天然气水合物开采技术研究进展

天然气水合物具有分布范围广、存储层规模大、储层浅、燃烧能量密度高等优点,是一种将来能够代替煤炭等传统能源的高效洁净能源,目前对天然气水合物的开采方法有热激法、降压法、注入抑制剂法、置换法及注热+降压联合开采天然气水合物法等,并对不同开采方法进行评价。     

二氧化碳置换法开采天然气水合物的研究现状

天然气水合物在开采过程中形态会发生变化，从固态变为液态和气态，即发生相变。因此，水合物的开采原理主要是围绕改变水合物稳定存在的条件(温度和压力为主要因素),促使水合物分解，从而产生天然气。目前，天然气水合物开采技术主要有注热法、降压法、化学试剂法和二氧化碳置换法。其中，二氧化碳置换法开采天然气水合物具有十分重要的现实意义。这种方法可以弥补传统开采方法的不足，并有望成为未来工业化天然气水合物开采的主要技术之一。     

二氧化碳置换法模拟开采天然气水合物的研究进展

目前实验室模拟开采天然气水合物(NGH)的最主要的方法为外激法,通过注热、降压等方式使水合物分解释放出甲烷(CH₄),外激法最大的问题在于水合物的分解容易造成地层结构变化,导致地质斜坡灾害。利用二氧化碳(CO₂)在水合物相中置换开采CH₄,由于置换过程发生在水合物相中,不改变水合物相结构,因此可以降低地质灾害风险。本文全面介绍了利用CO₂在水合物相从NGH中置换CH₄的研究进展,从置换可行性、动力学模型、模拟研究、实验研究等方面对当前的研究进行了综述,并为进一步发展置换法开采CH₄技术指出了方向。     

天然气水合物置换开采的能源效率研究

天然气水合物分解是一个相变过程，开采时涉及各种形式能量的消耗和转化，如电能、化学能、热能等。为了科学地评价天然气水合物开采技术的经济性，建立了以有效能（）为核心的能源效率计算方程，并以CO₂置换法开采天然气水合物为例，介绍任意生产周期内能源效率的计算方法和流程框图。在CO₂置换开采天然气水合物的工艺过程中，注气量、产气量和产气中甲烷含量是三个关键参数，将产气量与注气量之比定义为采注比，分析采注比及产气中甲烷含量对能源效率的影响。结果表明：在设定条件下CO₂置换开采天然气水合物的整体能源效率介于0.31～6.4之间；增大采注比，有利于提高能源效率；产气中甲烷的摩尔分率越高，气体分离的能耗越低，能源效率也可显著提高。因此，调控产气量和产气中甲烷摩尔分率是提高CO₂置换法能源效率的主要途径。通过所建立的能效计算方程为天然气水合物开采工艺的优化提供指导。     

天然气水合物热采数值模拟研究

天然气水合物是一种重要的新型能源。在数值模拟方面,目前国内还没有较完善的天然气水合物注热开采数值模拟软件。本文在调研了国内外关于天然气水合物开采的数学模型的基础上,建立三维三相五组分水合物注热开采数学模型,模型中特别考虑了盐这种抑制剂对水合物分解的影响。模型中包含:各组分质量守恒方程,能量守恒方程,水合物分解动力学方程;考虑了气水两相渗流过程、热对流、热传导,更兼顾考虑了水合物层与盖底层的热交换的影响,使模型更完善。     

天然气水合物开采方法的研究

天然气水合物是在一定温压条件下由水和小气体分子形成的非化学计量性笼状晶体物质,主要有3种晶体结构(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和H型),具有分布广泛、资源量大、埋藏浅、能量密度高、洁净等特点。基于此,从天然气水合物结构特点和研究现实意义出发,介绍目前开采方面的技术进展和存在的问题,并探讨几种常规开采水合物的方法,包括注热法、减压法、化学抑制法和二氧化碳置换法。     

注热水盐度对水合物开采影响的实验研究

天然气水合物是目前备受关注的新型洁净优质能源,注热盐水是一种有效的开采方式。采用自制的一维天然气水合物(NGH)开采模拟实验装置,首先在填砂模型中生成初始条件相同的天然气水合物藏,之后注入盐度为2%、10%、20%的热水进行开采实验。结果表明:当注热水盐度较大(达到10%后)时,水合物快速分解,与自由气同时产出,产气速率峰值较大;而当注热水盐度较小(2%)时,自由气首先产出,然后水合物分解气体产出。注热水盐度越大,水合物分解速度越快,热前缘移动速率越大,水合物大量分解阶段的能量效率越高。因此,注热水盐度的增加可以加快天然气水合物的开采速率,增大注热开采的经济可行性。     

