HCl催化氧化制Cl_2的Cu-Ce混合氧化物催化剂研究

分别采用体相模板法和表面模板法制备了铜改性Ce O_2催化剂(Cu O-Ce O_2和Cu O/Ce O_2)。利用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、Raman、H2-TPR对催化剂进行了表征并考察了其催化氧化HCl制Cl2的性能。结果表明:体相模板法更有利于制备铜物种分散度更高的催化剂,提高催化剂表面氧空位的浓度。将催化剂表面氧空位浓度与HCl催化氧化活性关联发现,催化剂氧空位浓度是影响HCl催化氧化活性的重要因素。酸洗前后催化剂催化活性对比表明,高分散的Cu O在较低温度时对催化剂活性贡献不大,而在较高温度时可以有效促进催化剂催化性能。晶相Cu O对HCl的催化氧化活性没有贡献。     

复合氧化物催化剂催化氧化甲苯性能

以γ-Al2O3为催化剂载体,铜、锰为活性组分,稀土元素铈为助催化剂,采用浸渍法制备复合氧化物催化剂5%Cu/γ-Al2O3、5%Mn/γ-Al2O3、5%Cu-5%Mn/γ-Al2O3和5%Cu-5%Mn-1.6%Ce/γ-Al2O3,并考察其催化氧化甲苯性能。研究表明,复合氧化物催化剂催化氧化甲苯具有显著的效果,5%Cu-5%Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂和5%Cu-5%Mn-1.6%Ce/γ-Al2O3催化剂表现出良好的低温活性和催化性能,对甲苯的完全燃烧温度分别为340℃和285℃。采用SEM和BET对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,催化剂的催化活性与活性组分在催化剂表面的分散度和催化剂的孔结构相关。     

介孔CuCe/M/CuCe(M=Co,Mn,Zr)催化剂富H_2中优先氧化CO的催化性能

优先氧化是去除富H2中CO最有效的方法,铜铈催化剂是该领域的研究热点。以SBA-15为模板剂,采用纳米刻蚀法合成系列介孔Cu Ce/M/Cu Ce(M=Co,Mn,Zr)催化剂,采用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、TEM、H2-TPR和O2-TPD对催化剂结构及形貌进行表征,并对其在富H2中CO优先氧化性能进行研究。结果表明,Mn有利于催化剂表面吸附氧的增加,有助于大量氧空位的产生,进而促进CO优先氧化性能的提高;Zr的加入抑制了Cu O的还原,且其表面氧脱附温度范围过宽,不利于催化剂催化氧化性能的释放。掺杂Co与Mn可以形成Ce-Cu-M-O固溶体,促进了催化剂表面氧和晶格氧之间的相互转化,最终有利于铜铈催化剂CO优先氧化性能的提高。     

低温下臭氧氧化甲苯气体的催化体系研究

将Co、Mn、Co-Mn、Co-Mn-Ce分别负载于Al_2O_3上,得到Co/Al_2O_3、Mn/Al_2O_3、Co-Mn/Al_2O_3、Co-Mn-Ce/Al_2O_3等4种催化剂,在30~75℃的条件下对臭氧氧化甲苯反应进行催化,比较了4种催化剂对臭氧氧化甲苯的催化效果。结果表明,复合催化剂Co-Mn/Al_2O_3的催化效果优于单组分催化剂Co/Al_2O_3、Mn/Al_2O_3,75℃时,甲苯降解率达到69.02%;添加助剂Ce的复合催化剂Co-Mn-Ce/Al_2O_3(Co∶Mn∶Ce=1∶1∶0.1,物质的量比)的催化效果最好,75℃时,甲苯降解率达到82.95%。     

铜锰复合氧化物催化剂上甲苯的催化燃烧

采用碳酸盐共沉淀法在全范围内制备了一系列具有高比表面积的铜锰互相掺杂的复合氧化物,通过调变铜锰摩尔比考察了其在甲苯催化燃烧反应中的表现。铜锰复合氧化物催化剂,尤其是掺杂低浓度铜的氧化锰,在甲苯催化燃烧中表现出了超越单组分氧化物的性能。随掺杂量的变化,反应活性呈现火山状的趋势。XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS及BET等表征结果显示氧化物粒子的结晶度及分散度、催化剂的可还原性、表面氧浓度、催化剂的比表面积等诸多因素均对催化活性产生了一定的影响,然而复合氧化物催化性能上升的根本原因在于铜物种和锰物种之间存在的较强的相互协同作用。     

