Studies on the microstructure of the black-glazed bowl sherds excavated from the Jian kiln site of ancient China

The Jian kiln, located in present-day Jianyang county of Fujian province, mainly produced black-glazed tea bowls. Jian tea bowl was used as a utensil for tea tasting and was greatly appreciated by emperor Huizong of the Northern Song dynasty. The black glaze of Jian bowl was sometimes marked with streaks or spots, usually called “hare's fur” or “oil spot”, which are the crystalline markings of iron oxide precipitated during firing in the dragon kiln. In this study, black-glazed Jian bowl sherds excavated from the late Northern Song strata of Luhuaping and Daluhoumen Jian kiln sites were adopted as test samples. Based on the physico-chemical foundation for the formation of glaze microstructure, the correlation among composition, microstructure, and visual appearance has been investigated by means of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and field emission electron microscopy. For the first time, the study provides realizing proofs for two kinds of microstructural forming mechanics.     

Imitation of ancient black-glazed Jian bowls (Yohen Tenmoku): Fabrication and characterization

Yohen Tenmoku is a kind of famous black glazed Jian bowls made in ancient China. Here, imitations of Oil Spot Yohen Tenmoku were sintered at about 1280 °C in a shuttle kiln with oxygen flow. Microstructure characteristics and chemical compositions were investigated by a combination of X-ray based and photon based characterization methods. The results showed that quartz and mullite were the main crystalline phases in the bowl bodies. At the glaze surface of the bowl, the highly reflective red iridescence and the silvery appearance of Oil Spot patterns were resulted from the precipitation of hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) crystals. A detailed study has revealed the partially ordered microstructure within one Oil Spot which produced the striking optical effects.     

Mössbauer study of the black-glazed Jian bowl in the Song dynasty

Jian ware, also known as “Tenmoku,” is one of the famous black-glazed porcelains in China. It was highly coveted in the Song dynasty (960–1279 AD) and was also a tribute to the royal family. The black-glazed Jian wares are mainly made from iron-rich clay. In this study, black-glazed Jian bowl sherds excavated from the Song strata of Jian kiln sites were adopted as test samples. The iron phase and firing techniques of the black-glazed Jian bowl from the Song dynasty were analyzed and discussed through Mössbauer spectroscopy on the both of body and glaze, together with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. According to the different iron content and the unique iron oxide phase reflected in the Mössbauer spectra, we analyzed the firing atmosphere, temperature, and other conditions of the ancient Jian bowl, as well as the difference of iron phase between the body and the glaze layer due to the collapse of the silicate framework. It provides new ideas for deciphering the firing technology and improving the synthesis of ancient black-glazed Jian wares.     

Effect of phase separation on the Jian ware blue colored glaze with iron oxide

This study was aimed to explore the effect of phase separation on the Jian ware blue colored glaze with iron oxide. In order to analyze the forming cause of glaze patterns and their coloring mechanism, the phase, microstructure and chemical state of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The results indicated that the addition of calcium phosphate introduced highly-active Ca²⁺ and P⁵⁺ into the glaze. Since Ca²⁺ with high ionic potential had a greater ability to appeal O^2? than Si⁴⁺, the glaze melt was separated into calcium-rich phase and silicon-rich phase. The difference of viscosity caused the non-uniform distribution of quartz and glass phase, and then affected the distribution of iron ions in two phases, which formed glaze patterns. Adding P⁵⁺ that had a strong effect of reversed polarization on the Fe-O increased the contents of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺-O-Fe²⁺, and thus deepened the blue-green of glaze surface. In addition, it promoted the formation of worm-like phase-separated structures and the existence of structural color. Therefore, phase separation enriched not only patterns but also glaze colors of the Jian ware blue colored glaze.     

论鹧鸪斑建盏

本文根据建窑的特点，提出判断建盏珍品的首要条件，并从工艺难度，实物存量，斑纹的本质与艺术效果三个方面的论述，否定了黑釉白斑盏是建窑珍品鹧鸪斑的观点，再从宋代建盏分类问题的探讨和建窑油滴斑点的形成机理二个方面论证了建窑油滴即鹧鸪斑的结论。文中也详细介绍了建窑油滴与华北油滴的区别，并对中日两国古籍中建盏名称问题提出见解。     

Scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy of slip layers of Hellenistic ceramic wares from Dorylaion/Turkey

