Slope safety control during mining below a landslide

1 Introduction After over 40 years’ mining the East Open Pits of Daye Iron Mine were formally closed in the year 2000[1]. There still remains around 12 million tons of ore beyond the pit limit, which would be mined by underground ways. During the transition period, hanging-wall ores were planned to be mined to maintain the balance of mineral supply, to make full use of open-pit facilities and to avoid unemployment of miners. The four selected mining spots are characterized by high and stee…     

Stability and reliability of pit slopes in surface mining combined with underground mining in Tonglushan mine

Slope stability is of critical importance in the process of surface-underground mining combination. The influence of underground mining on pit slope stability was mainly discussed, and the self-stabilization of underground stopes was also studied. The random finite element method was used to analyze the probability of the rock mass stability degree of both pit slopes and underground stopes. Meanwhile, 3D elasto-plastic finite element method was used to research into the stress, strain and rock mass failure resulting from mining. The results of numerical simulation indicate that the mining of the underground test stope has certain influence on the stability of the pit slope, but the influence is not great. The safety factor of pit slope is decreased by 0.06, and the failure probability of the pit slope is increased by 1.84%. In addition, the strata yielding zone exists around the underground test stope. The results basically conform to the information coming from the field monitoring.     

Application of open-pit and underground mining technology for residual coal of end slopes

Given the conditions of residual coal from the boundary of a flat dipping open-pit mine,which uses strip areas mining and inner dumping with slope-covering,we propose an open-pit and underground integrated mining technology for residual coal of end slopes.In the proposal a conveyance road and ventilation conveyance near the slope are built,corresponding to the pit mining area and the surface coal mine dump,as well as an interval haulage tunnel and air-inlet tunnel.The outcome shows that such mining method may reduce the effect to slope stability from underground mining,it does not affect the dumping advance and has a high recovery rate of residual coal resources.The working face is timbered by single hydraulic props,transported by a scraper conveyor and supported by coal walls.This method of mining is one of layered top coal caving,with high resource recovery,low production cost where positive economic benefit can be realized.     

Strategic mining options optimization:Open pit mining,underground mining or both

Near-surface deposits that extend to considerable depths are often amenable to both open pit mining and/or underground mining. This paper investigates the strategy of mining options for an orebody using a Mixed Integer Linear Programming(MILP) optimization framework. The MILP formulation maximizes the Net Present Value(NPV) of the reserve when extracted with(i) open pit mining,(ii) underground mining, and(iii) concurrent open pit and underground mining. Comparatively, implementing open pit mining generates a higher NPV than underground mining. However considering the investment required for these mining options, underground mining generates a better return on investment than open pit mining. Also, in the concurrent open pit and underground mining scenario, the optimizer prefers extracting blocks using open pit mining. Although the underground mine could access ore sooner, the mining cost differential for open pit mining is more than compensated for by the discounting benefits associated with earlier underground mining.     

Investigation and characterization of mining subsidence in Kaiyang Phosphorus Mine

In Kaiyang Phosphorus Mine, serious environmental and safety problems are caused by large scale mining activities in the past 40 years. These problems include mining subsidence, low recovery ratio, too much dead ore in pillars, and pollution of phosphorus gypsum. Mining subsidence falls into four categories： curved ground and mesa, ground cracks and collapse hole, spalling and eboulement, slope slide and creeping. Measures to treat the mining subsidence were put forward： finding out and managing abandoned stopes, optimizing mining method （cut and fill mining method）, selecting proper backfilling materials （phosphogypsum mixtures）, avoiding disorder mining operation, and treating highway slopes. These investigations and engineering treatment methods are believed to be able to contribute to the safety extraction of ore and sustainable development in Kaiyang Phosphorus Mine.     

Recovery of Level Pillar between Open-pit and Underground Mine by Using Underhand Heading Fill Method

The upper part of the Fujia deposit was mined out by open-pit, and the lower part is being mined underground. The level pillar between open-pit and underground mine had a thickness of 24 m, a length of 300 m and a maximum width of 35 m. As the level pillar contained about 5.2 million ton ore of high nickel grade, it was necessary to recover the level pillar. Because of special need of safety, underhand heading cut-and-fill stoping method was used. For the first two layers of heading, the cemented fill materials were a mix of water and high-aluminum-content cement with silicate gelling agent; and for other heading layers, total tailings was added into the fill mix in order to reduce the cement consumption. Finally, the level pillar was recovered successfully.     

