EFFECT OF THE DROPLET AGGLOMERATION ON THE DESIGN OF SPRAY DRYER TOWERS

ABSTRACT

The agglomeration of water droplets along the distance from the atomising nozzle was determind experimentally. The effect of the droplet agglomeration upon the required height of the spray dryer is computed for different nozzle sizes and different gas temperatures.     

喷嘴结构改进及其液体射流过程颗粒团聚研究

在重质原料液的射流阶段降低反应温度会导致液体呈现不同的黏度,促使颗粒聚集形成不同尺寸的团聚结构,阻碍了原料液的热量传递,减缓了裂化反应的速率,颗粒团聚是流体焦化反应工艺面临的一个重要而又具有挑战性的问题。选用水-沙系统模拟热态沥青-焦炭系统,利用气罩装置改进喷嘴结构,基于电导信号法测量多黏度液体射流过程的电导信号随时间的变化规律,研究不同条件下流化床内颗粒团聚过程。研究结果表明：多孔气罩装置可以为喷嘴射流创造理想的稀相环境,避免了液滴在射流空腔以及交换区域的聚集和压缩;液体射流在床层扩散过程中可以观察到不同的流化阶段,即颗粒润湿阶段、团聚形成阶段、团聚隔离阶段;较高的气液比可以有效地阻止颗粒团聚,相比于较低的流化气速,较高的气速条件允许高黏度糖水溶液参与液体射流。本研究为多黏度液体射流过程颗粒团聚现象的在线监测提供了理论研究基础,确保了流化床内射流液滴与颗粒表面的良好接触。     

南江霞石替代长石在瓷砖应用的可行性研究

本文主要研究了纯霞石和霞石与石英混合料的烧结性能特点。另外也分析了霞石替代长石对试样烧结性能和瓷砖的抗折强度的影响。结果表明：[1]霞石烧结温度高于长石。[2]加入一定量的石英对霞石烧结性能有显著的影响。[3]霞石替代长石不仅降低瓷砖烧成温度,对瓷砖抗折强度也有明显的改善。     

An Experimental Investigation of Agglomeration with One and Two Nozzle Atomisation

Water-droplet size and velocity measurements were taken throughout two different sprays produced by a single nozzle and two nozzles pointed towards each other. The aim of this investigation was to understand the manner in which the motion of the droplets in a spray leads to agglomeration of these droplets. It appears that the inertia of the droplets plays an important role in the redistribution of droplets throughout a spray. Larger droplets tend to concentrate at the outer portions of the spray, because they are able to maintain their radial momentum farther downstream of a nozzle, while the smaller droplets follow the airflow more closely and thus collect in the core of the spray. Agglomeration can result from both turbulent collisions and collisions due to the relative velocities of the droplets. The difference between the agglomeration rates in the sprays from a single nozzle and two-nozzles pointed towards each other was difficult to resolve in these experiments, although the results suggest that th     

单双喷嘴雾化凝聚的实验研究

Water-droplet size and velocity measurements were taken throughout two different sprays produced by a single nozzle and two nozzles pointed towards each other. The aim of this investigation was to understand the manner in which the motion of the droplets in a spray leads to agglomeration of these droplets. It appears that the inertia of the droplets plays an important role in the redistribution of droplets throughout a spray. Larger droplets tend to concentrate at the outer portions of the spray, because they are able to maintain their radial momentum farther downstream of a nozzle, while the smaller droplets follow the airflow more closely and thus collect in the core of the spray. Agglomeration can result from both turbulent collisions and collisions due to the relative velocities of the droplets. The difference between the agglomeration rates in the sprays from a single nozzle and two-nozzles pointed towards each other was difficult to resolve in these experiments, although the results suggest that the outer portions of both sprays should be investigated more closely for evidence of agglomeration.     

Nozzle flow behavior of aluminum/polycarbonate composites in the material extrusion printing process

This article investigates the effects of nozzle diameter, resin viscosity, and filler size and volume content on the melt flow properties and clogging of composites in the material extrusion additive manufacturing process. The flow behavior was systematically characterized by a custom nozzle flow test (NOFT) device, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results indicated that the viscosity of the material, the particle size, and the diameter of the nozzle were important factors for clogging. TGA results showed deviations from the designed filler volume fraction, which could be due to the buildup of filler material in the nozzle and subsequent partial clogging. SEM observations showed that particle agglomeration tended to be more prevalent in strands with high filler volume content. The agglomeration could be seen near the edge of the strand. A model for the clogging formation in NOFT was summarized into four stages: particle deposition on the wall of the nozzle, creation of dendrites, particle agglomeration, and particle clogging, which explained the clogging mechanism in the NOFT. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47252.     

