热等离子体热解煤焦油制乙炔

利用热等离子高温、高焓等特性热解煤焦油制乙炔是一条清洁高效的乙炔生产技术。在实验室对热等离子体热解煤焦油反应中的原料进样温度、反应气氛、输入比焓等关键因素展开了研究。结果表明,热等离子体可将煤焦油直接转化为乙炔及其他小分子气态产品,预热煤焦油可改善其流动性从而提高煤焦油和等离子体射流的初始混合效率;氢等离子体的加入可显著提高煤焦油转化率和乙炔收率并减少结焦;随着输入比焓的增加,煤焦油转化率、乙炔收率和气态产品总收率均得到提高。在实验中得到的煤焦油转化率最高为86.3%,乙炔收率最高为24.6%,气态产品总收率最高为51.7%。煤焦油在热等离子体的热解过程中副产乙烯,乙烯收率达到7.9%。乙炔收率和乙烯收率的比值可用于预测气相体系温度。     

热等离子体热解煤焦油制乙炔

利用热等离子高温、高焓等特性热解煤焦油制乙炔是一条清洁高效的乙炔生产技术。在实验室对热等离子体热解煤焦油反应中的原料进样温度、反应气氛、输入比焓等关键因素展开了研究。结果表明,热等离子体可将煤焦油直接转化为乙炔及其他小分子气态产品,预热煤焦油可改善其流动性从而提高煤焦油和等离子体射流的初始混合效率;氢等离子体的加入可显著提高煤焦油转化率和乙炔收率并减少结焦;随着输入比焓的增加,煤焦油转化率、乙炔收率和气态产品总收率均得到提高。在实验中得到的煤焦油转化率最高为86.3%,乙炔收率最高为24.6%,气态产品总收率最高为51.7%。煤焦油在热等离子体的热解过程中副产乙烯,乙烯收率达到7.9%。乙炔收率和乙烯收率的比值可用于预测气相体系温度。     

电弧等离子体裂解甲烷制乙炔

对C-H单相及多相热力学平衡体系进行了比较和计算,在H/C为4时,单相体系中乙炔收率最大值为98.6%,而多相体系中乙炔收率最大值为53.1%。实验考察了影响甲烷转化率、乙炔选择性、乙炔收率以及乙炔能耗的因素,分析了乙炔收率、浓度、能耗三者的关系。实验结果表明,随着甲烷进气量的增加,产品气乙炔等碳氢化合物的浓度逐渐增大,甲烷转化率、乙炔选择性以及收率呈减小趋势,乙炔能耗在出现一个最低值后开始增大。当甲烷进气量达到4.0 m3·h^-1时,得到乙炔能耗的最小值为9.68 kW·h·kg^-1,此时乙炔体积分数为11.4%,乙炔收率为86.2%。淬冷后,乙炔收率增加的最大幅度为18%,减小反应气体的停留时间使乙炔收率提高的最大幅度达到55%     

Chem CAD在乙炔冷却工艺设计中的应用

应用化工流程模拟软件Chem CAD对乙炔装置生产工艺中的乙炔冷却塔冷却过程进行稳态模拟,在不同条件下,获得物料衡算和能量衡算的数据,通过比较,确定了合理的工艺过程参数。     

直流等离子体法焦炉煤气制乙炔试验研究

为替代污染严重的电石法制乙炔工艺,寻求一条洁净化乙炔生产工艺,利用100 k W直流等离子体装置进行了焦化厂焦炉煤气与解析气制乙炔的研究,分析了原料气流量、氢烷比、反应腔体直径对反应指标的影响。结果表明,随着原料气流量增大,焦炉煤气和解析气主要指标变化趋势相同,CH_4转化率、乙炔选择性、乙炔收率提高,能耗下降,其中焦炉煤气CH_4转化率为50.13%~62.95%,乙炔选择性为60.1%~71.3%,乙炔收率为30.1%~44.8%;解析气CH_4转化率为56.65%~69.56%,乙炔选择性为70.05%~83.33%,乙炔收率为39.6%~57.9%。随着氢烷比的提高,CH_4转化率、乙炔选择性和收率下降,且解析气中CO_2和O_2含量较高,促进了CH_4裂解,使解析气反应结果较好,CH_4转化率最高为69.56%,乙炔选择性83.33%,乙炔收率57.96%,乙炔能耗最低为13.66 k Wh/kg。反应腔体直径为16 mm时,反应结果优于直径17 mm。     

