乳状液和微乳液体系的形成及其性能研究

以柴油／水、汽油／水、煤油／水为实验体系,制备了乳状液和微乳液并对其性能进行了系统的研究。结果表明：乳状液的粘度是分散相体积分数和粒径的函数并获得了相应的关联式;影响乳状液稳定性的主要因素是乳状液的粒径而不是粘度;在微乳液体系中,表面活性剂的用量和分散相体积之间存在着比例关系;微乳液的形成只与它本身的组成有关而与制备方法无关。     

甲醇柴油微乳液制备及稳定性的实验研究

复配油酸,二乙醇胺,span80,op-4四种表面活性剂,将其加入到加甲醇柴油混合体系中,制备甲醇柴油微乳液,并采用正交试验方法与粘度指数法,考察了制备温度,搅拌时间,搅拌速度,助表面活性剂用量,甲醇含量5种因素对甲醇柴油微乳液稳定性的影响程度。实验结果表明,当m(油酸)/m(二乙醇胺)/m(span80)/m(OP-4)=10∶2∶3∶2时,可增溶甲醇量最大,正交试验结果表明:样品粘度指数最小,50℃恒温前后的粘度变化最小,为稳定性最佳的甲醇柴油微乳液配方,显著性检验结果表明影响因素作用程度依次为:甲醇含量制备温度搅拌时间助剂用量搅拌速度。在试验温度为30℃,搅拌时间为12 min,搅拌速度为300 r/min时,添加甲醇质量分数为5%的实验条件下制备甲醇柴油微乳液。     

乳状液和微乳液体系的形成及其性能研究

以柴油／水、汽油／水、煤油／水为实验体系，制备了乳状液和微乳液产以其性能进行了系统的研究。结果表明：乳状的粘度是分散相体积分数和料径的函数并获得了相应的关联式；影响乳状液稳定性的主要因素是乳状液的粒径而不是粘度；在微乳液体系中，表面活性剂的用量和分散相体积之间着比例关系；微乳液的形成只与它本身的组成有关而一制备方法无关。     

柴油微乳液的制备及其性能研究

介绍了-10<'#>,0<'#>柴油微乳液的组成,确定了柴油、水、表面活性剂的质量配比,采用超声波处理为分散手段制备了微乳化柴油;并将-10<'#>柴油制备的微乳液与0<'#>柴油制备的微乳液作了对比;对制得的微乳化柴油的十六烷值、闪点、密度、黏度、粒径、凝点、热值、胶质质量浓度等理化性能指标进行了测定与分析对比;同时...     

高粘度苯丙乳液的制备与性能研究

采用一步乳液聚合法制备出一种具有高粘度的苯丙乳液,通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)研究高粘度苯丙乳液的微观结构,探讨了聚乙烯醇(PVA)含量对聚合物乳液粘度、固含量、吸水率、力学性能等物理性能的影响。结果表明,实验成功合成了固含量稳定的高粘度苯丙乳液;当PVA含量为2.2%时,乳液粘度达到3 346.5 m Pa·s,增幅为288.32%;断裂伸长率高达2 478%,增幅为251.21%。与纯苯丙乳液相比,所制备的高粘度苯丙乳液综合性能得到明显提高。     

高粘度苯丙乳液的制备与性能研究

采用一步乳液聚合法制备出一种具有高粘度的苯丙乳液,通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)研究高粘度苯丙乳液的微观结构,探讨了聚乙烯醇(PVA)含量对聚合物乳液粘度、固含量、吸水率、力学性能等物理性能的影响。结果表明,实验成功合成了固含量稳定的高粘度苯丙乳液;当PVA含量为2.2%时,乳液粘度达到3 346.5 m Pa·s,增幅为288.32%;断裂伸长率高达2 478%,增幅为251.21%。与纯苯丙乳液相比,所制备的高粘度苯丙乳液综合性能得到明显提高。     

操作条件对柴油微乳液制备及稳定性的影响

利用微乳化剂Span 80(失水山梨醇单油酸酯)、D 08/1021(双烷基氯化铵),助乳化剂正戊醇,自来水制备出了柴油微乳液;进一步探讨了温度、加料方式、搅拌方式等对制备微乳液的影响.结论为温度在30-35℃时制备的微乳液澄清较快,而加料方式以及加料过程中的搅拌对微乳液的制备无影响.对所制备的微乳液样品进行稳定性验证:先混配制得微乳化剂,再将柴油和微乳化剂混合均匀,搅拌一段时间后加入水,再搅拌一段时间后加助乳化剂正戊醇,操作温度控制在30℃,由此制得的柴油微乳液澄清较快,且稳定性高.     

