Study on scour around vertical large-size cylinder base due to combined action of wave and current

Based on the mechanism of local scour around vertical large-sized cylinder due to combined action of wave and current,the sour morphology,scour process and the maximum scour depth around the cylinders are studied experimentally.The influence of various ocean environmental parameters on local scour around the cylinder is considered in physical model test.The experimental results indicate that the principal effect factors on the scour in fine-sand seabed are wave height,wavelength,current velocity,ratio of diameter to wavelength and ratio of depth to wavelength when the ratio of cylinder diameter to wavelength is from 0.2 to 0.8.In this paper,dimensional analysis theory is utilized to establish a theoretical equation for forecasting maximum scour depth around large-sized round cylinder base due to the combined action of wave and current.The results computed with the theoretical equation are compared with the experimental results,and found to be in good consistency.The results in this studies can be used to estimate the maximum sour depth around analogous structures.     

Linear extrapolation for prediction of tensile creep compliance of polyvinyl chloride

The universal creep equation is successful in relating the creep （ε） to the aging time （t） , coefficient of retardation time （β） , and intrinsic time （ to ）. This relation was used to treat the creep experimental data for polyvinyl chloride （ PVC ） specimens at a given stress and different aging times. The βgs found by the “polynomial fitting” method in this work instead of the “middle - point” method reported in the literature. The unified master line was constructed with the treated data and curves according to the universal equation. The master line can be used to predict the long- term creed behavior and lifetime by extrapolating.     

Correlation of the positive stress ratio effects on fatigue crack propagation rate of aluminium alloys based on a new parameter da/dS

In-situ SEM （Scanning Electron Microscope） observation of fatigue crack propagation in aluminium alloys reveals that crack growth occurs in a continuous way over the time period during the load cycle. Based on this observation, a new parameter da/dS is introduced to describe the fatigue crack propagation rate, which defines the fatigue crack propagation rate with the change of the applied stress at any moment of a stress cycle. The relationship is given between this new parameter and the conventional used parameter da/dN which describes the fatigue crack propagation rate per stress cycle. Using this new parameter, an analysis has been performed and a model has been set up to consider the effect of the applied stress ratio on the fatigue crack propagation rate. The obtained results have been used to correlate the published test data and a good correlation has been achieved. This method is very easy to use and no fatigue crack closure measurement is needed, therefore this model is significant in engineering application.     

Kinetics study of leaching arsenic from Ni-Mo ore roasting in dust mixture of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids

The kinetics of leaching arsenic from Ni-Mo ore roasting dust was investigated. The effects including leaching temperature, particle size of the smelter dust, stirring speed, the coefficient β（the molar ratio of sodium chlorate to arsenic in the smelter dust） and the initial H＋ concentration on leaching arsenic were studied. The results indicate that the leaching of arsenic increases sharply with the decrease of particle size. The orders of reaction with respect to H＋ concentration and particle size are determinted to be 1.136 and 1.806, respectively. The leaching of arsenic reaches 99% under experimental conditions, the apparent activation energy is determined to be 11.157 kJ/mol, which is consistent with the values of activation energy for diffusion model The kinetics equation of leaching arsenic from the roasting dust could be expressed by a semi-empirical equation as 1-2/3η （1 -η）^2/3 = k0（c[H＋]）^1.136ro^-1.806 exp[（-11157 /RT）t].     

Mechanical behavior and failure analysis of brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws under uniaxial compression

Based on the axial stress-axial strain curves, the effect of fissure angle on the strength and deformation behavior of sandstone specimens containing combined flaws is analyzed. The mechanical parameters of sandstone specimens containing Combined flaws are all lower than that of intact specimen, but the reduction extent is distinctly related to the fissure angle. The results of sandstone specimens containing combined flaws are obtained by the acoustic emission, which can be used to monitor the crack initiation and propagation. The ultimate failure mode and crack coalescence behavior are evaluated for brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws. Nine different crack types are identified on the basis of their geometry and crack coalescence mechanism （tensile crack, hole collapse, far-field crack and surface spalling） for combined flaws. The photographic monitoring was also adopted for uniaxial compression test in order to confirm the sequence of crack coalescence in brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws, which recorded the real-time crack coalescence process during entire deformation. According to the monitored results, the effect of crack coalescence process on the strength and deformation behavior is investigated based on a detailed analysis for brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws by using digital photogrammetry.     

Determination of fatigue cracking direction in composite laminates

The interface plays the central role in the failure analysis of composite laminates, therefore, the interface material properties are taken as the independent parameters. A simple, universal and practicable criterion, i.e. a ratio criterion of strain energy release rate, is proposed to determine the growing direction of a fatigue crack in the composite laminates. The method of arbitrary lines, which is very effective to solve the problems with high gradient feature, is used to analyze the experimental results at the key moments when a crack kinks, turns into the interface, or bifurcates. An approximate method of computing the energy release rate is given. The fatigue fracture tests of composite laminates are carried out, and the numerical predictions of crack growing directions agree well with the experimental results. It is concluded that the methods suggested in this paper are effective to obtain the cracking history and the growing path of a fatigue crack in composite laminates.     