毗邻地铁隧道深基坑支护方案研究

摘要：北京市某深基坑工程毗邻正在运营的地铁10号线,距离地铁隧道衬砌管片最近距离5.0 m,为保证地铁的运营安全,要求由于基坑的开挖引起的轨道位移不超过3 mm。针对这些问题并根据拟建基坑工程本身特点和周围的环境及水文地质情况,深基坑支护选用上部为复合土钉墙,下部为地下连续墙支护。运用理正深基坑软件对地下连续墙的内力、位移、地表沉降计算,并对其进行了整体稳定性、抗倾覆和抗管涌验算。现场监测结果表明边坡位移量较小,地铁轨道位移控制在了3 mm以内,总方案经济合理、技术可行。     

井工开采对边坡稳定性影响的有限元分析

边坡下方井工开采是一个露天煤矿普遍存在的问题。本文采用有限元方法针对某一具体实例进行了数值模拟。模拟考虑了岩体力学特性及岩体结构特征,并模拟了井采过程。通过井采前后边坡岩体应力分析、位移分析,对边坡下方井工开采对边坡稳定性影响获得了一些认识。     

露天磷矿数字配矿模型

露天磷矿选矿厂采用合理的配矿方案,对稳定入选磷矿的品位,增加选矿产率,降低生产成本有着重要的意义.为了提高入选磷矿石品位的均匀性和稳定性,提出了针对以入选磷矿品位为目标的从采矿场配矿到精矿仓配矿的整个生产环节的配矿方法.将采场内原矿、选矿厂原矿矿堆和选矿厂精矿仓均定义为矿堆,按照生产实际需求设定其属性.通过设定目标函数,实现使采矿场的开采原矿量最大,配矿方案总的运输距离最小,运输成本最低等目标.同时建立约束条件,使采矿场的开采原矿量要保证选矿厂正常生产,使每一矿堆的品位达到目标要求.最后,采集企业生产实际数据对模型加以验证,证明模型在指导露天磷矿山的生产过程中有重要的实际意义,配矿过程应成为矿山生产组织、管理的一个重要环节.     

大空间建筑环形点式重载作用下深废矿坑岩壁变形稳定性数值分析

近年来,大城市工程建设急速发展,土地资源愈发紧张,一些矿产资源型城市中出现了利用废弃天然矿坑进行地下空间开发的改造项目。以长沙湘江欢乐城项目深废矿坑改造开发工程为背景,针对矿坑边坡稳定性以及受建筑结构点式荷载作用下的岩壁与基础协同作用问题,利用数值分析手段建立三维岩壁-建筑结构相互作用模型。研究岩壁在环形点式受荷条件下的表现,并探究遭遇突发性岩壁变形及承载状态变化后,岩壁与结构的稳定性变化情况。结果表明,在天然状况下废弃矿坑的开采高边坡基本处于稳定状态;而施工扰动和建筑荷载造成的应力变形仅发生于岩壁表面,未达岩体深部;岩壁由于突发灾害产生的局部大变形会严重危及支承其上的基础和结构安全;而在合理的建筑物环形点式基础设计布置情况下,基础结构的偶然失效不会影响岩壁和建筑物的稳定性。     

Influence of depth-thickness ratio of mining on the stability of a bedding slope with its sliding surface in concave deformation

In order to study the influence of depth-thickness ratio on bedding slope stability, whose sliding surface is flexural concave in shape under mining conditions, this paper aims to study the characteristics of deformation and damage of bedding sliding with depth-thickness ratios of 200:1, 150:1, 120:1, 100:1 and 50:1by adopting numerical simulation analysis software combined with laboratory-made ‘‘under the influence of mining variable sliding surface slope similar simulation test bed", and to propose identification methods for slope stability under the influence of mining. The results show that mining activities under the slope reduce slope stability. With a decrease in the mining depth ratio, the influence of mining on the slope increases gradually, and the damage to the slope gradually expands, the stability of the slope gradually reduces, fracture occurs on the slope toe and the central fissure gradually develops to the surface,and reaches slide threshold when the depth-thickness ratio is 50:1.     

