生物质热裂解双仓式气力输送喂料装置输料特性

设计制造了一套生物质热裂解用双仓式气力输送喂料装置,研究流化气速、喷动气速、有效喷射距离（s=50mm、100mm、150mm、200mm）、输料管内径（d ₁=21mm、24mm、29mm）和生物质颗粒粒径对进料率的影响。试验结果表明,进料率随着流化流速、喷动气速、输料管内径、生物质颗粒粒径的增大而增大。在有效喷射距离为100mm时,进料率最高。固气比随着流化气或喷动气速的增加先增加后降低,在流化气和喷动气的共同作用下,随着气体流速的增加固气比一直在降低。为了描述进料率与喷动气速、流化气速、有效喷射距离、输料管内径以及生物质颗粒粒径之间的关系,采用多元线性回归分析,建立了多元线性回归模型。开展了额外试验验证模型的准确性,结果表明试验值和预测值误差在±10.2%以内,表明所建立的模型可靠,可以利用该模型预测喂料器的进料率。     

连续运转的加压喷动流化床内颗粒停留特性

在一喷动流化床（直径５０ｍｍ）试验台上,采用０．６３～１．６０ｍｍ的原煤颗粒,进行了加料速率、流化气、喷动气以及压力等不同因素对颗粒在床内停留时间影响的实验研究,发现改变喷动床中气体流量,物料停留时间基本不变;改变流化气或喷动气,尤其后者,对停留时间影响明显;而一旦增加压力,会使停留时间延长．实验数据可为此类床型作为干燥器、气化裂解炉等的研究和应用提供有益参考．     

喷流床中喷动气入口出料规律的研究

在φ３００ｍｍ的喷流床中,用砂作流化颗粒,以空气作为流化和喷动气、考察了流化气速、喷动气速、静床高、大颗粒深度及锥形气体分布器开孔率等对大颗业在喷动气入口管出料的影响,从而提出大颗粒下料速率的经验关联式为ｖｐ＝１．９５３×１０＾－９ｃｂ（Ｕｓ／ｕｔ）＾－１４．３５ｅｘｐ（－１．３２Ｕｔ／Ｕｍｆ）维持喷动流化床不出料的最小喷动气速计算式为Ｕｓｍｉｎ／ｕｔ＝０．２３１Ｕｔ／Ｕｍｆ＋０．７７１。     

导向管喷动流化床内宽筛分硅颗粒流化特性的实验及模拟

在内径为182mm的导向管喷动流化床中,以亚毫米级的宽筛分硅颗粒为物料,对喷动气旁路特性进行了实验研究,分别考察了静止床层高度、夹带区高度、导向管内径、喷动气速和流化气速对喷动气旁路分率的影响。结果表明喷动气的旁路分率随喷动气速的增加首先保持平稳,随后降低直至保持稳定值;当喷动气速较小时,旁路分率随静止床层高度的增加而增加,当喷动气速足够大时,静止床高的变化对旁路分率影响不大;此外,喷动气旁路分率随流化气速、导向管内径的增加而增大,但随着导向管安装高度的增加而减小。同时,采用基于颗粒动力学理论的双欧拉模型,通过Fluent建立了与冷态实验条件一致的导向管喷动流化床气固两相流的数理模型,经计算流体力学模拟考察了相关参数对模拟结果的影响。结果表明压降与实验值吻合,流态化外观也与实验结果一致。所建立的模型具有一定的准确性和可靠性,可以成为预测实验结果的有效途径。     

喷动流化床流动特性数值模拟

为了捕捉喷动流化床中微观层次上的颗粒运动信息,建立了基于CFD的二维非稳态喷动流化床欧拉-欧拉两相流模型。分析了不同流化气速对喷动流化床气固流动特性的影响,即不同工况下的炉内压力降、颗粒浓度、床内空隙率分布、气体速度分布和固体颗粒速度分布。数值模拟研究结果表明:随流化气速的增大,压降和炉内平均空隙率逐渐增大,密相床层高度逐渐增加,沿着轴向方向的气体流量增大,喷动气的射流深度逐渐增加,同时射流半径也逐渐增加。     