半干法脱硫渣矿化CO2与解吸AMP溶剂反应研究

采用半干法脱硫工艺产生的脱硫渣对吸收了CO₂的有机胺溶剂进行化学解吸并矿化CO₂,解吸后的溶剂具有良好的循环稳定性。对比了工业常用的4种有机胺MEA、DEA、MDEA和AMP的吸收-矿化性能,优选出AMP作为吸收矿化工艺的吸收剂。考察了脱硫渣颗粒粒径、搅拌转速、有机胺浓度和反应温度对矿化反应转化率的影响,并利用表面覆盖模型对实验数据进行了动力学拟合。物料和能量衡算结果表明脱硫渣矿化再生工艺在能耗成本方面相较传统热再生工艺具有优势。     

歧化尾气作裂解原料的分析与评价

为拓展裂解原料,天津石化对化工部歧化尾气的裂解产物进行了标定。通过统计工艺参数与化验数据,分析了歧化尾气作为裂解原料时对收率和能耗的影响,并进行了综合经济效益评价。结果表明:歧化尾气用作裂解原料,与丙烷相比,虽丙烯收率下降,但氢气、乙烯收率显著增加。歧化尾气的应用拓宽了裂解原料来源,优化了原料结构,使天津石化充分发挥了炼化一体优势,降低了乙烯生产成本,实现了整体效益的最大化。     

混合C4作乙烯原料的研究及经济性分析

以混合C₄作乙烯裂解原料,通过GK-Ⅵ型蒸汽裂解炉分别进行了4个不同稀释比(水和物料的质量比)及裂解温度评价试验,并进行未加氢混合C₄与加氢混合C₄裂解性能对比评价实验。结果表明,在裂解温度为838℃、反应压力为0.085 MPa、稀释比为0.55的条件下,加氢混合C₄三烯收率大于50%,并且经济效益达到最大,为最佳裂解条件。加氢混合C₄可以作为原料蒸汽裂解制烯烃的有效补充。     

等离子体热解煤制乙炔工程化过程中的关键问题

从等离子体热解煤制乙炔的特点出发,总结了国内外的研究现状,探讨了煤种、气氛及淬冷3个因素对乙炔收率和能耗的影响,结果表明:挥发分在25%￣40%、氧含量低、H/C比较高的煤种有利于乙炔的生成;在惰性气体中引入氢气可以提高煤的转化率和乙炔的生成率;淬冷能够促进生成乙炔的反应、提高乙炔的收率、降低反应能耗,并分析了实现工业化过程中需要解决的几个关键问题。     

多效蒸发中最佳效数的估算

<正> 一、前 言 多效蒸发器一般比单效蒸发器经济。确定最佳效数要在下述两个方面做出权衡: (a)效数增加所节省的蒸汽费用: (b)效数增加所需设备投资费用。 为得到最佳效数,需要进行各种效数的计算,必须作物料衡算和能量衡算,这种计算以各效蒸发器传热面积相同为基点。     

Oxidation of benzyl alcohols to ketones and aldehydes by O3 process enhanced using high-gravity technology