Anatolia (Asia Minor) was inhibitated by several civilizations during the history. Dorylaion at Eski?ehir/Turkey, an ancient site, is on the crossroads of many ancient civilizations. Artifacts belonging to different historical periods and cultures have been uncovered during the excavations carried out there since 1989. One of the two important groups of ceramic findings uncovered in these excavation works is the moldmade bowls, familiarly known as the Megarian bowls and the other is the West Slope wares. Both types of wares were probably the fashion cups around the east Mediterranean basin of the Hellenistic period. In this study, an attempt was made to enlighten the technological parameters and production technology of selected Megarian bowls and West Slope wares by characterizing their slip layers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) were performed for microstructural and microchemical characterization. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was further applied for assessing the mineralogical components. The slip layers of both wares have similar elemental diversity, apart from the fact that the West Slope wares have more iron content than the Megarian bowls. The iron rich composition of the slip layers in different colors showed that hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) are the principal coloring agents for the slip layers of the investigated Hellenistic ceramic wares. However, firing conditions affecting the formation and the abundance of these minerals were probably adjusted in order to obtain the desired color.     

Characterization of the rare oil spot glazed bowl excavated from the Xiao kiln site of north China

“Oil spot”, which is a famous decorating technique of black glazed porcelain in the Song Dynasty, is a representative handicraft of Jian bowls found in the Jian Kiln in southern China. An oil spot black glaze bowl was found in the Xiao Kiln in Anhui Province in a field investigation, which is the first time that this pattern of porcelain was found in this area. Various techniques were performed on this bowl and on another black glaze porcelain piece from the same archaeological layer, including optical microscopy, scan electron microscopy, XRF, Raman spectromicroscopy and XRD. The results show that its main chemical composition is similar to the black glazed porcelain from the Xiao kiln, and the chemical characteristics of the glaze are high Fe₂O₃ (5.14%) and CaO (7.26%) and low Al₂O₃ (11.85%) and the RO content is 0.83which is indicative of a calcium glaze and is close to the components of oil spot porcelains from Shanxi in northern China. The ferric oxide crystalline on the glaze surface indicates the phase transformation of γ-Fe₂O_3→ε-Fe₂O_3→α-Fe₂O₃ in the crystallization layer on the glaze surface and the anorthite crystalline at the junction between the body and the glaze. The vessel could be produced at a relatively high temperature in a specific oxidizing environment.     

不同历史时期耀州窑碗器型结构特征之研究

以耀州窑不同历史时期出土碗的复原图为研究对象，用扫描仪输入器型图片，并通过切片法对器型结构进行数字化，以线性回归方差分析法进行了器型数字化最佳切片数的研究。以多元统计分析法对数字化结果分析得出：唐、五代及宋代耀州窑碗样品的器型可用判别函数Rb／Rt=0．385进行辅助断代，除此，碗的底足与口径显示出明显的时代特征，是区分不同时期碗和研究碗器型结构的关键性指标。     

碳化硅匣钵的研制

研制成功了ＳiＣ匣钵,其性能已达到和超过了德国ＡｎｎａWｅｒｋ和Ｎｏｔｏｎ公司同类产品考核水平。该匣钵经济效益显著。对ＳiＣ的氧化,烟熏及损坏机理进行了研究。     

Unveiling the science behind the tea bowls from the Jizhou kiln. Part II. Microstructures and the coloring mechanism

In this part of the study, optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer, transmission electron microscope-selected area diffraction-energy dispersive spectrometer, micro-Raman and reflectance spectrum were applied to further study the microstructures of the characteristic areas of the glazes and illustrate the coloring mechanism of the “hare's fur” tea bowls with blue or bluish violet patterns. The results show that due to the diffusion between the cover glaze and ground glaze caused by compositional difference, as well as the “boiling effect” of the ground glaze, local chemical composition changes to form the different microstructures in different regions. Large sized interconnected phase separation structure with approximately 350?nm characteristic size forms in the unreacted portion of the cover glaze, leading to the scattering of all wavelengths of the incident visible light. With the contribution of the ground glaze which has low immiscibility tendency, small sized interconnected phase separation structure with approximately 170?nm characteristic size forms at the edge of the white region, leading to the scattering of the blue light range of the incident visible light. The fluctuation of thermal history gives various appearance to the Jizhou “hare's fur” tea bowls, although they share the same coloring mechanism. In general, chemical composition, microstructure and firing schedule cooperate with each other to create the changeful appearance of the Jizhou tea bowls.     

