高温气化过程中降低煤灰熔点的实验研究

高灰熔融性好的寨崖底矿煤分别与低灰熔融性的露天煤、府谷煤按不同配比混合,制成2种配煤灰样,用HR-4灰熔点测定仪分别测定其在氧化性气氛和弱还原性气氛下的熔融特征温度。结果表明,配煤能有效改善煤灰熔融特性,但配煤灰熔融性变化与配比之间是非线性关系,弱还原性气氛下配煤改善效果显著。以硼砂作为助熔剂,按不同比例添加到高灰熔点煤潞安矿中,在弱还原性气氛下测定混煤灰熔融温度,结果表明添加少量比例的硼砂可以显著降低煤灰熔融性温度。对混煤灰进行的X-射线衍射实验表明,煤灰中矿物质形态的变化是混煤灰熔点降低的直接原因。     

生物质对呼盛褐煤灰熔融特性的影响

灰熔融特性对煤与生物质共气化意义重大。为探索生物质对褐煤灰熔融特性的影响规律, 向呼盛褐煤中分别加入不同质量比例的花生壳、玉米秸秆和松木屑, 采用ALHR-2型智能灰熔点测定仪对混合灰样的灰熔点进行了测定, X射线荧光仪(XRF)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了灰熔融特性变化的原因。结果表明生物质能够在一定程度上降低呼盛褐煤的灰熔融温度, 这与生物质灰分含量以及混合灰样化学组成有关, 且生物质掺混比例与混合灰熔融特征温度呈现非线性关系;莫来石的生成和消失使花生壳与呼盛褐煤混合灰样和玉米秸秆与呼盛褐煤混合灰样的灰熔融特征温度出现了波动;高熔点硅线石含量的降低、低熔点钙长石含量的增加、以及低熔点白榴石和斜辉石的生成导致了松木屑与呼盛褐煤混合样灰熔融特征温度降低。     

配煤对煤灰熔融特性影响的实验研究

高灰熔点淮南煤A分别与低灰熔点煤G和B按不同配比相配，制成两种配煤灰样，用5E-AFⅡ型智能灰熔点测定仪测定其在弱还原性气氛下的熔融特征温度，利用X射线衍射（XRD）分析了配煤灰样在不同温度和不同配比下矿物组成的变化．结果表明，配煤能有效改善煤灰熔融特性，配煤灰熔点与配比之间是非线性关系；高温下矿物形态的转变是导致配煤煤灰灰熔点变化的主要原因，莫来石有增高灰熔点的作用，石英与钙长石和铁橄榄石等矿物共存时，能够形成低熔点的共晶体使得灰熔点降低．     

助熔剂对煤灰熔融过程中矿物行为的影响

针对淮南矿区高灰熔融性煤难以直接用于现有液态排渣煤气化工艺的问题,利用智能灰熔点测定仪和X-射线衍射仪(XRD)在弱还原性气氛下,分别对淮南矿区煤样以及添加助熔剂后灰熔融温度和煤灰矿物行为进行了研究.结果表明,随着灰化温度的升高,高岭石转变为莫来石;碳酸盐矿物逐渐分解.助熔剂ADF和ADC在不同的温度下,容易与煤灰中其他矿物形成硬石膏、赤铁矿、铁尖晶石、铁橄榄石和钙长石等助熔矿物,从而降低煤灰熔融温度.     

稻壳灰对神木煤灰熔融特性的影响研究

采用灰熔点测试仪与Fact Sage软件相结合对低灰熔点神木煤与稻壳混合灰样的熔融特性进行了研究。研究表明:生物灰能够有效改变混合灰的熔融特性,稻壳灰配比小于10%时会使混合灰熔融温度降低,当配比大于20%时,灰熔点迅速上升; Fact Sage软件模拟解释生物质灰对神木煤灰熔融特性的调控行为。     

生物质与煤混合灰的熔融及黏温特性

使用灰熔点测试仪研究了稻草、玉米秸秆、棉秆3种生物质分别掺入不同比例对鲍店煤灰熔融特性的影响,并利用高温黏度计考察了3种生物质掺入比例均为10%时对鲍店煤灰黏温特性的影响。结合X射线衍射仪分析测试结果,采用热力学计算软件FactSage得到了不同温度下灰渣熔融过程中物相及渣液内固含量的变化。结果表明：3种生物质掺混比例为10%～30%时,混合灰灰熔点均随生物质掺混比例的增加而降低,在较高的掺混比例下混合灰灰熔点呈现波动性,但均未高于煤的灰熔点。掺混比例为10%时,生物质的加入一定程度上改善了鲍店煤灰的黏温特性,可使气化炉操作温度下限降低约20℃左右。钙长石的生成是造成熔渣黏度迅速增加的主要原因。     