Rapid and robust slope failure appraisal using aerial photogrammetry and 3D slope stability models

Slope failures are an inevitable aspect of economic pit slope designs in the mining industry. Large open pit guidelines and industry standards accept up to 30% of benches in open pits to collapse provided that they are controlled and that no personnel are at risk. Rigorous ground control measures including real time monitoring systems at TARP(trigger-action-response-plan) protocols are widely utilized to prevent personnel from being exposed to slope failure risks. Technology and computing capability are rapidly evolving. Aerial photogrammetry techniques using UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle) enable geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists to work faster and more safely by removing themselves from potential line-of-fire near unstable slopes. Slope stability modelling software using limit equilibrium(LE) and finite element(FE) methods in three dimensions(3D) is also becoming more accessible, user-friendly and faster to operate. These key components enable geotechnical engineers to undertake site investigations,develop geotechnical models and assess slope stability faster and in more detail with less exposure to fall of ground hazards in the field. This paper describes the rapid and robust process utilized at BHP Limited for appraising a slope failure at an iron ore mine site in the Pilbara region of Western Australia using a combination of UAV photogrammetry and 3D slope stability models in less than a shift(i.e. less than 12 h).     

基坑开挖变形稳定颗粒流数值模拟研究

为了分析基坑开挖对周围环境的影响,基于颗粒流数值模拟方法,利用边界伺服法构建理想颗粒体系,利用线性接触黏结模型标定岩土体的细观力学参数。结果表明:基坑开挖后距离基坑壁60～70m地表变形约5mm;60～70m远处的管道相对变形量不超过3 mm,不会引起管线不均匀沉降而破坏;桩墙失效基坑周围的素填土以及淤泥质黏土将会向基坑滑塌,其滑塌范围从基坑内壁向外约影响10m,约为基坑开挖深度的2～3倍范围。     

Comprehensive analysis of slope stability and determination of stable slopes in the Chador-Malu iron ore mine using numerical and limit equilibrium methods

One of the critical aspects in mine design is slope stability analysis and the determination of stable slopes. In the Chador Malu iron ore mine, one of the most important iron ore mines in central Iran, it was considered vital to perform a comprehensive slope stability analysis. At first, we divided the existing rock hosting pit into six zones and a geotechnical map was prepared. Then,the value of MRMR (Mining Rock Mass Rating) was determined for each zone. Owing to the fact that the Chador-Malu iron ore mine is located in a highly tectonic area and the rock mass completely crushed, the Hock-Brown failure criterion was found suitable to estimate geo-mechanical parameters. After that, the value of cohesion (c) and friction angle (e) were calculated for different geotechnical zones and relative graphs and equations were derived as a function of slope height. The stability analyses using numerical and limit equilibrium methods showed that some instability problems might occur by increasing the slope height.Therefore, stable slopes for each geotechnical zone and prepared sections were calculated and presented as a function of slope height.     

New algorithm of mine slope reliability based on limiting state hyper-plane and its engineering application

Due to the influence of joint fissure, mining intensity, designed slope angle, underground water and rainfall, the failure process of mine slope project is extremely complicated. The current safety factor calculation method has certain limitations, and it would be difficult to obtain the reliability index when the performance function of reliability analysis is implicit or has high order terms. Therefore, with the help of the logistic equation of chaos theory, a new algorithm of mine slope reliability based on limiting state hyper-plane is proposed. It is shown that by using this new reliability algorithm the calculation of partial derivative of performance function is avoided, and it has the advantages of being simple and easy to program. The new algorithm is suitable for calculating the reliability index of complex performance function containing high order terms. Furthermore, the limiting state hyper-plane models of both simplified Bishop's and Janbu's method adaptive to slope project are obtained, and have achieved satisfactory effect in the study of mine slope stability in Dexing copper open pit.     

