Movement of dispersed droplets of W/O emulsion in a uniform DC electrostatic field:Simulation on droplet coalescence☆

Considering the droplet coalescence, the motion of a group of dispersed droplets in W/O emulsion in a DC electric field is simulated. The simulation demonstrates the evolutions of droplet number, size as wel as its distribution, local concentration distribution and droplet size-velocity relation with the applied time of electric field. The sim-ulated average droplet size is roughly consistent with the experimental value. The simulated variation of droplet number with time under several applied voltages shows that increasing voltage is more effective for raising the rate of droplet coalescence than extending exerting time. However, with the further raise of applied voltage, the improvement in droplet coalescence rate becomes less significant. The evolution of simulated droplet size–velocity relationship with time shows that the inter-droplet electric repulsion force is very strong due to larger electric charge on the droplet under higher applied voltage, so that the magnitude and the direction of droplet velocity become more random, which looks helpful to droplet coalescence.     

流态化固体颗粒对载气蒸发传热的强化

Heat transfer characteristics are studied for gas carrying evaporation with fluidized solid particles in a vertical rectangular conduit. Experimental results show that heat transfer of gas carrying evaporation is enhanced and the superheat of liquid in contact with heating surface lowers remarkably by introducing solid particles. Nucleate boiling on the heating surface is suppressed to a considerable degree. The mechanism of heat transfer enhancement by fluidized solid particles is analyzed with the consideration of collisions of solid particles with the boiling vapor bubbles.     

声空化场下的沸腾传热

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate systematically the effects of acoustic cavitation parameters and fluid subcooling on boiling of acetone around a horizontal circular tube. The experimental results show that acoustic cavitation enhanced remarkably the boiling heat transfer and decreased the incipient boiling superheat and that cavitation bubbles effect on boiling heat transfer reduced with cavitation distance. For boiling curves in a form of h-q“, elevated cavitation distance shift nucleate boiling curves to the right of the corresponding ordinary pool boiling curve. The associated mechanism of heat transfer enhancement is analyzed with the consideration of cavitation bubble influence on vapor embryo.     

Boiling Heat Transfer in an Acoustic Cavitation Field

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate systematically the effects of acoustic cavi-tation parameters and fluid subcooling on boiling of acetone around a horizontal circular tube. The experimental results show that acoustic cavitation enhanced remarkably the boiling heat transfer and decreased the incipient boiling superheat and that cavitation bubbles effect on boiling heat transfer reduced with cavitation distance. For boiling curves in a form of h-q", elevated cavitation distance shift nucleate boiling curves to the right of the corresponding ordinary pool boiling curve. The associated mechanism of heat transfer enhancement is analyzed with the consideration of cavitation bubble influence on vapor embryo.     

用多粒模型模拟丁二烯气相聚合的颗粒增长

Gas phase polymerization of butadiene by neodymium catalyst was modeled. The effects of mass and heat transfer resistances in the external boundary layer and within particles, sorption of butadiene in polybutadiene,and deactivation of active sites on polymer particle growth and morphology were studied. Simulation results show that the effects of intraparticle mass and heat transfer resistances on the growth rate of polymer particles are insignificant, and that there is no significant effect of mass transfer resistance on the morphology of polymer particles.The simulation results were compared with the experimental results.     

支流电场中的单气泡行为

The investigation on bubble behavior in electric field helps to analyze the mechanism of electric enhancement of boiling heat transfer. Experiments were performed to investigate the bubble deformation in direct current （DC） electric field with bubbles attached to the orifice. The air bubbles were slowly generated in the transformer oil pool at different orifices, so that the effect of flow on bubble shape was eliminated. The results showed that the bubbles were elongated and the departure volume decreased when the electric field was intensified. The major and minor axes, aspect ratio and departure volume increased with increasing the orifice diameter. Both the electric field and orifice size have great influence on bubble behavior. The bubble deformation was also simulated to compare with the experimental results. The numerical and experimental data qualitatively agree with each other.     