基于粒径分析与黏度测定的甲醇微乳柴油稳定性研究

复配表面活性剂及助表面活性剂制备得到甲醇微乳柴油,通过分析测定不同配方比例下微乳液粒度与运动黏度并进行正交实验考察不同实验条件对微乳液运动黏度的作用等方法,研究甲醇微乳柴油的稳定性及其影响因素。结果表明:在表面活性剂不同复配比例的条件下,平均粒径31.86—53.91 nm,分布集中对称,黏度指数较小;以叔丁醇为助表面活性剂时制备的微乳液平均粒径22.57 nm,随着助表面活性剂用量的不断增加,微乳液粒径分布逐渐集中,平均粒径下降,黏度指数减小,稳定性增强;对甲醇微乳柴油的稳定性影响程度依次为甲醇质量分数>温度>搅拌时间>助表面活性剂用量>搅拌速度。     

生物柴油基吸收剂净化甲苯废气

研究了新型微乳液吸收剂对含甲苯废气的吸收性能。以生物柴油、水、Tween-80和正丁醇制备微乳液,最佳制备条件是:m(Tween-80)∶m(正丁醇)=2∶1,HLB值为12.33,温度为室温。吸收实验结果表明,微乳液对甲苯的吸收率高达91.14%。对吸收废液进行再生实验,二次回收的吸收液对甲苯仍然具有较好的吸收效果,吸收率高达83.85%。     

油包水乳液的制备及其在制备海藻酸钠微球中的应用

乳液模板法是制备海藻酸钠微球的有效方法之一。然而，较低的内相体积分数限制了该方法的应用。为了提高内相体积分数，开展了以海藻酸钠溶液为内相、煤油为外相的油包水乳液制备研究。研究了搅拌速度、内相体积分数和乳化剂加量对乳液性能的影响。结果表明，搅拌速度为1000 r/min,乳化剂加量为6%,内相体积分数为75%时，可形成液滴尺寸较小且分布均匀的乳液。以该乳液为模板，制备出了圆整度较好，粒径分布均匀，平均粒径在7μm左右的海藻酸钠微球。     

微乳化柴油制备及其节油率与稳定时间的研究

用烷基苯磺酸钠、失水山梨醇油酸酯和MOA多元复配乳化剂制备了微乳化柴油。此柴油微乳液粒径在60 nm左右,乳液颗粒分布均匀,且实验重复性好。在温度为45℃,搅拌时间为60 min,乳化剂质量分数为4%,水质量分数为15%条件下,对制得的微乳化柴油的十六烷值、闪点、黏度等理化性能指标进行了测定,均满足0#普通柴油国标标准。通过柴油发电机组台架试验,微乳化柴油最高节油率约为7.5%,比纯柴油烟度降低83.1%,NOx排放量比纯柴油降低86.5%。研究了该微乳化柴油的热稳定性,通过微乳化柴油高温稳定时间(80℃)与常温稳定时间之间的近似关系推得其常温稳定时间。此种方法相对于传统测定常温稳定时间的方法而言,可节省大量检测时间。经实验证明,高温稳定时间在30 min以上的柴油微乳液,可以储存1年以上。     

Formulation of Canola-Diesel Microemulsion Fuels and Their Selective Diesel Engine Performance

Vegetable oils have been considered as an alternative to diesel fuel due to their comparable properties and performance. However, the high viscosity of vegetable oil causes engine durability problems with long-term usage. Vegetable oil viscosity can be reduced by blending with diesel fuel in thermodynamically stable mixtures using microemulsion fuel formulation techniques. This work focuses on the formulation of microemulsion fuels comprising diesel fuel and canola oil as the oil phase with ethanol and sec-butanol as viscosity reducers as well as 1-octanol and oleyl amine as surfactant/cosurfactant. Selective tests on an instrumented diesel engine were performed for formulated microemulsion fuels and No. 2 diesel fuel for comparison. The results show that formulated microemulsion fuels have fuel properties that meet the ASTM requirements for viscosity, cloud point, and pour point for biodiesel. Even more important, they have phase stability over a wide range of temperatures (−10 to 70 °C). Although all of the microemulsion fuels showed higher fuel consumption than diesel fuel, some of the microemulsion fuels had significantly reduced CO and NO_x emissions as well as reduced particulates when compared to baseline diesel fuel. The research demonstrates the potential of these microemulsion fuels as alternative to neat diesel fuel.     

桉叶油微乳用于经皮给药的研究与评价

研究与评价了桉叶油作为油相在经皮给药微乳中的有效性。试验以非洛地平作为模型药物。分别以油酸、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯（IPM）和桉叶油为油相制备了9个水包油微乳处方,通过测定各处方物理化学参数和大鼠体外透皮试验研究,通过对比载药量、透皮速率、滞后时间等参数,得到最适宜的处方：w(桉叶油)为5%,、w(吐温-80)为27.5%、w(乙醇)为27.5%和w(水)为40%。最后对该处方进行了兔子在体皮肤刺激性研究。结果表明桉叶油有着显著的优点：乳化能力强、对亲脂药物溶解度大、透皮促进效果明显、稳定性好。但是桉叶油也有一定皮肤刺激性,不宜用量过大。     