粗颗粒在锥型床中的流化特性

通过Ｇｅｌｄａｒｔ－Ｄ类粗颗粒在三种锥形床中的实验表明：随着入口的表观气速的增加,在床中依次出现固定床流区,部分流化区和喷动流区。在固定床区内,压降和表观气速关系可以通过Ｅｒｇｕｎ公式求得：在部分流化床区内;实验和理论计算均表明了由于颗粒所受到的曳力档的轴向高度增加而减小,造成床层轴向上部未流化的颗粒对下部硫化颗粒膨和压制作用,在喷动流化区内,给出了预测锥形床的初始喷动气速和喷动压降的经验公式。     

灰熔聚流化床气化炉内气固两相流的数值模拟

应用欧拉双流体模型模拟了某化肥厂现运行的灰熔聚流化床煤气化炉(用ICC表示)内的气固两相流动行为,得出了所模拟ICC的合理流化气速与喷动气速的速度范围及匹配关系:流化气速不能太小,否则布风板区域会出现死区;流化气速也不能太大,否则将失去ICC的设计运行特点.当流化气速一定时,随喷动气速的增加,搅动混合增强,但过大的喷动气速会使床内的流动结构出现腾涌,不利于ICC的高效安全运行.     

喷动流化床的最小喷动流化速度和床层压降

在一喷动流化床（直径 ５０ ｍｍ）实验台上采用 ０．６３～１．６０ ｍｍ的神府原煤颗粒,在连续进料的情况下进行了最小喷动流化速度以及固定流化气、改变喷动气和固定喷动气、改变流化气的床层压降变化的实验研究．结果表明,最小喷动流化速度可以参考鼓泡流化床的临界流化速度的计算方法;床层压降变化证实,喷动流化床具有良好的调节能力．     

连续进出料鼓泡流化床颗粒停留时间分布

针对双流化床气化或双床热解气化工艺中鼓泡床反应器的设计,采用脉冲法研究了Geldart B类固体颗粒在连续颗粒进料和出料的矩形流化床内的停留时间分布(RTD),考察了气速、床料高度、粒径、物料流率等操作参数对RTD的影响. 结果表明,物料流率、床料高度、粒径是影响颗粒RTD的主要因素,而气速则是次要因素. 随物料流率和粒径增加,鼓泡床内颗粒流动向平推流靠近;随床料高度增加,物料在床内的混合更加充分,颗粒流动向全混流靠近. 根据实验结果,推荐采用比理想平推流时间低9%~18%计算平均颗粒停留时间.     

内构件流化床内颗粒停留时间分布及压降的研究

在一内径100 mm设有数块水平挡板、底部连续加料与上部溢流排料的流化床内,采用粒径为0.04～1.0 mm的精钛矿颗粒,进行了加料速率、流化气速以及内构件间距等不同因素对物料在床内停留时间及压降影响的实验研究,发现在气固并流向上的流化床内增设水平挡板且d/H=1时,可形成稳定流化状态.研究结果表明流化床中的持料量主要取决于流化气速,平均停留时间随流化气速和进料速率增加而降低.平衡时床内颗粒平均粒径大于进料颗粒的平均粒径,使得床内小颗粒停留时间减少,大颗粒停留时间延长,可满足各种粒度颗粒所需的反应时间.通过简化经验公式计算表明,大而重的颗粒趋于沉积床底,小而轻的颗粒趋于漂浮床顶.实验数据可为此类床型用于气固相加工提供有益参考.     