边界层对三氯氢硅-氢气系统中多晶硅化学气相沉积的影响

This paper presents the numerical investigation of the effects of momentum, thermal and species boundary layers on the characteristics of polycrystalline silicon deposition by comparing the deposition rates in three chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactors. A two-dimensional model for the gas flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer was coupled to the gas-phase reaction and surface reaction mechanism for the deposition of polycrystalline silicon from trichlorosilane (TCS)-hydrogen system. The model was verified by comparing the simulated growth rate with the experimental and numerical data in the open literature. Computed results in the reactors indicate that the deposition characteristics are closely related to the momentum, thermal and mass boundary layer thickness. To yield higher deposition rate, there should be higher concentration of TCS gas on the substrate, and there should also be thinner boundary layer of HCl gas so that HCl gas could be pushed away from the surface of the substrate immediately.     

CoO AS ADDITIVE IN POSITIVE ELECTRODE OF NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERY

A series of positive electrodes for Ni/MH battery were fabricated by addition of CoO.The morphology and microstructure of the electrodes were examined by SEM and EDS, and electrochemical behavior was investigated in three-compartment appliances at room temperature.The electrochemical performance of the positive electrodes with CoO was improved. Under the same charge-discharge cycle, the electrodes with CoO showed higher specific capacity, lower charge mean voltage and higher discharge mean voltage. But further increasing the content of CoO in the electrodes contributed negative effect on the overall performance. Addition of 8% (mass) CoO was suggested to be a suitable content for the positive electrode.     

交叉间断肋片与凹槽强化传热的实验与数值研究(英文)

Experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to study turbulent flow of water and heat transfer characteristics in a rectangular channel with discontinuous crossed ribs and grooves.The tests investigated the overall heat transfer performance and friction factor in ribbed and ribbed-grooved channels with rib angle of 30°.The experimental results show that the overall thermo-hydraulic performance for ribbed-grooved channel is increased by 10%-13.6% when compared to ribbed channel.The investigation on the effects of different rib angles and rib pitches on heat transfer characteristics and friction factor in ribbed-grooved channel was carried out using Fluent with SST(shear-stress transport) k-ω turbulence model.The numerical results indicate that the case for rib angle of 45° shows the best overall thermo-hydraulic performance,about 18%-36% higher than the case for rib angle of 0°.In addition,the flow patterns and local heat transfer characteristics for ribbed and ribbed-grooved channels based on the numerical simulation were also analyzed to reveal the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement.     

缩放管内带衰减性自旋流的局部性能

The distributions of thermal resistance in viscous sublayer,buffer region and turbulent core region,local flow resistance and local heat transfer characteristics at different locations downstream of the twisted-tape element were numerically studied in a converging-diverging tube inserted with spaced twisted-tape element by analyzing the attenuation of self-sustaining swirl flow.The results showed that the local performance was poor as thermal resistance was too concentrated in its distribution for a particular region.The more uniform the distribution of thermal resistance,the better the local performance.The local performance reached its best when the fluid just left the spaced twisted-tape,in which the flow resistance dropped substantially but the enhancement of heat transfer was still significant.The self-sustaining flow was maintained at a long distance.The best performance was at the length of 36.85 times the diameter,increasing by 6.8% compared with a converging-diverging tube.     

ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC ENHANCEMENT OF NUCLEATE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN HEAT EXCHANGERS

The effect of a radial d.c. electric field on nucleate boiling heat transfer was investigated experimentally using a single-tube shell/tube heat exchanger. A dielectric liquid (Freon R. 114) was used in the shell and the tube was heated by circulating water through it.

It was found that the application of a sufficiently intense electric field to the boiling heat transfer surface resulted both in the elimination of boiling hysteresis and the enhancement of heat transfer for the range of superheat studied. An application of approximately 20 kV was more than sufficient to eliminate the hysteresis.

It was also observed that there appeared to be a transition between two situations. At lower superheat there is an appreciable improvement in the heat transfer coefficient due to both initial (0 to 10 kV) and incremental (10 to 20 kV) voltage increases. At higher superheat, however, the greater improvement (about four times) is obtained with the initial voltage application     

电场强化乙酸乙酯自然对流和沸腾换热的实验研究

对沉浸于强极性有机液体工质乙酸乙酯中的平板表面上的自然对流和沸腾换热的外加电场强化进行了实验,得出了自然对流和沸腾换热的表面传热系数、强化效果与电场电压、热通量的关系.实验数据表明,外加电场对平板表面自然对流换热的强化效果好于对沸腾换热的强化效果.实验条件下,当施加外电场时,平板表面的自然对流换热的传热系数最大可达到无外电场时的6～7倍,沸腾换热的传热系数最大可达到无外电场时的4～5倍.     

