高剪切流场和含水率对驱油剂产出高峰期三元复合驱采出液油水分离特性的影响(二)

以大庆油田北一区二排区块现场三元复合驱采出液为介质,研究了采出液含水率和离心泵中的高剪切流场对石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液油水分离特性的影响及其影响机制.驱油剂产出高峰期三元复合驱采出液的最主要特征为含水率和驱油剂含量高,油水界面张力低,油水乳化程度高,在离心泵等高剪切湍流场内易发生二次乳化而油水分离难度显著增大.水包油(O/W)型三元复合驱采出液的油水分离难度随其含水率增大而增大.含水率大于等于93.7％的高表面活性剂含量石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液单位体积内的油滴数量少,油滴间发生相互碰撞和接触的机会少,加上油滴在Marangoni效应作用下聚并缓慢,其在上浮进入三相分离器和游离水脱除器油水界面下方的油珠聚集体之前难以充分聚并,粒径过小,使得油珠聚并后被圈闭在油连续相中的水滴粒径过小,所形成的油包水(W/O)型原油乳状液中含有大量直径小于4μm的细小水滴,这些细小的水滴受Brown运动影响严重,沉降和聚并困难,造成驱油剂产出高峰期三元复合驱采出液脱水达标困难.离心泵对含水率小于60％的三元复合驱采出液总体上有显著的二次乳化作用,使其油水分离特性变差,而对含水率为77.3％的三元复合驱采出液的油水分离特性则没有显著的不利影响.离心泵对三元复合驱采出液的乳化机理为离心泵内存在高强度的湍流场,其中尺寸与分散相液滴相近的漩涡与液滴发生碰撞而使后者发生破裂,粒径变小,其影响程度随油水界面张力和分散相体积分数下降而增大.转油放水站外输液为含水率为60％～80％的O/W型乳状液时其后续脱水难度较低.     

高剪切流场和含水率对驱油剂产出高峰期三元复合驱采出液油水分离特性的影响(一)

以大庆油田北一区二排区块现场三元复合驱采出液为介质,研究了采出液含水率和离心泵中的高剪切流场对石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液油水分离特性的影响及其影响机制.驱油剂产出高峰期三元复合驱采出液的最主要特征为含水率和驱油剂含量高,油水界面张力低,油水乳化程度高,在离心泵等高剪切湍流场内易发生二次乳化而油水分离难...     

含高浓度石油磺酸盐表面活性剂三元复合驱采出液破乳剂

以大庆油田试验区中心井三元复合驱采出液为介质,研制了适用于高含量石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液破乳剂DE1022。室内试验结果表明,在其加药量为200mg/L时,可使水相表面活性剂含量不大于500mg/L、聚合物含量不大于2100mg/L的采出液在40℃下经过40min静置沉降后的水相含油量不高于2334mg/L,油相含水率不高于2.8%。     

油水分离剂在低驱油剂含量三元复合驱采出液处理中的应用

通过室内和现场试验评价了针对聚合物驱采出液研制的油水分离剂SP1003处理大庆油田杏二中试验区低驱油剂含量(NaOH388mg/L,重烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂25mg/L,部分水解聚丙烯酰胺108mg/L)三元复合驱采出液的可行性。现场试验过程中在SP1003加药量为30mg/L的情况下,游离水脱除器放水和水处理设施进水含油量分别由试验前的平均40030mg/L和1547mg/L降低到858mg/L和197mg/L,降低幅度分别为97.9%和87.3%。试验过程中还发现杏二中试验站游离水脱除器前的离心脱水泵造成采出液严重二次乳化,二次乳化后的采出液在脱水泵至游离水脱除器间管道内的停留时间过短使得采出液中的油珠聚并不充分,以及采出液处理设施运行不平稳都对杏二中试验区三元复合驱采出液和采出水处理有非常严重的不良影响。     

三元复合驱原油脱水系统油水分离效果急剧恶化后的应急化学剂处理措施

针对大庆油田北三东区块石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液处理设施进液的性质受油井酸洗和酸化作业影响发生突变,油水分离难度大幅度上升,造成大量原油随分离采出水进入采出水处理设施,外输脱水油量大幅度下降的问题,通过对突变后采出液处理设施进液性质的研究,确定造成其油水分离特性严重恶化的主要原因为其中含有大量硫化亚铁和碱土金属碳酸盐等具有油水界面活性的纳米尺度固体颗粒,这些微粒吸附在油水界面上形成空间屏障阻碍油珠之间的聚并。通过联合投加可溶解硫化亚铁和碱土金属碳酸盐微粒的硫化物去除型水质稳定剂WS1005B、可抑制碱土金属碳酸盐微粒析出的水质稳定剂WS1003、对O/W型采出液兼有清水和破乳脱水双重作用的油水分离剂SP1013和可抑制电脱水器内油水过渡层的脱水型破乳剂SP1009,改善了三元复合驱采出液处理设施进液的油水分离特性,实现了石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液的有效油水分离,三相分离器和游离水脱除器放水含油量低于800mg/L,电脱水器出油水含量低于0.5%,分离采出水含油量低于350mg/L。     

驱油方式对采出液破乳效果的影响

通过室内模拟试验评价了驱油方式对采出液化学破乳效果的影响.水驱、聚合物驱和三元复合驱采出液化学破乳效果之间存在明显差异,聚合物驱和三元复合驱采出液的热化学脱水效果好于水驱采出液,三元复合驱采出液破乳后的水相残余乳化油量大于水驱和聚合物驱采出液;三元复合驱工业化应用后,如果直接沿用已建水驱和聚合物驱采出液游离水脱除装置处理三元复合驱采出液,那么将使游离水脱除器放水的含油量大幅度上升,所以必须研制适应三元复合驱采出液,特别是弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液的高效破乳剂.     