In this study, a practical process for ozonization of benzyl alcohols to ketones and aldehydes in a rotating packed bed(RPB-O_3) reactor has been developed. Using 1-phenylethanol as a model reactant, the performance of RPB-O_3 process in different solvents has been compared with the commonly used stirred tank reactor(STR-O_3). Ethyl acetate was the optimum solvent for the conversion of 1-phenylenthanol to acetophenone in RPB-O_3 process, with 78% yield after 30 min. In a parallel STR-O_3 experiment, the yield of acetophenone was50%. Other experimental variables, i.e. O_3 concentration, reaction time, high-gravity factor and liquid flow rate were also optimized. The highest yield of acetophenone was obtained using O_3 concentration of 80 mg·L~(-1),reaction time of 30 min, high gravity factor of 40 and liquid flow rate of 120 L·h~(-1). Under the optimized reaction conditions, a series of structurally diverse primary and secondary alcohols was oxidized with(19%–92%) yield.The ozonization mechanism was studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance(EPR) spectroscopy, monitoring the radical species formed upon self-decomposition of O_3. The characteristic quadruple peak with the 1:2:2:1 intensity ratio that corresponds to hydroxyl radicals(·OH) was observed in the electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR) spectrum, indicating an indirect oxidation mechanism of alcohols via ·OH radical.     

多孔膜反应器中丙烷催化脱氢制丙烯的模拟研究

针对丙烷高效脱氢制丙烯的多孔膜反应器构建了无量纲数学模型并进行了模拟研究,考察了催化剂活性、透氢膜性能、操作条件对多孔膜反应器中丙烷脱氢的转化率、丙烯收率、氢气收率和纯度的影响。结果表明,移走产物氢气可以有效提升膜反应器的性能,其性能的提升程度由不同温压条件下催化剂和透氢膜性能共同决定。高活性催化剂是丙烷高效转化的基础,催化剂活性越高,膜反应器内的产氢速率越快;其次,膜的选择性和渗透通量越高,氢气的移除效率越高,可在最大程度上打破热力学平衡的限制,使反应向生成丙烯的方向移动。当多孔透氢膜的氢气渗透率在10^-7~10^-6 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1,H₂/C₃H₈选择性达到100时,其丙烷转化率可以与Pd膜反应器内的转化率相当,但分离的氢气纯度低于Pd膜反应器。与传统的固定床反应器相比,膜反应器由于促进了化学平衡的移动,可以在较低的反应温度下获得相当高的丙烷转化率,且丙烷转化率随着反应压力的增加呈现出一个最大值。该模拟研究可为实际生产过程中膜反应器用于PDH反应的高效强化提供有益的技术指导。     

管式反应器液相循环反应制备二甘醇乙烯基醚

以乙炔和二甘醇为原料,二甘醇钾为催化剂,采用管式反应器液相循环反应制备二甘醇乙烯基醚。研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应压力和停留时间等因素对乙炔转化率的影响,得到较为适宜的反应条件为：催化剂二甘醇钾用量为二甘醇质量的4%、反应温度175℃、反应压力6MPa、停留时间175s。在该条件下进行了液相连续循环反应,反应达到稳态时,二甘醇的转化率为76.03%,二甘醇单乙烯基醚收率为59.03%,二甘醇双乙烯基醚的收率为15.10%,合计二甘醇乙烯基醚总收率为74.13%。单位反应体积二甘醇乙烯基醚的产率为143.2g/（h·mL）。二甘醇与乙炔反应符合一级反应动力学方程,反应的指前因子k₀=1.20×10⁸s^–1,反应的活化能E=86.86kJ/mol。管式反应器中无气相乙炔,克服了高温高压下气相乙炔易燃易爆的危险。     

乙炔氢氯化的无汞催化反应动力学研究

以氯化氢和乙炔为主要原料,对无汞催化剂上氢氯化合成氯乙烯的反应进行动力学研究。采用Langmuir吸附等温方程导出乙炔氢氯化反应无汞催化剂的动力学方程为:-rA=k KApApH/1+KApA+KVpV,考察乙炔空速、n(HCl)∶n(C2H2)和反应温度对乙炔氢氯化反应速率的影响。结果表明,在反应温度423 K、乙炔空速60 h-1和n(HCl)∶n(C2H2)=1.08∶1条件下,乙炔转化率达98.28%,与高汞或低汞催化剂相当。     

Methane conversion to C2 hydrocarbons and hydrogen in atmospheric non-thermal plasmas generated by different electric discharge techniques