中心圆柱电极EHD强化垂直管内沸腾换热的实验研究

以R123为工质采用中心圆柱电极对垂直管内沸腾换热的EHD强化进行了实验,得出了沸腾传热系数与电场强度、热流密度等相关参数的关系.测试了外加电场的电流以及击穿电场强度.从外加电场影响气泡的成长、跃离和运动规律的角度对EHD强化垂直管内沸腾换热的机理进行了分析.     

EHD强化相变换热同轴圆柱特征电极的理论分析

针对施加直流高压电场的电水动力学（EHD）强化管外沸腾换热和EHD强化管内凝结换热两种换热方式,提出了3个同轴圆柱特征电极参数,分别与最小场强电极、最小电场力电极、最小能耗电极对应.分析了3个电极参数的几何特性,结果表明,电极直径的大小,在EHD强化相变换热中起重要作用.     

外加电场对弱导电工质管外沸腾传热强化的实验研究

针对化工过程和能源工程中常遇到的弱导电工质,通过施加一高压直流电场进行管外沸腾传热的强化实验,得出了外加电场电压、热流密度与沸腾换热系数及强化系数之间的规律.比较分析了工质不同组分对电流体动力学(EHD)强化效果的影响,并对外加电场的功耗进行了分析,为探索EHD强化沸腾换热的机理以及将其推广到工程应用中提供了一定依据.     

电场分布对R123沸腾换热的影响

采用6种不同电极布置方式，进行了不同电势和热流密度下的R123池沸腾换热的试验研究。通过数值分析，计算了不同电极布置下换热面上的电场强度及分布。不同的电极布置，会导致换热面上电场强度和电场均匀性两方面的变化。结合试验和电场分布的计算结果，分析了电场均匀性、电场强度、热流密度与沸腾换热效果之间的关系。结果表明，在低热流密度下，电场分布对沸腾换热影响较大;而在高热流密度下，影响较小。电水动力学（EHD）强化换热效果是电场强度和电场均匀性综合作用的结果。     

电场强化乙醚自然对流和池沸腾换热

外加电场强化传热是将电场及其理论引入传热学领域,利用电场力与流场和温度场的相互作用而达到强化传热的一种有效方法．     

电场强化微槽道结构毛细芯蒸发器的传热特性

该实验以R141b作为工质,采用圆柱形电极,在不同运行压力条件下,实验研究了电场强度对微槽道结构换热表面蒸发/沸腾传热特性的影响。实验结果表明：随着电场强度的增加,传热强化效果越明显;运行压力对强化换热的效果具有重要的影响,在施加相同电场强度的条件下,不同运行压力的强化传热效果明显不同,传热系数最大可强化为未施加电场条件下传热系数的1.28倍。     

气固两相流中颗粒运动强化器壁对流传热的机理

提出了颗粒碰撞壁面过程中颗粒打破边界层和颗粒与壁面导热的强化传热模型,以分析气固两相流中颗粒强化对流传热的机理,通过模型计算研究了风速、颗粒浓度和粒径等因素对颗粒在壁面的停留特性、颗粒在边界层的扰动及对导热和边界层破坏两种强化机制传热比重的影响．以气固两相流横掠圆管的传热过程为例进行计算,计算与实验结果一致,并获得了具有实用价值的关联计算式．     

圆筒电极抑制换热表面CaCO3污垢沉积特性研究

将一圆筒柱面电极布置在换热器入口管道处,并与高压电源正极连接,研究圆筒电极形成的非匀强电场对实验段换热表面CaCO₃污垢沉积的影响。作为对比,同时分析了平行板电极（匀强电场）作用下CaCO₃污垢沉积行为。结果表明,施加平行电极与圆筒电极均可抑制换热表面CaCO₃污垢的沉积,抑垢率随施加电压（0~5000 V）的增加呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。当施加平行电极时,最佳抑垢电压值为1000 V,最佳抑垢率为 73.27%。当施加圆筒电极时,最佳抑垢电压为500 V,最佳抑垢率为83%。因此,施加圆筒电极具有更好的抑垢效果,同时最佳抑垢电压更低,可降低电的消耗。此外,在无电场作用时,换热表面CaCO₃晶体主要为树枝状文石结构,当施加圆筒或平行电极时,CaCO₃晶体主要为块状方解石结构。