油水分离剂在石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液和采出水处理中的应用

大庆油田北二西试验区石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液和采出水中含有大量难以浮升和聚并的微米和亚微米尺度油滴,造成该试验区三元复合驱采出水沉降和过滤除油效果差,过滤后回注采出水含油量严重超标。为解决北二西试验区三元复合驱采出水除油困难的问题,研制了可促进小油滴与大油滴之间聚并的非离子型油水分离剂SP1013。通过在北二西试验区地面回掺热水中投加SP1013,在集油管道中利用SP1013的聚并作用和流场中的油滴碰撞机会实现大油滴对小油滴的捕获和兼并,在保障三元复合驱采出液油水分离效果的前提下,显著改善了采出水的油水分离特性。北二西试验区三元复合驱采出液水相表活剂含量为56~60mg/L、聚合物含量为1168~1264mg/L、pH值为8.2~8.6,按试验区产液量计的油水分离剂SP1013加药量为70mg/L的条件下,处理后回注采出水含油量可降低到20mg/L的含聚合物采出水回注高渗透率油藏的含油量控制指标以下。     

石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱采出水的显微结构和油水分离特性

大庆油田北二西试验区石油磺酸盐表面活性剂弱碱体系三元复合驱现场试验中暴露出采出水沉降和过滤除油效果差,过滤后回注采出水含油量严重超标的问题。为确定该试验区三元复合驱采出水中O/W型原油乳状液的主要稳定机制,采用显微观测、光散射、重力沉降、离心沉降和膜过滤等试验手段对该试验区综合采出水和4口典型油井采出水进行了结构和油水分离特性测试,确定该试验区综合三元复合驱采出水中含有约40mg/L粒径为0.08~1μm的亚微米油滴,这些油滴粒径小,聚并和浮升能力差,难以通过沉降和过滤工艺有效去除,是造成该试验区三元复合驱采出水除油困难的主要原因;北二西试验区三元复合驱采出水中亚微米尺度油滴的主要来源为注入液与油藏中原油接触形成的增溶有原油的膨胀胶束,在采油、集油和采出液处理过程中当混合流体水相中表面活性剂浓度降低到临界胶束浓度(cmc)以下时,膨胀胶束发生崩溃,释放出其中增溶的原油,形成粒径细小的油滴。     

二氧化氯氧化降解三元采出液技术研究

三元复合驱采出液由于聚合物、碱、表面活性剂的存在,使采出液的粘度增加,乳化严重,油水分离困难,传统的应用于水驱、聚驱采出液的处理技术不能满足三元复合驱采出液的处理要求。本文研究了ClO2氧化降解三元采出液的效果,并且找出了ClO2的最优反应条件,结果表明,反应温度为45℃,采出液中ClO2浓度40mg·L-1,加酸量为0.5%,反应2h以上,采出液粘度可由16.65mPa·s下降到2.9mPa·s,阴离子表面活性剂浓度可由0.16mg·L-1下降到0.10mg·L-1。处理后的三元采出液的腐蚀率在腐蚀三级标准的范围内。     

大庆油田三元复合驱采出液的油水分离特性

采用室内配制的模拟三元 (碱、表面活性剂、聚合物 )复合驱采出液研究了大庆油田三元复合驱采出液的油水分离特性 ,以模拟采出液为介质采用均匀设计方法研制了一种针对大庆油田三元复合驱采出液的破乳剂并测试了该破乳剂对模拟三元复合驱采出液和实际三元复合驱采出液的破乳效果。     

Polymorphism of LiGa5O8 and of LiGa5O8-MgGa2O4Solid Solutions

High-temperature X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyses showed that LiGa₅O₈ exists in two polymorphs related by the first-order transition at 1138°±3°C of the low-temperature simple-cubic form, space group (probably) O⁷, to the high-temperature spinel (fcc) form, space group O _h ⁷. The transition is rapid, and the high-temperature form in pure LiGa₅O₈ could not be quenched to room temperature under the conditions used. However, the high-temperature polymorph can be quenched under equilibrium conditions when 40 mol% or more MgGa₂O₄ is present. The subsolidus equilibrium relations in the system MgGa₂O₄-LiGa₅O₈ are discussed.     