单井热吞吐开采南海神狐海域天然气水合物数值模拟

以国土资源部广州地质调查局2007年5月在南海北部神狐海域SH7站位的钻探、测井数据为基础,建立了实际水合物藏分层地质模型,主要包括上盖层、水合物层和下盖层,其中上、下盖层均为可渗透的沉积物。本文利用单一水平开采井,进行了热吞吐法开采水合物的数值模拟。给出了选取合理的注入速度和生产速度的准则。模拟结果表明,开采过程中水合物分解区域主要集中在开采井周边区域,在注热阶段和生产阶段,地层中的水合物分别经历合成和分解两种过程,期间有明显的盐水浓缩和稀释效应。在本文条件下,利用单一水平井热吞吐法不能经济有效地开采该区域的天然气水合物,有待于利用其他更高效的水合物开采方法。     

天然气水合物热开采技术研究进展

对天然气水合物热开采技术的研究进展进行了综述,概括了热开采技术研究的基础实验和数值模拟,分析了天然气水合物分解动力学研究,传热、传质对分解的影响及多孔介质和水合物地层中水合物开采规律. 研究表明,热开采技术作为强化供热开采方案,可弥补常规开采效率低的缺点;对水合物分解热力学和动力学的实验研究已能满足对水合物热力分解认识的基本要求,但沉积物内的水合物热力学性能研究尚需深入;模型研究已从一维单相发展到复杂的三维多相数值模型,通过单个或多个模型的综合分析已能达到实际水合物藏开采计算的要求. 最后指出了热开采天然气水合物尚存在的问题和研究方向.     

我国非常规油气资源“可燃冰”的开采技术研究进展

分析了我国油气资源的现状,全面综述了天然气水合物的开采技术研究进展,并分析了各种开采技术及方法的利弊。二氧化碳置换开采法是一种非常有前途的天然气水合物开采方法,就需要研究二氧化碳水合物生成和甲烷水合物分解的动力学过程,揭示置换过程的内在机理。最后指出了冻土区天然气水合物开采技术存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

A review: Enhanced recovery of natural gas hydrate reservoirs

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is a highly efficient and clean energy, with huge reserves and widespread distribution in permafrost and marine areas. Researches all over the world are committed to developing an effective exploring technology for NGH reservoirs. In this paper, four conventional in-situ hydrate production methods, such as depressurization, thermal stimulation, inhibitor injection and CO₂ replacement, are briefly introduced. Due to the limitations of each method, there has been no significantly breakthrough in hydrate exploring technology. Inspired by the development of unconventional oil and gas fields, researchers have put forward some new hydrate production methods. We summarize the enhanced hydrate exploiting methods, such as CO₂/N₂–CH₄ replacement, CO₂/H₂–CH₄ replacement, hydraulic fracturing treatment, and solid exploration; and potential hydrate mining techniques, such as self-generating heat fluid injection, geothermal stimulation, the well pattern optimization of hydrate exploring. The importance of reservoir stimulation technology for hydrate exploitation is emphasized, and it is believed that hydrate reservoir modification technology is a key to open hydrate resources exploitation, and the major challenges in the process of hydrate exploitation are pointed out. The combination of multiple hydrate exploring technologies and their complementary advantages will be the development trend in the future so as to promote the process of hydrate industrialization.     

Research progress in hydrate-based technologies and processes in China: A review

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is considered as an alternative energy resource in the future as it is proven to contain about 2 times carbon resources of those contained in the fossil energy on Earth. Gas hydrate technology is a new technology which can be extensively used in methane production from NGH, gas separation and purification, gas transportation, sea-water desalination, pipeline safety and phase change energy storage, etc. Since the 1980s, the gas hydrate technology has become a research hotspot worldwide because of its relatively economic and environmental friendly characteristics. China is a big energy consuming country with coal as a dominant energy. With the development of the society, energy shortage and environmental pollution are becoming great obstacles to the progress of the country. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable development of the society, it is of great significance to develop and utilize NGH and vigorously develop the gas hydrate technology. In this paper, the research advances in hydrate-based processes in China are comprehensively reviewed from different aspects, mainly including gas separation and purification, hydrate formation inhibition, sea-water desalination and methane exploitation from NGH by CH₄-CO₂ replacement. We are trying to show the relevant research in China, and at the same time, summarize the characteristics of the research and put forward the corresponding problems in a technical way.     

车载天然气水合物储运装置

天然气水合物(NGH)储运技术是一种安全高效且费用较低的储运方法。储运水合物车载装置的出现,为天然气运输又增添了一种选择方式。根据水合物特点,分析了车载装置储运天然气水合物的可行性,介绍了装置的基本结构。NGH储运技术作为一种新式的天然气传输方式,在未来的社会中一定大有可为。     

Reducing heavy oil carbon footprint and enhancing production through CO2 injection

The world's dependence on heavy oil production is on the rise as the existing conventional oil reservoirs mature and their production decline. Compared to conventional oil, heavy oil is much more viscous and hence its production is much more difficult. Various thermal methods and particularly steam injection are applied in the field to heat up the oil and to help with its flow and production. However, the thermal recovery methods are very energy intensive with significant negative environmental impact including the production of large quantities of CO₂. Alternative non-thermal recovery methods are therefore needed to allow heavy oil production by more environmentally acceptable methods. Injection of CO₂ in heavy oil reservoirs increases oil recovery while eliminating negative impacts of thermal methods.In this paper we present the results of a series of micromodel and coreflood experiments carried out to investigate the performance of CO₂ injection in an extra-heavy crude oil as a method for enhancing heavy oil recovery and at the same time storing CO₂. We reveal the pore-scale interactions of CO₂-heavy oil-water and quantify the volume of CO₂ which can be stored in these reservoirs.The results demonstrate that CO₂ injection can provide an effective and environmentally friendly alternative method for heavy oil recovery. CO₂ injection can be used independently or in conjunction with thermal recovery methods to reduce their carbon footprint by injecting the CO₂ generated during steam generation in the reservoirs rather than releasing it in the atmosphere.     