配煤降低潞安煤灰熔融温度及其机理研究

高灰熔点的潞安煤L分别与低灰熔点煤A,B和C按不同配比制成配煤灰样,用5E-AFⅡ型智能灰熔点测定仪测定其在弱还原性气氛下的熔融特征温度,利用X射线衍射(XRD)分析了配煤灰样在不同温度和不同配比下矿物组成的变化.结果表明,配煤能有效改善潞安煤L的灰熔融特性,配煤灰熔点与配比之间是非线性关系;高温下矿物形态的转变是导致配煤灰熔点变化的主要原因,进而利用CaO-Al2O3-SiO2三元相图结合XRD对高温下矿物形态的转变机理进行了探讨.     

铁钙比对煤灰熔融特性的影响

在灰中铁钙比(Fe2O3/Ca O)1.1的刘一煤中添加Ca CO3和还原铁粉,调节灰中铁钙比,考察铁钙比对煤灰熔融温度及渣样矿物组成的影响。结果表明,随铁钙比的增大,煤灰熔融温度逐渐降低,铁钙比5.5时,煤灰流动温度1 300℃;增大铁钙比,莫来石的生成受到了抑制,钙长石在高温下依然存在,含铁矿物进入低温共融矿物群的数量增大,显著降低灰熔融温度;降低铁钙比,高温下生成大量的高熔点矿物钙黄长石,导致灰熔融温度较高。     

添加秸秆类生物质对长平煤灰熔融特性的影响

借助高温热台显微镜、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪、灰熔点仪和X射线衍射仪考察了添加稻草和棉秆两种秸秆对长平煤灰熔融特性的影响.研究结果表明添加两种秸秆都能有效地降低长平煤灰的熔融温度.在高温弱还原性气氛下,长平煤灰主要矿物组成为耐熔性石英和莫来石,而添加秸秆后产生了白榴石、尖晶橄榄石、钙长石等低温共熔化合物,使长平煤灰熔点降低.不同灰的高温熔融图像表明,煤灰在熔融过程中由于受热而使固相持续软化,形成了不利于难熔物分解的高黏度熔体.而煤和稻草的混合灰在熔融时形成了易发生流动的低黏度熔体,能够促进矿物质发生反应而更易熔融.     

配煤对煤灰熔融性及黏温特性的影响

宁东地区煤种灰熔融温度和灰黏度均较低,是影响宁东煤化工基地大型气流床气化技术长周期稳定运行的关键因素,用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、Factsage软件、灰熔融温度测定仪和高温黏度测定仪探讨煤灰高温灰化过程中的矿物演变,研究配煤对宁东煤矿区配煤灰熔融特性及黏温特性的影响规律。结果表明,配煤比例与灰熔融特性、灰黏温特性均呈非线性关系。石槽村样煤(SM)与麦垛山煤样(MK)质量比为2∶8时,配煤的灰熔融温度为1 300℃,灰黏度5 Pa·s,基本满足德士古气化炉用煤的煤质要求,该配煤比例下高温灰的矿物组成主要是石英。可见通过配煤可以有效改善煤灰熔融及黏温特性。     

配煤对煤灰熔点的影响及灰熔点预测模型研究

针对皖北刘桥二矿煤（A）属于高灰熔点煤,无法满足Shell气化炉液态排渣的需要。考察了采用配煤技术降低煤A的灰熔点的效果,结果表明,配煤可以显著的降低煤A的高灰熔融性。使其能够满足Shell气化炉液态排渣工艺的要求。并采用最小二乘法对灰熔点与煤灰灰成分之间建立并回归了预测模型,预测模型方程表明,若能增加配煤煤灰中MgO的含量可显著降低煤灰熔点,增加配煤煤灰中CaO的含量可使煤灰熔点降低,在煤灰中SiO2和Al2O3总含量一定的条件下,高硅低铝的配煤煤灰可进一步降低煤灰熔点。同时该模型能较好地预测三种原煤配煤的灰熔点。     

Design of electrofusion joints and evaluation of fusion strength using fusion simulation technology