The use of peat granules in a fluidized bed bioreactor

This study describes the particle characteristics and fluidized hydrodynamics of peat granules. Peat granules, moistened with water, are a potential packing material in a gas–solid fluidized bed bioreactor used for treating air pollution. Information on the fluidization of wet peat granules is lacking. In order to advance this new type of bioreactor and to scale up its design for industrial use, fluidization studies of suitable packing material are required. Using abiotic experiments, three sizes of peat granules have been fluidized with air and fluidization characteristics were observed at different superficial gas velocities. Relative to other biomass particles, peat granules have a high particle density and sphericity, which contributes to favourable fluidization behaviour, without gas channelling. Fluidization experiments demonstrate that as the mean size of peat particles increased, minimum fluidization velocity increased. Increasing the moisture content of the peat granules resulted in a transition from bubbling bed fluidization to poor fluidization behaviour. Other types of moist biomass particles such as sawdust are difficult to fluidize and typically exhibit Geldart group C behaviour. In contrast, it was observed that wet peat granules could be fluidized in a bubbling bed regime, typical of group B particles.     

基于图像法喷动床内空隙率研究

利用图像二值化方法处理图片,并采用Matlab编程实现空隙率的测量,从微观层次分析空隙率对喷动流化床内流动状态的影响。研究了颗粒粒径、喷口数量和表观气速对空隙率分布的影响。结果表明,增大表观气速使床层底部的稀相区增大,床层膨胀高度增加,空隙率也随之增加。增大颗粒粒径会增大最小临界流化速率,所以在其达到流化状态后流化床内颗粒粒径增大,床内喷动区空隙率减小比较明显。在相同条件下,与单喷口相比双喷口在床层底部附近存在合并射流,同时颗粒能到达的高度显著增加,底部两侧停滞区面积减小。结合对空隙率的分析,提出一种新的表征流化床内流化状态的参数(流化指数),可以直观地表示流化床内颗粒的流化状态。     

气-固微型流化床压降特性及最小流化速度的实验研究

在内径3~20 mm的4个气?固微型流化床中,分别考察了A类和B类两种类型颗粒的流化特性,同时研究了床几何结构、操作条件、物相性质等各因素对其最小流化速度的影响。结果表明,气?固微型流化床中的床层压降特性与颗粒类型密切相关,不同的流动状态下两种类型颗粒的流动特性存在显著地差异。在固定床阶段,与B类颗粒相比,A类颗粒与壁面间的相互作用更强,导致实验压降值偏离计算值更大;在流化床阶段,较大颗粒粒径和密度的B类颗粒在床层内表现出了更高的气泡聚并和破裂程度,加剧了颗粒间的碰撞,增加了能量损失,从而形成了较高的实验压降。气?固微型流化床的最小流化速度除了与操作条件和物相性质有关外,床内径与静态床层高度对其也会产生显著影响。随着床径减小及静态床高增加,最小流化速度逐渐增加。综合考察各影响的因素,提出了适用于实验考察范围内预测微型流化床最小流化速度的经验关联式。     

内置螺旋挡板流化床颗粒停留时间分布

采用脉冲示踪法在内置螺旋挡板冷态鼓泡流化床上研究了螺旋挡板、加料速率、流化风速、颗粒粒径和床料高度对颗粒在流化床内停留时间分布的影响. 结果表明,颗粒停留时间的无量纲方差从无螺旋挡板时的0.558减小到有螺旋挡板时的0.085,螺旋挡板可有效抑制颗粒返混,增大颗粒运动的平推流趋势;加料速率增大为约2倍时,停留时间减小为约50%,流动更趋向于平推流;床料高度增加,颗粒返混加剧,颗粒平均停留时间及无量纲方差均增大,颗粒运动向全混流靠近;随流化风速增大,颗粒平均停留时间变长;实验范围内,颗粒粒径对颗粒停留时间分布影响不大.     