Influences of the chemical defects on the crystal thickness and their melting of isothermally crystallized isotactic polypropylene

Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene Catalysis isotactic polypropylene with different chemical defects were isothermally crystallized at various crystallization temperatures. The crystal thickness and their corresponding melting behavior were studied using small angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The equilibrium melt temperature of the samples was calculated from the Hofmann-Weeks extrapolation for the supercooling. Two lamellar populations were distinctly observed in all cases during the crystallization process. Relatively thicker and stable lamellar crystals which melt at higher temperatures were observed with lowering the supercooling and found catalysis dependence in these crystals. During melting, no significant recrystallization of the samples has been detected for higher crystallization temperature where recrystallization processes enhance the lamellae thickness. The melting of the crystals has found strong dependence with the crystallization temperatures, the catalysis process and the nature of the defects present in the isotactic polypropylene. The increase of the crystal lamellae thickness and their melting temperature might be presumably related with the chain folding mechanism as well as the stability of the crystals formed during the isothermal crystallization process. A combined plot of SAXS and DSC results is demonstrated for the equilibrium melting temperature followed by critical analysis of the results.     

铜及铜合金着色

简述了铜及铜合金着色的原理.总结了铜及铜合金着黑色、褐色、绿色、蓝色的工艺配方及操作条件,介绍了手工点涂铜绿(铜锈)、双色点蚀(先着黑色再点蚀铜绿)、套色、着土黄铜绿色等多种特殊的着色工艺.     

铝及其合金锡盐电解着色特效稳定剂的研究

铝及其合金电解着色中由于Ｓｎ＾２＋易被氧化成Ｓｎ＾４＋,ＳＮ＾４＋水解生成Ｓｎ（ＯＨ）４沉淀,使着色液稳定性下降。为提高电解液的稳定性和着色效果,研制了一种复合稳定剂,分析了其作用机理。该稳定剂与Ｓｎ＾２＋形成稳定络合物,阻止了Ｓｎ＾２＋氧化,且增大了Ｓｎ＾２＋沉积的阴极极化。本法具有成本低、着色快、着色效果好等优点。     

随角异色光干涉颜料的湿化学法制备与检测

随角异色光干涉颜料是以多种材料作为基片,在基片表面包覆多种金属氧化物或有机染料,从而制得随观察角度的改变而观察到不同颜色的颜料。本文介绍了云母钛基随角异色光干涉颜料的光学基本原理、湿化学制备以及检测方法,综述了近年来多覆盖层随角异色颜料的进展,提出了随角异色光干涉颜料未来的研究和发展方向。     

Study on the copper and iron coexisted coloring glaze and the mechanism of the fambe

With copper and iron oxides as colorants, reddish and bluish purple glazes were prepared by changing the raw material ratio at the same firing schedule. Based on the primary factor experiments and the analyses of XRF and SEM/EDS, the fambe mechanism was proposed. The results indicated that glaze colors were related to multiple factors. The difference in copper red and purple glazes was merely caused by the later ingredient containing Ca₃(PO₄)₂, in which liquid-liquid phase separation structures were developed and formed structural colors, while the accumulated Fe₂O₃ in one phase decomposed to Fe²⁺ and bubbles to form blue stains and colorful texture. In addition, both CuO and Fe₂O₃ had a variety of coloring characteristics, which depended on the process parameter, firing temperature and base glaze compositions to make colors and hues change accordingly. In such cases, the multiple chemical colors were coupled with structural colors to form the fambe glaze.     

铝件阳极氧化着色工艺的研究

论述了铝件阳极氧化着色工艺及着色的影响因素。采用不同的着色方法着出了色彩均匀柔和饱满的金黄、天蓝、金绿、古银等各种颜色。     

普通钢铁铜盐电解着彩色研究

为提高钢铁件的耐蚀、耐热及装饰等性能,用电沉积法研究了钢铁表面在硫酸铜溶液中的着色工艺,研究了pH值、电流密度、时间等工艺条件对着色效果的,利用光电子能谱仪分析了着色膜的成分。结果表明：钢铁表面在铜盐着色液中能获得多种颜色,着色膜主要成分为铜元素,其发色机理为光干扰效应。     

木材的配色与调色（一）

文章简单说明了木材的颜色,介绍了用于木材染色的各类着色剂、染着色原理,分析了影响染着色的因素及工艺要点,推荐出一些木材配色和调色的具体方法。     

景德镇明代仿天目瓷初考

研究了一片景德镇明朝成化时期仿天目瓷的样品,用显微镜进行观察,应用质子激发Ｘ荧光分析技术测定其主量,痕量化学组成,并与其它古代天目瓷加以比较。     

木材的配色与调色（二）

文章简单说明了木材的颜色,介绍了用于木材染色的各类着色剂、染着色原理,分析了影响染着色的因素及工艺要点,推荐出一些木材配色和调色的具体方法。