EFFECT OF CROSS FLOW ON THE SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL FEED NOZZLE

The spray characteristics of a scaled-down version of an industrial feed nozzle are studied in the presence of a cross flow. Aerated liquid nitrogen is injected through the nozzle to generate the spray. The aeration rate is low and held constant, while two different liquid flow rates are used to produce the spray. A nonuniform wind profile is chosen to represent the cross flow condition. The droplet diameter and velocity measurements are acquired using a phase-Doppler particle analyzer. The results of the present study indicate that the spray momentum flux determines the extent of the jet bending. The droplets are accelerated significantly in the initial jet region as a result of flashing. However, further downstream of the nozzle, the vaporization of the droplets is considered to be negligible. The size-velocity correlation changes significantly for the case where the spray is shifted due to the cross flow.     

高温流化床结焦特性

分析了近年来高温流化床结焦研究的状况，总结了流化床结焦现象及其影响因素、流化床结焦时的最小流化速度及影响因素、流化床结焦机理，并分析了研究中存在的问题，探讨了高温流化床结焦特性研究的方向。     

梭式窑对流换热的模拟研究

在梭式窑空气动力模型上，采用不同规模的烽嘴，研究了烧嘴的流量与喷速对窑内对流换热的影响。提出了换热不均匀度的定义式，推导了入窑气体温度与换热不均匀度的关系，得到了梭式窑对流换热关系式。     

Identification of thermal zones and population balance modelling of fluidized bed spray granulation

Air temperature measurements in a fluidized bed of glass beads top sprayed with water showed that conditions for particles growth were fulfilled only in the cold wetting zone under the nozzle which size and shape depended on operating conditions (liquid spray rate, nozzle air pressure, air temperature, and particles load). Evolution of the particle size distribution during agglomeration was modelled using population balance and representing the fluidized bed as two perfectly mixed reactors exchanging particles with particle growth only in the one corresponding to the wetting zone. The model was applied to the agglomeration of non-soluble glass beads and soluble maltodextrin particles spraying respectively an acacia gum solution (binder) and water. Among the three adjustable parameters, identified from experimental particle size distributions evolution during glass beads agglomeration, only one describing the kinetics of the size distribution evolution depended on process variables. The model allowed satisfying simulation of the evolution of the particle size distribution during maltodextrin agglomeration.     

具有容器接管高应变区应变场特征的一种十字形试板

设计了一种承受双向载荷的十字形试板,以满足压力容器接管连接结构处疲劳性能研究的需要。通过有限元应力分析及电阻应变片测量,两者结果有较好的一致性,同时证明该试板具有压力容器接管连接处的应变分布特征:高应变峰值、高应变梯度及周围被广大弹性区包围。     

超塑性Y-TZP增韧陶瓷超细粉末的研究

用化学共沉淀法制备了3mol％Y_2O_3-ZrO_2超细粉末。利用热分析,x射线,透射电镜,颗粒粒度分析仪分析了粉料的相组成;颗粒形貌、大小;粉料的团聚状态;化学组成的均一性以及其烧结性能,并结合烧结试样的显微结构和力学性能对粉末的性能做出了评价。实验表明,所制备的粉料组成较为均匀;粒度分布窄;团聚体尺寸小,烧结活性高;颗粒粒度约为200(?)。粉料的相组成主要为四方相和约26％的单斜相。3Y-TZP陶瓷材料三点弯曲强度达1479.14MPa,断裂韧性为13.2MPa·m~(1/2),超塑性压缩变形达190％。     

煤的油团聚化学动力学理论

对煤的油团聚形成过程——用煤粒与分散的液相桥间的碰撞来测定速率，描述油团聚过程的化学动力学．预言油团聚的形成属于二级反应．在建立模型和测定速率方面来评价预言的倾向性．由煤的批处理过程得出不同的操作影响，如液体油的用量、搅拌程度等有关动力学参数，通过实验及提供基础了解来定性团聚过程的动力学模型．     

THE LABOR AND AIR-POWER COST OF SAND-BLASTING1

Efficiency data are given from experience on adjustment of air and sand quantities, size and shape of nozzle, and distance of nozzle from the work. Production data are given on blasting of large ware and barrel cleaning of small ware. The data are shown in curves.     

HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROCESS OF DEPRESSURIZATION OF SATURATED WATER

Experiments were carried out to find the effects of dissolved gas pressure,liquid flow rateand nozzle geometry on the bubble generation when saturated water was depressurized through anozzle.A new method,high speed camera system was developed to measure the generated microbubblesdynamically.On the basis of the laws of ideal gas and solution,theoretical generated gas flow ratewas deduced,while the Smoluchowski′s equation was applied to describe the kinetics of bubblenucleation.It was found that the size distribution of nucleated bubbles was of skewed distribution.An explanation to this phenomenon was made and the Gamma function distribution was employedfor mathematical simulation.The results show good agreement between the experimental data and thepredictions by proposed model.     

工艺及原丝参数对喷气变形丝性能的影响

本文主要叙述了空气压力、变形速度、超喂率、稳定性伸长率及喷嘴类型等工艺参数及原丝材料、单丝纤度及丝条总纤度等原丝参数对喷气变形丝性能的影响。     

PARTICLE TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY THROUGH THE NOZZLE OF THE API AEROSIZERTM

This study has investigated the particle transmission efficiency through the nozzle of the API Aerosizer^TM numerically. Two-dimensional flow field in the nozzle was first simulated. Particle trajectories for both liquid and solid particles were then calculated to obtain the particle transmission efficiency under various conditions. This study shows that particle aerodynamic diameter, particle materials, particle density and laser beam diameter influence the transmission efficiency. The transmission efficiency is found to increase with increasing particle diameter when the particle aerodynamic diameter is less than several micrometers. The efficiency for liquid particles drops significantly when particle aerodynamic diameter increases from several micrometers because of particle impaction loss in the nozzle. For solid particles, the relationship of the efficiency with particle diameter is found to be more complicated. For particles less than several micrometers in aerodynamic diameter, solid particles behave similarly to the liquid particles. However, as particles are greater than several micrometers, the effect of solid particle bounce is to increase the transmission efficiency with increasing aerodynamic diameter until particles become large enough so that plastic deformation occurs in the particles. Then the transmission efficiency will decrease with increasing particle aerodynamic diameter.     

悬浮体中团聚体的产生机理及其对材料结构与性能的影响(英文)

研究了陶瓷胶态成型过程悬浮体中产生团聚体的微观机理,根据液体介质中陶瓷粉体颗粒之间的作用势,建立了团聚体产生的微观结构模型.利用环境扫描电子显微镜对悬浮体中粉体团聚的显微结构进行"准"直接观察,发现悬浮体中存在2种团聚体形态:Ⅰ型团聚体(硬团聚)和Ⅱ型团聚体(软团聚),揭示了团聚体的产生是由于浆料的固相含量偏离了稳定固相含量.研究发现:悬浮体中的团聚体会遗传到陶瓷体中,并对陶瓷构件的力学性能有显著影响.探讨了团聚体对烧结体的结构及力学性能影响的原因.当悬浮体中固相含量低于稳定固相体积分数ψ0时,悬浮体中会形成松散团聚即软团聚;当固相含量超过ψ0时,悬浮体中会形成紧密团聚即硬团聚:当固相含量等于ψ0时,悬浮体具有均匀分散的稳定结构.由于悬浮体固相含量偏离稳定周相含量ψ0而在悬浮体中产生的团聚体,会由于原位周化而遗传到坯体之中,影响烧结体结构的均匀性.     

A SIMPLE DERIVATION OF THE CUTPOINT OF AN IMPACTOR

Impactors are designed according to numerical computations, which have been shown to give accurate predictions for the 50% cutpoint. However, such computer calculations obscure the basic physics of the impactor. Textbook derivations commonly assume circular streamlines and do not yield accurate results for the cutpoint. In this paper, a simple but accurate derivation is given for the cutpoint of an impactor with a rectangular nozzle, based on only very general assumptions as to the flow. For an impactor with a circular nozzle, the derivation requires an additional input datum and is less accurate. The derivation makes clear the essential physics of the impactor.     

超细颗粒流化特性及团聚机理

在直径40mm的流化床中，考察了Al2O3、CaCO3等超细颗粒的流化特性，测定了床层压降变化、床层的坍落及膨胀规律.通过对超细颗粒自团聚现象的分析，探讨了超细颗粒稳定流化的机理.