Magnetoresistance of CuxCo1-xFe2O4 Ferrites

Magnetoresistance measurements (Δ/R) were carried out on Cu _x Co_{1- x} Fe₂O₄ samples with x =1, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 and cobalt ferrite in the range of magnetic intensity (H) from 1.0 to 4.5 kG. Linear plots were obtained between log (Δ/R) and log H for all compositions except that of cobalt ferrite. The values of n at x =0.5 do not agree with the results of some authors. The discrepancy may be attributed to the value of magnetic field intensity at which such measurements were carried out. The similarity of features of n and μ_D with composition leads us to believe that the magnetoresistance may arise from the scattering of conduction electrons by localized electrons involving the s-d exchange interaction.     

Wet Milling of Fe/Al/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/Al/Al2O3 Powder Mixtures

Wet milling of Al₂O₃-aluminide alloy (3A) precursor powders in acetone has been investigated by milling Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures. The influence of the milling process on the physical and chemical properties of the milled powders has been studied. Particle refinement and homogenization were found not to play a dominant role, whereas plastic deformation of the metal particles leads to the formation of dislocations and a highly disarranged polycrystalline structure. Although no chemical reactions among the powder components in Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures were observed, the formation of a nanocrystalline, ordered intermetallic FeAl phase in Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures caused by mechanical alloying was detected. Chemical reactions of Fe and Al particle surfaces with the atmosphere and the milling media lead to the formation of highly porous hydroxides on the particle surfaces. Hence the specific surface area of the powders increases, while the powder density decreases during milling. The fraction of Fe oxidized during milling was determined to be 0.13. The fraction of Al oxidized during milling strongly depends on the metal content of the powder mixture. It ranges between 0.4 and 0.8.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.     

Effects of metal-support interactions on the hydrogenation of CO over PdSiO2 and PdLa2O3

A study of CO hydrogenation over $\text{Pd}\text{SiO}{}_2$ and $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$ has been carried out for the purpose of identifying the effects of Pd dispersion, Pd morphology, and support composition on the catalytic activity of supported Pd. The specific activity of each catalyst for methanol and methane synthesis was determined from microreactor studies carried out at a fixed set of reaction conditions. Palladium dispersion was measured by H₂O₂ titration, and the morphology of the Pd crystallites, as expressed by the distribution of Pd(100) and Pd(111) planes, was determined from in situ infrared spectra of adsorbed CO. The crystallite morphology of the $\text{Pd}\text{SiO}{}_2$ catalysts is the same, independent of Pd weight loading: 90% of the surface is comprised of Pd(100) planes and 10% of the surface is comprised of Pd(111) planes. By contrast, the crystallite morphology of the $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$ catalysts changes with Pd loading. Primarily Pd(100) planes are exposed at low-weight loadings while Pd(111) planes are exposed at high-weight loadings. The Pd dispersion has little effect on the methanol turnover frequency over both $\text{Pd}\text{SiO}{}_2$ and $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$, for dispersions between 10 and 20%. On the other hand, the methane turnover frequency is independent of Pd dispersion over $\text{Pd}\text{SiO}{}_2$, but increases with decreasing dispersion over $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$. It is further observed that the Pd morphology influences the specific activity of $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$ for methanol synthesis: Pd(100) is nearly threefold more active than Pd(111). For a fixed morphology, the specific methanol synthesis activity of $\text{Pd}\text{La}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$ is a factor of 7.5 greater than that of $\text{Pd}\text{SiO}{}_2$.     

Expansive properties of the mixture C4ASH12 − 2CS III. Effects of temperature and restraint

The effects of temperature and restraint upon the hydration and the expansion of $\text{C}{}_4\text{A}\text{S}\text{H}{}_{12}\text{? 2}\text{C}\text{S}$ mixture compacts in different contact solutions have been investigated. Temperatures above 20°C do apparently hinder the formation of an impervious felt-like layer of ettringite around the $\text{C}{}_4\text{A}\text{S}\text{H}{}_{12}$ particles, thus greatly reducing the retarding effect of the lime. An uniaxial restraint of 1 Kg/cm² is enough to reduce sensibly the expansions which remain however high (about 100%). The results can be satisfactorily interpreted by the reaction and expansion mechanism hypothesized in our previous papers.     

Raman Study of Glasses of Ba2TiSi2O8 and Ba2TiGe2O8

Raman spectra are reported for fresnoite (Ba₂Ti(Si,Ge)₂O₈ glasses, and comparison is made between the Raman spectra of the corresponding crystalline powders and glasses of Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ and Ba₂TiGe₂O₈. The Ba₂TiGe₂O₈ glass spectra show correspondence with the Ba₂TiGe₂O₈ crystalline Raman spectra; the v _s(Ge–O–Ge) mode occurs at 518 cm⁻¹ in the glass and at 521 cm⁻¹ in the crystalline material. Five-fold coordinated titanium is the majority species present in the Ba₂TiGe₂O₈ glass as revealed by a strong band at 824 cm⁻¹ in the I glass spectrum. The Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ glass spectra are similar to the Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ crystalline spectrum; the strongest band is found at 836 cm⁻¹ in the I glass spectrum. Through comparison with the previous Raman data of other titania silicate glasses, we conclude that the Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ glass has a structure similar to the crystalline phase.     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.