超临界花椒油微乳的配制及其稳定性研究

以超临界花椒油为油相,吐温-80为表面活性剂,无水乙醇和1,2-丙二醇为助表面活性剂,在30℃水浴中,用水滴定上述两组分不同配比的混合物,绘制油、吐温一80、醇、水体系伪三元相图,并对微乳进行稳定性研究。结果表明,相同条件下以1,2-丙二醇为助表面活性剂的体系,相图中微乳区面积大于以乙醇为助表面活性剂的体系。随着吐温-80与醇质量比（Km）的减小,形成的微乳区面积先增大后减小。经稳定性试验表明,加温和加速离心时对微乳剂稳定性无影响;少量盐对微乳剂稳定性基本无影响。     

一种乙醇柴油的微乳化性能研究

针对乙醇与柴油互溶性差的特点,采用添加表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AEO3）和助溶剂正戊醇的方法,改变乙醇柴油的微乳化性能。并通过实验考察了它们的最佳复配比,通过乙醇、柴油、稳定剂体系的拟三元相图,考察了温度对其稳定性的影响。最后对乙醇柴油的主要物性进行了测定。通过一系列实验得知,醇类可以作为乙醇柴油混合燃料的助溶剂,正戊醇的助溶效果相对较好;随着温度的降低,乙醇柴油的微乳化液会逐渐变浑浊,最终会分离;乙醇、助溶剂和表面活性剂的加入会降低乙醇柴油的闪点;表面活性剂AEO3作为乳化剂,在醇类稳定剂助溶下（例如AEO3：正戊醇=1：4）制成的乙醇柴油微乳液,稳定时间可达二个月以上。     

柴油微乳液拟三元相图的研究

绘制了复合表面活性剂(D0821/Tx-4/AEO-3)/正戊醇/柴油/水体系在不同温度及不同正戊醇质量分数时的一系列拟三元相图。结果表明,正戊醇质量分数及温度对拟三元相图及水最大增溶量有很大影响,醇量太大或太小形成的微乳区面积均较小;温度升高,微乳区面积及水最大增溶量也大大减少;随着正戊醇质量分数的增大,每一个温度下的微乳区及其最大增溶水量都逐渐向AEO-3/正戊醇/油角漂移。     

柴油乳化的研究及其进展

传统乳化柴油的研究与应用情况及其存在的问题,乳化柴油的节能降污机理以及微乳化的机理,乳化剂的选择和用量、乳化工艺对乳化柴油的稳定性的影响,乳化柴油对环境的改善,柴油微乳化工艺中微乳液的形成及微乳化柴油的特点。     

Diesel engine evaluation of a nonionic sunflower oil-aqueous ethanol microemulsion

A nonionic sunflower oil-aqueous ethanol microemulsion was formulated, characterized and evaluated as a fuel in a direct injection, turbocharged, intercooled, 4-cylinder Allis-Chalmers diesel engine during a 200 hr EMA cycle laboratory screening endurance test. Differences in engine operation between a baseline Phillips 2D reference fuel and the experimental fuel were observed. The major problem experienced while operating with the microemulsion was an incomplete combustion process at low-load engine operation. Significant lubricating oil dilution was observed initially, followed by an abnormal increase in the viscosity of the lubricative oil. Heavier carbon residue on the piston lands, in the piston ring grooves and in the intake ports was noted. In addition, premature injection-nozzle deterioration (sticking of the needle) was experienced. At present, the sunflower oil-aqueous ethanol microemulsion studied cannot be recommended for long-term use in a direct-injection diesel engine, but further modifications in formulation may produce acceptable sunflower oil microemulsions as alternative diesel fuels. Presented at the AOCS meeting, Chicago, IL, May 1983.     

Phase stability,fuel properties,and diesel engine performance of palm-oil-based microemulsion biofuels

Microemulsification and blending are two viscosity-modifying techniques of vegetable oils for direct use with diesel engine. In this study, alcohol blends are mixtures of ethanol, diesel, and palm-oil biodiesel while microemulsion biofuels are thermodynamically stable, clear, and single-phase mixtures of diesel, palm oil, and ethanol stabilized by surfactants and cosurfactants. Although there are many studies on biofuels lately, there is limited research on using biodiesel as a surfactant in microemulsion formulations and applied on engine performance at different engine loads. Therefore, the objectives are to investigate phase stability and fuel properties of formulated biofuels (various blends and microemulsions), to determine the engine performance at different engine loads (no load, and from 0.5 to 2.0 kW), and to estimate laboratory-scale cost of the selected biofuels compared to diesel and biodiesel. The results showed that phase stability and fuel properties of selected microemulsion biofuels are comparable to diesel and biodiesel. These microemulsion biofuels can be applied to the diesel engine at different loads while diesel-ethanol blends and palm-oil-biodiesel-ethanol blends cannot be. It was found that the energy efficiencies of the system using microemulsion biofuels were slightly lower than the average energy efficiency of diesel engine. From this study, it can be summarized that microemulsion biofuels can be formulated using palm-oil biodiesel (palm-oil methyl ester) as a bio-based surfactant and they can be considered as environmentally-friendly alternatives to diesel and biodiesel. However, cost considerations showed that the raw materials should be locally available to reduce additional costs of microemulsion biofuels.