粒物复折射率的测量提供了新的途径.     

废气再循环成分对扩散燃烧中碳烟成核的影响

通过测量对置射流扩散火焰中开始形成碳核时的临界气动变形率Kp,对空气中加入燃烧废气(CO2和N1)时的乙烯和丙烷的扩散火焰中碳烟成核的影响进行了实验研究．通过适当的火焰温度调节方法,将CO2对碳烟成核过程所起的各种作用进行了分解,并由此得出结论：CO2对扩散火焰具有遏制碳烟成核的作用．     

Experimental Investigations on the Influence of Assumptions in Soot Volume Fraction Measurement by TPD Method

This paper investigated the influence of assumptions in soot volume fr action measurement by thermocouple particle densitometry (TPD) method in laminar nonpremixed ethylene/air diffusion flame. TPD method is based on an extension o f the theoretical treatment of Eisner and Rosner, who assumed that the particle deposition to a cold surface immersed in a flame is dominated by thermophoresis. They developed a formulation for the soot particle mass flux to thermocouple be ad to infer soot volume fraction by ins...     

不同压力下层流对冲C2 H4扩散火焰中碳烟生成的数值模拟研究

采用Chemkin中的对冲扩散火焰模型对C₂H₄对冲扩散火焰中碳烟颗粒的生成进行了数值模拟研究,重点关注不同压力下碳烟颗粒及部分气相小分子和前驱物的形成. 以0.1 atm为增量,探讨了1～5 atm内乙烯扩散火焰中多种中间产物和碳烟前驱物的浓度分布. 数值模拟结果表明,随着压力的不断增大,碳烟体积分数和碳烟数密度快速增加,H₂、CH₄等气相小分子的含量总体呈现下降趋势但变化不大,火焰面及气相小分子的生成区域变小. PAHs和C₂H₂含量的快速增加是通过HACA机理实现的,使得碳烟成核和生长速率加快,从而促进了碳烟数密度和体积分数的迅速增加.     

纳米烟炱颗粒作为添加剂在激光刻蚀织构表面 的摩擦学性能研究

通过激光刻蚀法制备不同织构表面,在UTM-2摩擦磨损试验机,采用球-面接触方式往复运动,考察了纳米烟炱颗粒作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦磨损性能。借助高分辨透射电镜、三维轮廓仪、扫描电镜和拉曼光谱仪等测试设备,分析了其纳米烟炱颗粒在织构表面的摩擦学机理。结果表明: 部分织构会增加摩擦系数,但磨损率却显著减小;织构的面积率越高,抗磨性能越优异。纳米烟炱颗粒加入后,试样的磨损明显减轻,这归因于烟炱颗粒的自润滑性能以及织构微坑储存纳米颗粒、润滑油的功能。表面织构与纳米烟炱颗粒的共同耦合作用展现出了优异的抗磨减摩性能。     

Optical investigation on polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers spray flame at different oxygen levels in a constant volume vessel

In this paper, high-speed imaging and spectrometry diagnostics were used to study the spray flame structures and emission spectra of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers(PODE) in an optical constant volume vessel. The effects of oxygen volume fraction(15% to 80%) on some typical combustion characteristics such as spatially integrated natural intensity, flame propagation speed, lift-off length and the distribution of flame emission spectra were investigated. The results show that the PODE spray flame mainly exhibits blue chemiluminescence, which is different from the diesel yellow diffusion flame dominated by soot radiation. As the oxygen concentration increases, the flame natural luminosity and propagation speed increases, the position of lift-off region and flame tip move towards the injector nozzle, and the flame width becomes narrower. According to the spectral results, the blue chemiluminescence generated by carbon monoxide oxidation dominates the PODE flame luminescence,suggesting that no soot is formed. The increase in oxygen concentration leads to enlarged intensity and gradient of PODE flame radiation. In summary, the combination of PODE and oxygen-enriched combustion shows no soot formation and promotes the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon. This study can provide more insights into PODE spray combustion,and offer guidelines for achieving efficient and clean combustion.     

Formation and characteristics of soot from pyrolysis of ethylene blended with furan fuels

As two renewable oxygenated biofuels, 2,5-dimethylfuran and 2-methylfuran(DMF and MF) have been considered to be two of the most potential fuels in the future due to the development of the second-generation biosynthetic technologies. The atmosphere pyrolysis experiments with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of ethylene by DMF/MF at 1173 and 1273 K were conducted. Collected soot samples were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) to acquire their internal structure and oxidation reactivity. Results showed that soot mass was positively related with DMF addition ratios and the reaction temperature. Soot production was also enhanced when the MF addition ratio gradually increased from 0% to 75%. The influences of DMF addition can promote soot formation more obviously than MF. Temperatures showed a more significant influence on soot morphology than fuel types and DMF/MF addition ratios.For a fixed addition ratio of DMF/MF, soot showed liquid-like substances at 1173 K. At 1273 K, approximately round particles formed and linked together in chains. Moreover, at 1273 K, the aggregates obtained by adding MF contained more single particles, longer carbon chains, and larger projection area compared with the aggregates by adding same MF. For nanostructures,as the addition ratios of DMF/MF increased, as well as the reaction temperature improved, the fringe length of the carbon layer increased, the average fringe tortuosity decreased, and the stacking arrangement of soot became more orderly, the soot oxidation reactivity was lower. Under a same addition ratio and reaction temperature, soot obtained by adding DMF possessed slightly longer fringe length, smaller fringe tortuosity and lower oxidation reactivity than those of the soot obtained by adding MF. High correlation between fringe parameters and soot oxidation reactivity was discovered. The more ordered soot nanostructure, the longer fringe length, and the smaller fringe tortuosity could make the oxidation reactivity of soot get lower.