Numerical simulation on effects of embedded crack on rock fragmentation by a tunnel boring machine cutter

Based on the simplification of cutting process, a series of numerical simulations were conducted using a 2-D discrete element method to explore the effects of embedded cracks with different dip angles on the rock fragmentation process, cutting characteristics and breaking efficiency. The results show that the simulated results are in a good agreement with previous theoretical study. The main crack propagates to the top tip of embedded crack, except when the dip angle is 90°. Side cracks which are more fully developed in the rocks containing embedded cracks tend to propagate towards the free surface. According to the history of vertical cutting force, it is shown that the peak force is decreased by embedded cracks. The study on cutting efficiency was conducted by combining the quantity of crack and cutting energy. And the results show that breaking efficiency can be treated as a decreasing or a increasing function when the dip angle is less or larger than 30°, respectively. Breaking efficiency is higher than that in intact rock when the dip angle is larger than 45°.     

Effect of electrochemical polishing time on surface topography of mild steel

The variation in altitude density function （ADF） of the surface topography of mild steel during electrochemical polishing （ECP） was investigated, and the mechanism of the variation of surface roughness with polishing time was analyzed. The results show that the variation trend of ADF with polishing time is flat-steep-flat; the variation of surface roughness results in the different distri- butions of surface current density, and there is a fine surface smoothness in the special period of ECP from 4 to 8 s.     

Dynamic Motion Resistance for Tracked Vehicle

Based on previous achievements,a dynamic pressure-sinkage equation for saturated clay is established.First,aquasi-static penetration rate is selected,and the ratio of the dynamic penetration rate to the quasi-static rate is used to characterize the degree of dynamic effect,then theβth power of the ratio is used to quantify the dynamic effect of sinkage.The dynamic effect exponentβis obtained using penetration tests with different penetration rates.Then,a dynamic motion resistance equation for a tracked vehicle is established based on the dynamic pressure-sinkage equation.The equation incorporates both penetration and bulldozing resistance.Finally,a series of simulation experiments with varying travel speeds and slip rates is carried out.The results show that an increase in the speed leads to stronger terrain stiffness,resulting in a decrease in sinkage and motion resistance.However,the enhancement effect becomes weaker with an increase in the travel speed.     

Cracks coalescence mechanism and cracks propagation paths in rock-like specimens containing pre-existing random cracks under compression

The mechanism of cracks propagation and cracks coalescence due to compressive loading of the brittle substances containing pre-existing cracks （flaws） was modeled experimentally using specially made rock-like specimens from Portland Pozzolana Cement （PPC）. The breakage process of the specimens was studied by inserting single and double flaws with different inclination angles at the center and applying uniaxial compressive stress at both ends of the specimen. The first crack was oriented at 50＆#176; from the horizontal direction and kept constant throughout the analysis while the orientation of the second crack was changed. It is experimentally observed that the wing cracks are produced at the first stage of loading and start their propagation toward the direction of uniaxial compressive loading. The secondary cracks may also be produced in form of quasi-coplanar and/or oblique cracks in a stable manner. The secondary cracks may eventually continue their propagation in the direction of maximum principle stress. These experimental works were also simulated numerically by a modified higher order displacement discontinuity method and the cracks propagation and cracks coalescence were studied based on Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors （SIFs）. It is concluded that the wing cracks initiation stresses for the specimens change from 11.3 to 14.1 MPain the case of numerical simulations and from 7.3 to 13.8 MPa in the case of experimental works. It is observed that cracks coalescence stresses change from 21.8 to 25.3 MPa and from 19.5 to 21.8 MPa in the numerical and experimental analyses, respectively. Comparing some of the numerical and experimental results with those recently cited in the literature validates the results obtained by the proposed study. Finally, a numerical simulation was accomplished to study the effect of confining pressure on the crack propagation process, showing that the SIFs increase and the crack initiation angles change in this case.     