Methane conversion to C₂ hydrocarbons and hydrogen has been investigated in a needle-to-plate reactor by pulsed streamer and pulsed spark discharges and in a wire-to-cylinder dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor by pulsed DC DBD and AC DBD at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. In the former two electric discharge processes, acetylene is the dominating C₂ products. Pulsed spark discharges gives the highest acetylene yield (54%) and H₂ yield (51%) with 69% of methane conversion in a pure methane system and at 10 SCCM of flow rate and 12 W of discharge power. In the two DBD processes, ethane is the major C₂ products and pulsed DC DBD provides the highest ethane yield. Of the four electric discharge techniques, ethylene yield is less than 2%. Energy costs for methane conversion, acetylene or ethane (for DBD processes) formation, and H₂ formation increase with methane conversion percentage, and were found to be: in pulsed spark discharges (methane conversion 18–69%), 14–25, 35–65 and 10–17 eV/molecule; in pulsed streamer discharges (methane conversion 19–41%), 17–21, 38–59, and 12–19 eV/molecule; in pulsed DBD (methane conversion 6–13%), 38–57, 137–227 and 47–75 eV/molecule; in AC DBD (methane conversion 5–8%), 116–175, 446–637, and 151–205 eV/molecule, respectively. The immersion of the γ-Al₂O₃ pellets in the pulsed streamer discharges, or in the pulsed DC DBD, or in the AC DBD has a positive effect on increasing methane conversion and C₂ yield.     

Pyrolysis of propane at reflected shock-wave temperatures from 1300 to 2700 K

Shock tube pyrolysis of propane at temperatures between 1300 K and 2700 K at reflected shock pressures of 500 to 1500 kN/m² has been investigated. The reaction is of 1st order with a rate constant K = 1.79 × 10⁸ exp (-176.2 kJ/RT) s^?1. The major reaction products were acetylene, ethylene and methane, while traces of propylene and ethane were only detected at temperatures below 1500 K. At higher temperatures, propane conversion to acetylene increased at the expense of the other products. Optimum conversions to ethylene and methane, in contrast to that to acetylene, were more sensitive to changes in temperature than to variations in reaction time. However, at reaction pressures above 550 kN/m², extension of reaction time beyond 0.5 ms did not favour the formation of acetylene. A simple kinetic model which confirmed the experimental optimum product selectivity conditions is put forward.     

Hydrogenation of silicon tetrachloride in microwave plasma简

This study investigated the hydrogenation of silicon tetrachloride （SIC14） in microwave plasma. A new launcher of argon （Ar） and hydrogen （Ha） plasma was introduced to produce a non-thermodynamic equilibrium activation plasma. The plasma state exhibited a characteristic temperature related to the equilibrium constant, which was termed ＂Reactive Temperature＂ in this study. Thus, the hydrogenation of SIC14 in the plasma could easily be handled with high conversion ratio and very high selectivity to trichlorosilane （SiHC13）. The effects of SiC14/Ar and H2/Ar ratios on the conversion were also investigated using a mathematical model developed to determine the op- timum experimental parameters. The highest hydrogenation conversion ratio was produced at a H2/SiCl4 molar ratio of 1, with mixtures of SICl4 and H2 to Ar molar ratio of 1.2 to 1.4. In this plasma, the special system pressure and incident power were required for the highest energy efficiency of hydrogenating SIC14, while the optimum system pressure varies from 26.6 to 40 kPa depending on input power, and the optimum feed gas （He and SiCI4） molar en- ergy input was about 350 kJ. mo1-1.     

Hydrogen production from methanol through dielectric barrier discharge

The hydrogen fuel cell is a promising option as a future energy resource and the production of hydrogen is mainly depended on fossil fuels now. In this paper, methanol reforming to produce H₂ through dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reaction was studied. Effects of the power supply parameters, reactor parameters and process conditions on conversion of methanol and distribution of products were investigated. The best reaction conditions were following: input power (45 W), material of inner electrode (stainless steel), discharge gap (3.40 mm), length of reaction zone (90.00 mm), dielectric thickness (1.25 mm), and methanol content (37.65%). The highest conversion of methanol and the yield of H₂ were 82.38% and 27.43%, respectively.