Fusion simulation is one of the key techniques in designing and producing electrofusion (EF) joints for gas distribution and in evaluating fusion joint integrity. This paper describes the result of a numerical simulation of a thermal fusion process, using the finite element method. A nonlinear heat transfer computer program was used to obtain the temperature profile of a large electrofusion joint at fusion. The effects of applied voltage, heating time, wire pitch, and ambient temperature were examined for designing a 150-mm EF joint. A method to shorten the cooling time was also investigated. The fusion condition range suitable for a 150-mm EF joint was found to be slightly narrower than that suitable for a 50-mm EF joint. Examination of the effect of wire pitch revealed that if the pitch is extremely large, thermal degradation starts in the resin close to the wire before the fusion-interface strength reaches the maximum value. We have developed a program to simulate the process of closing the gap between the pipe and the joint due to resin expansion and melting after the power is supplied.     

Innovative approach to testing the quality of fusion joints

Abstract

The exterior beads formed during a butt fusion process were used for non-destructive testing of the quality of butt-fused HDPE pipe joints. This innovative concept was tested using a dimensionless quality parameter that is based on tensile energy to break (TEB) values obtained from tensile testing of both the bead and joint specimens. The results show an r² of 0·87 for a linear regression between these two sets of specimens, which supports the hypothesis that the external bead squeezed out of a butt-fused joint can be used to test the quality of the joint itself. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the effects of other tested parameters. Furthermore, four distinct failure modes have been identified and a quality test protocol using the quality parameter is proposed.     

Effect of phosphatidylcholine on the α-lactalbumin-induced fusion of vesicles

Previous studies on α-lactalbumin induced fusion of phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylethanolamine vesicles are extended to vesicles composed of various combinations of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin. It was found that inclusion of phosphatidylcholine in the vesicles results in a depression of fusion. This depression of fusion appears to be caused by a reduction in the amount of irreversibly bound α-lactalbumin to vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine. It is suggested that in this system fusion is dependent upon the extent by which a particular protein segment penetrates the bilayer.     

小龙潭褐煤灰熔融特性影响因素的研究

为优化流化床的工艺条件,研究了粒径大小、气氛、残炭含量对小龙潭褐煤灰熔融特性的影响。采用化学分析法和x射线衍射法（XRD）从煤灰化学组成和矿物质演变的角度分析引起灰熔点变化的原因。结果表明：灰熔点随颗粒的增大先增大再减少是由煤灰中总碱量的变化引起的;测试气氛导致灰熔点差异是由于在弱还原气氛下方铁矿与钙长石反应生成了铁尖晶石、铁橄榄石等低熔点物质的缘故;残炭含量不同导致灰熔点的变化是因为Fe3C的生成、灰锥内局部还原性气氛以及残炭的“骨架”作用引起的。     

硬质PVC挤出发泡材料的塑化性能研究

采用Haake转矩流变仪测定了挤出发泡PVC混合料的恒温、升温熔融塑化性能，结果表明：随着PVC树脂聚合度增加，塑化时间和加工转矩增加；随着ACR加工助剂用量和分子质量的增加，塑化时间缩短，转矩增加；ACR抗冲改性剂具有类似ACR加工助剂的塑化改良行为；添加填充剂碳酸钙促进PVC熔融塑化；ADC发泡剂可延缓PVC混合料的塑化速率、提高熔体粘度，添加发泡剂NaHCO3将大大延缓混合料的塑化速率。     

Destabilizing interactions between the partners of a bifunctional fusion protein

Hybrid MalE–GVP is a bifunctional protein in vitro sinceit binds maltose as protein MalE of Escherichia coli and sinceit is dimeric and specifically binds single-stranded DNA asprotein GVP of phage M13. The oxidation rate of a unique cysteineresidue was used to compare the stabilities of GVP in its freeand hybrid forms, under conditions where MalE was either foldedor unfolded by a denaturing agent. The results showed that boththe covalent link and tertiary non-covalent interactions betweenMalE and GVP destabilized GVP in MalE–GVP. To test whetherGVP had identical structures in its free and hybrid forms, mutationswere used as local conformational probes. The effects of thesemutations on the capabilities of MalE–GVP to dimerizeand to bind single-stranded DNA were assayed in vitro. Theywere compatible with the effects of the same mutations on theglobal activity of free GVP in vivo and with the effects thatcould be predicted from the known data on free GVP, in particularits crystal structure. Thus, one partner of a hybrid proteincan be destabilized by the other partner while maintaining itsstructural and functional characteristics.