低温下用J_R曲线确定金属材料延性断裂韧度J_(IC)的研究

以石油天然气设备及机器中常用的几种中、低强度钢为代表,通过弹塑性断裂力学J积分试验,研究了在低温环境下如何用J积分阻力曲线(J_R曲线)和裂纹尖端钝化线确定金属材料低温延性断裂韧度J_(IC)值,结果表明,该方法能得到J_(IC)随温度降低而降低的规律,适合于工程应用。     

关于阻力曲线法测定J_(1c)在低温下如何标定钝化线方程的探讨

本文就J积分测试标准GB2038—80所推荐的钝化线公式进行了讨论,在对共所表达的意义予以理论征明的同时,并着重指出了在低温条件下它的不适用性(根据试验证明)。 研究在低温条件下如何标定钝化线过程中,我们认识到:应在不同低温下具体标定转动因子γ来计算COD,由此确定具体材料试验温度下的J—δ关系,并根据不同材料在钝化阶段的δ—△α关系,以确定饨化阶段的J—△α关系,即得相应低温下的钝化线方程。 由此得到的钝化线方程,具有J—α_0+β△α的形式,它和J_R阻力曲线交点所确定的J值,与利用多试件法结合声发射监测技术确定的裂纹尖端全面启裂时的J_(1c)值颇为接近。     

焊接接头力学不均匀体断裂力学参量的数值分析

应用ＭＡＲＣ有限元分析软件对平板拉伸和三点弯曲试样焊接接头力学不均匀体的断裂参量──Ｊ积分进行了数值分析．考察了焊接接头不均匀裂纹体Ｊ积分的守恒性,以及不同裂纹长度、强度匹配和焊缝宽度在加载过程中对Ｊ积分及塑性区发展规律的影响．结果表明：焊接接头Ｊ积分具有守恒性,裂纹越浅,加载时塑性区越大,断裂韧性值越高．高匹配焊缝中的裂纹更容易进入浅裂纹状态,从而使高匹配焊缝具有较好的抗断性能．焊接接头强度匹配因子Ｍ对Ｊ积分值有很大的影响．焊缝宽度对Ｊ积分值也有影响．     

基于裂纹扩展的两级加载下的疲劳-蠕变寿命预测

取加载一个周期内拉应力作用下的应变能密度增量为材料的损伤变量,由迟滞回线所围面积导出了该损伤变量的计算式;依据材料被损伤会使裂纹扩展,裂纹的扩展会导致试件发生断裂的事实,以J积分为裂纹扩展的控制参量,将裂纹扩展看作纯疲劳损伤与蠕变损伤二者共同的贡献,考虑疲劳-蠕变的交互作用,导出了在两级应力加载下的疲劳-蠕变寿命的表达式;该表达式与加载的波形、材料的疲劳-蠕变速率相关.应用该表达式对316L钢在550℃两级应力梯形波加载下的疲劳-蠕变寿命进行了预测,预测值在1.5倍误差因子以内,预测精度较高.     

海洋立管焊接接头的断裂参量J积分研究

针对深水海洋立管的特点,采用弹塑性有限元计算方法,对裂纹深度、长度、管道径厚比等因素对海洋立管断裂参量J积分的影响进行了研究,并在此基础上分析不同焊接接头组配在加载过程中的断裂性能。结果表明,焊接接头J积分值与全母材是有所差异的。因此,在海洋立管焊接结构安全评定中,除考虑不同裂纹深度、长度、管道径厚比对海洋立管的影响外,还必须考虑焊缝组配对焊接接头断裂参量的影响。     

非均质结构裂纹的J积分守恒性的理论研究(Ⅰ)

用数学分析方法论证了焊缝区有垂直裂纹时J积分的守恒性，又用弹塑性有限元方法进行了数值验证．首次提出了J积分与路径有关的理论证明，为J积分在压力容器缺陷安全评定的应用提供了必要的依据．     

双向载荷对双共线裂纹干涉J积分的影响

利用二维弹塑性有限元 ,计算了双向载荷下双共线裂纹干涉不同路径J积分值并与单向载荷J积分值作了比较。结果表明 :材料进入塑性后横向载荷对J积分值的影响必须考虑 ,且材料进入塑性后J积分的路径无关性已很难保证。     

浅裂纹三点弯曲试件的J和r_p研究

本文应用位移分解法导出用于浅裂纹的 J 积分值计算式。通过五组不同 a/W 比值三点弯曲试件的断裂实验和有限元分析,研究了浅裂纹的 J 积分值和塑性转动因子 r_p。     

基于复合梁的钢桥面铺装断裂参数数值模拟

基于桥面铺装的裂缝特点及断裂力学理论,引入J积分并建立复合梁三点弯曲试验数值模型,研究了温度和初始缝高比对其断裂特性的影响。研究分析可得,随切口深度的增加,梁启裂、失稳时的J积分和裂纹的亚临界扩展量逐渐降低,启裂Jini的降低幅度比失稳扩展Jmax小;复合梁的Jini、Jmax和裂缝亚临界扩展长度随着环氧沥青混凝土的模量增大而变小。研究可为桥面铺装的抗裂设计提供依据,并为铺装结构的裂缝修补时机研究提供思路和参考。     

中心裂纹板双向加载的弹塑性有限元J积分计算

本文用弹塑性有限元法计算了中心裂纹板双向加载的J积分。讨论了J积分的路径无关性和裂尖应力,应变奇异性。