One‐dimensional productivity assessment for on‐field methane hydrate production using CO2/N2 mixture gas

The direct recovery of methane from gas hydrate‐bearing sediments is demonstrated, where a gaseous mixture of CO₂ + N₂ is used to trigger a replacement reaction in complex phase surroundings. A one‐dimensional high‐pressure reactor (8 m) was designed to test the actual aspects of the replacement reaction occurring in natural gas hydrate (NGH) reservoir conditions. NGH can be converted into CO₂ hydrate by a “replacement mechanism,” which serves double duty as a means of both sustainable energy source extraction and greenhouse gas sequestration. The replacement efficiency controlling totally recovered CH₄ amount is inversely proportional to CO₂ + N₂ injection rate which directly affecting solid ‐ gas contact time. Qualitative/quantitative analysis on compositional profiles at each port reveals that the length more than 5.6 m is required to show noticeable recovery rate for NGH production. These outcomes are expected to establish the optimized key process variables for near future field production tests. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1004–1014, 2015     

多孔介质中水合物生成与分解的电阻率性质

A new one-dimensional system for resistivity measurement for natural gas hydrate (NGH) exploitation is designed, which is used to study the formation and decomposition processes of NGH.The experimental results verify the feasibility of the measurement method, especially in monitoring the nucleation and growth of the NGH.Isovolumetric formation experiment of NGH is performed at 2 ℃ and 7.8 MPa.Before the NGH formation, the ini-tial resistivity is measured to be 4-7 Ω·m, which declines to the minimum value of 2-3 Ω·m when NGH begins to nucleate after the pressure is reduced to 3.3 MPa.As the NGH grows, the resistivity increases to a great extent, and finally it keeps at 11-13 Ω·m, indicating the completion of the formation process.The NGH decomposition ex-periment is then performed.When the outlet pressure decreases, NGH begins to decompose, accordingly, the resis-tivity declines gradually, and is at 5-9 Ω·m when the decomposition process ends, which is slightly higher than the resistivity value before the formation of NGH.The occurrence and distribution uniformity of NGH are determined by the distribution and magnitude of the resistivity measured on an one-dimensional sand-packed model.This study tackles the accurate estimation for the distribution of NGH in porous medium, and provides an experimental basis for further study on NGH exploitation in the future.     

复合纤维的相关标准及鉴别技术进展

简述了复合纤维的结构类型、性能特点及应用领域,概述了复合纤维的有关标准方法,综述了复合纤维的鉴别方法以及鉴别技术进展,复合纤维的鉴别方法中重点介绍了热分析方法和光谱法。指出复合纤维的鉴别方法除了常规的燃烧法、显微镜观察法、溶解法外,还需要同时利用热分析技术和光谱分析技术进行分析,才能准确鉴别复合纤维的结构和类型,为复合纤维的研究和生产应用提供技术支撑。     

花果树磷矿回收下贫矿的实践

花果树磷矿的下贫矿(Ph13-1)的品位P2O5含量约24%,极具开发利用前景.论述了花果树磷矿回采下贫矿的必要性、可能性与可行性,并提出了回采下贫矿时的技术与安全措施,介绍了实施效果.     

Heavy oil recovery efficiency using SAGD,SAGD with propane co-injection and STRIP-SAGD

Primary oil recovery methods in heavy oil basins generally extract 5–10% of the available resource, with the vast majority left in the ground and recoverable only through Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. Traditional EOR methods, such as SAGD and solvent-assisted SAGD, generate steam in surface facilities and inject it underground to mobilize the oil for production. However, these methods can have considerable energy losses that significantly impact process performance. In contrast, the Solvent Thermal Resource Innovation Process (STRIP) technology, which uses down hole combustion of methane to produce CO₂ and steam, reduces the operating and capital costs of surface facilities, saving more than 50% of the energy typically required for thermal production. In this work, simulations of conventional SAGD, SAGD with a non-condensing solvent (propane), and STRIP-SAGD for a typical bitumen reservoir in the Fort McMurray region in Alberta, Canada were performed using the combined software system ADGPRS/GFLASH. SAGD simulations used steam injection with a quality of 0.8 while STRIP simulations injected a vapor–liquid mixture with a quality of 0.8. Furthermore, both solvent-based EOR methods required longer operation periods than conventional SAGD to recover a similar amount of oil. However, when compared on the basis of cumulative oil produced for the same overall energy input, it is shown that STRIP-SAGD recovered more oil per kJ of energy input to the reservoir than either SAGD or SAGD with propane co-injection.