Constitutive models in stability analysis of rock slope

Equivalent Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was established,and the relationship between different constitutive models was studied.The application of equivalent Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion in Ansys was achieved by means of transforming material parameters.The stability research aiming at the most common rock slope without conspicuous slide surface was accomplished,the methods of measurably assessing the stability of rock slope without conspicuous slide surface were explored,and the disadvantages of method of minimum slide-resisted reserve as dangerous slide path were pointed out.The results show that through the calculation and analysis of cases,the conception that measurable assessment of the stability of rock slope without conspicuous slide surface can be achieved under condition that equivalent Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion is validated.Its safety parameter formula is explicit in theory and credible in results.The results obtained are approximate to those obtained by using finite element intensity reducing method.     

露天煤矿排土场边坡下采动沉陷规律研究

为研究露天煤矿排土场边坡下采动沉陷规律,结合平朔安家岭露天矿南排土场边坡的实例,采用FLAC^3D程序进行了数值模拟计算．采用该程序内嵌FISH语言生成了台阶状边坡地表的移动和变形等值线,并分析了边坡受力特点及其稳定性．结果表明：露天煤矿台阶状边坡体的采动沉陷规律表现出很明显的“台阶”分布特点;台阶状边坡地表的移动范围比平地地表要小,但变形却更剧烈,且在各台阶平面处形成变形集中;台阶状边坡地表的水平变形仍然呈现出采空区中间受压,两端受拉的特点;台阶状边坡在地下开采扰动下的稳定性应考虑采空区的时空效应．     

宋家坡铜矿南区复杂矿体开采方案研究

宋家坡铜矿南部矿区因前期民采,1 300 m以上分布着形状较为复杂的采空区,地表上部有某乡镇公路穿过,地下矿石开采严重威胁到公路运输安全.在现场调查和实验基础上,研究提出了三个开采方案.采用三维有限元,对各回采方案的应力、安全率和塑性区分布进行分析和比较,研究提出了相应的控制措施,推荐了最优的回采方案.提出留矿石顶柱和嗣后充填等方法保持采空区和地表公路稳定性.结果表明：嗣后充填可有效减少上覆岩层应力集中和位移.方案已应用于矿山生产实践,并取得了较好的应用效果.     

Protecting miners from coal bursts during development above historic mine workings in Harlan County,KY

In order to reach a large, untapped reserve of high-quality coal, D8 Cloverlick Mine proposed to mine a corridor nearly 600 m deep beneath the Benham Spur of Black Mountain, Kentucky's highest peak. D8 Cloverlick Mine was extracting the Owl seam, but the corridor's route lay approximately 20 m above century-old mine workings in the C–(Darby) seam. Adding to the concern, three serious coal bursts had recently occurred in nearby Owl seam workings. Maps of the old workings seemed to indicate that the underlying C–seam had been fully extracted. However, two of the coal bursts had occurred above areas where the C–Seam was also shown as mined out. Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA) Technical Support therefore investigated the records of past mining to better understand the old mine maps. Underground conditions observed in current Owl seam workings were also compared with the maps of the old C–seam workings. The study concluded that the presence of hazardous underlying remnants could not be ruled out. To mitigate the burst risk, D8 Cloverlick Mine adopted a strategy of stress probe drilling. A self-propelled coal drill was used to auger 11.5-m-long, small diameter holes in advance of mining. As each hole was drilled, the cuttings were measured to detect the presence of highly stressed coal. Ultimately the crossing was successfully completed without incident.     

露天煤矿端帮残煤开采及边坡暴露时间分析

为了提高露天开采的煤炭资源回收率，掌控露天煤矿端帮残煤开采工程安排，提出了水平和近水平大型露天煤矿汽车运输内排条件下，露天煤矿端帮露井联采、端帮陡帮开采、减少露天煤矿端帮边坡暴露时间的措施．结果表明：采掘工作帮帮坡角越大、内排土场工作帮帮坡角越大、工作线推进强度越大、内排土场下部水平排土台阶高度越大、采场坑底宽度越小露天煤矿端帮边坡的暴露时间越短；当露天煤矿端帮实行陡帮开采时，汽车运输内排通路可设在采场中部回填搭建。