Bed height and material density effects on fluidized bed hydrodynamics

Characterizing the hydrodynamics of a fluidized bed is of vital importance to understanding the behavior of this multiphase flow system. Minimum fluidization velocity and gas holdup are two of these key characteristics. Experimental studies addressing the effects of bed height and material density on the minimum fluidization velocity and gas holdup were carried out in this study using a 10.2 cm diameter cylindrical fluidized bed. Three different Geldart type-B particles were tested: glass beads, ground walnut shell, and ground corncob, with material densities of 2600, 1300, and 1000 kg/m³, respectively. The particle size range was selected to be the same for all three materials and corresponded to 500–600 μm. In this study, five different bed height-to-diameter ratios were investigated: H/D=0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3. Minimum fluidization velocity was determined for each H/D ratio using pressure drop measurements. Local time-average gas holdup was determined using non-invasive X-ray computed tomography imaging. Results show that minimum fluidization velocity is not affected by the change in bed height. However, as the material density increased, the minimum fluidization velocity increased. Finally, local time-average gas holdup values revealed that bed hydrodynamics were similar for all bed heights, but differed when the material density was changed.     

大颗粒流化床中颗粒磨蚀的实验研究

为了进一步丰富和发展大颗粒流态化理论,促进其在水泥煅烧领域的应用,实验通过1个三维流化床试验台研究了大颗粒流化床中颗粒的破损方式为磨蚀,即颗粒在流化过程中表面磨碎后生成细粉,颗粒自身的粒径逐渐变小。实验表明,颗粒粒径、风速以及流化时间对大颗粒流化床中颗粒的磨蚀影响较大,静床高对磨蚀几乎没有影响。最后提出了大颗粒流化床合适的控制参数:粒径范围4—7 mm,表观风速1.3um f—1.6um f,静床高H0/D<2。     

Experimental investigation of a rotating fluidized bed in a static geometry

Rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry are based on the new concept of injecting the fluidization gas tangentially in the fluidization chamber, via multiple gas inlet slots in its cylindrical outer wall. The tangential injection of the fluidization gas fluidizes the particles tangentially and induces a rotating motion, generating a centrifugal field. Radial fluidization of the particle bed is created by introducing a radially inwards motion of the fluidization gas, towards a centrally positioned chimney. Correctly balancing the centrifugal force and the radial gas-solid drag force requires an optimization of the fluidization chamber design for each given type of particles. Solids feeding and removal can be continuous, via one of the end plates of the fluidization chamber.The fluidization behavior of both large diameter, low density polymer particles and small diameter, higher density salt particles is investigated at different solids loadings in a 24 cm diameter, 13.5 cm long non-optimized fluidization chamber. Scale-up to a 36 cm diameter fluidization chamber is illustrated.Provided that the solids loading is sufficiently high, a stable rotating fluidized bed in a static geometry is obtained. This requires to minimize the solids losses via the chimney. With the polymer particles, a dense and uniform bed is observed, whereas with the salt particles a less dense and less uniform bubbling bed is observed. Solids losses via the chimney are much more pronounced with the salt than with the polymer particles.Slugging and channeling occur at too low solids loadings. The hydrostatic gas phase pressure profiles along the outer cylindrical wall of the fluidization chamber are a good indicator of the particle bed uniformity and of channeling and slugging. The fluidization gas flow rate has only a minor effect on the occurrence of channeling and slugging, the solids loading in the fluidization chamber being the determining factor for obtaining a stable and uniform rotating fluidized bed in a static geometry.     

U形流化床流体动力学特性

用内置隔板将流化床内反应空间分为左右两个反应室,并通过下部通道使两室连通,反应颗粒从一室连续供入、反应后颗粒从另一室连续排出,将在反应器结构和颗粒流动路径两方面均呈现"U"形特征的新型结构反应器称为U形流化床(UFB)。该反应器适合于高水分含量生物质的解耦气化。通过FLUENT模拟和二维冷态U形流化床实验相结合的方式,研究了U形流化床的流体动力学特性。结果表明:U形流化床左右两室的颗粒均能被充分流化,实现颗粒自一室向另一室的流动,且通过优化分隔板的结构及布置方式,使自一室流向另一室的气体可在流入反应室中较均匀分布。确立了实现上述流动特征的U形流化床的操作条件范围及其控制因素。颗粒停留时间的测试分析进一步阐明了颗粒经过U形流化床的停留时间分布特征及其与全混流模型的接近度。