微反应器共沉淀反应制备铜锰催化剂

在Caterpillar微反应器中采用共沉淀法制备了不同铜锰比的共沉淀物,直接焙烧得到铜锰复合氧化物催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对沉淀物和催化剂进行了物相和结构分析。结果显示,随着Cu含量的增加,催化剂中Mn³⁺所占比例逐渐下降,表面晶格氧含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,催化甲苯降解的活性呈现先上升后下降的规律。微反应器中的流动反应特性使得催化剂中的Cu、Mn保持良好分散性,有利于提高催化剂中Mn³⁺含量,此时表面晶格氧成为催化活性的制约因素。     

负载型CuMnO_x/TiO_2催化剂催化燃烧甲苯

采用沉积-沉淀法制备CuMnO_x/TiO_2新型甲苯燃烧催化剂,考察焙烧温度、Cu与Mn物质的量比、Cu和Mn总负载量、空速及水蒸汽含量对催化甲苯燃烧性能的影响。研究表明,焙烧温度500℃和Cu与Mn物质的量比为1∶1时,催化剂活性最好,反应温度250℃时,甲苯去除率为100%;水蒸汽的出现明显降低了甲苯转化率。XRD和H2-TPR表征结果表明,CuMnO_x/TiO_2催化剂的主要活性相为铜锰尖晶石(Cu1.5Mn1.5O4),它的存在降低了CuMnO_x/TiO_2催化剂的还原温度,是催化活性优良的主要原因。     

锰铈固溶体复合氧化物用于CO和CH_4催化氧化

采用氧化还原共沉淀法制备系列不同配比的锰铈复合氧化物,用于CO和CH4催化氧化,考察不同焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响。研究表明,焙烧温度500℃和Mn与Ce物质的量比为5∶5的催化剂具备最优的CO和CH4催化氧化性能。催化剂在90℃时,CO转化率可达100%;对于CH4催化氧化,反应温度500℃时,CH4转化率为80%。通过N2吸附-脱附、H2-TPR和XRD等研究其物化结构性能,结果表明,在系列催化剂中,焙烧温度500℃和Mn与Ce物质的量比为5∶5的催化剂具有最高的比表面积和最活泼的晶格氧,可能是其具有优异催化活性的原因。     

铜锰复合氧化物催化剂上甲苯的催化燃烧

采用碳酸盐共沉淀法在全范围内制备了一系列具有高比表面积的铜锰互相掺杂的复合氧化物,通过调变铜锰摩尔比考察了其在甲苯催化燃烧反应中的表现。铜锰复合氧化物催化剂,尤其是掺杂低浓度铜的氧化锰,在甲苯催化燃烧中表现出了超越单组分氧化物的性能。随掺杂量的变化,反应活性呈现火山状的趋势。XRD、H2-TPR、XPS及BET等表征结果显示氧化物粒子的结晶度及分散度、催化剂的可还原性、表面氧浓度、催化剂的比表面积等诸多因素均对催化活性产生了一定的影响,然而复合氧化物催化性能上升的根本原因在于铜物种和锰物种之间存在的较强的相互协同作用。     

负载型锰铈复合氧化物SCR脱硝催化剂制备研究

采用复壁炭纳米管(CNTs)为载体,通过室温氧化还原法制备了锰铈复合氧化物低温NH_3-SCR脱硝催化剂Mn-CeO_x/CNTs。通过调节浸渍液的组成,考察了活性分锰铈配比对催化剂低温脱硝性能的影响。研究发现锰铈协同作用能够有效提高催化剂的低温脱硝性能,当Mn/(Ce+Mn)的摩尔比为0.6时,催化剂的低温活性最好,反应温度为160～180℃时脱硝率可达100%。该方法具有制备工艺简单、条件温和、低温脱硝效果好等优点。     

Magnetoresistance of CuxCo1-xFe2O4 Ferrites

Magnetoresistance measurements (Δ/R) were carried out on Cu _x Co_{1- x} Fe₂O₄ samples with x =1, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 and cobalt ferrite in the range of magnetic intensity (H) from 1.0 to 4.5 kG. Linear plots were obtained between log (Δ/R) and log H for all compositions except that of cobalt ferrite. The values of n at x =0.5 do not agree with the results of some authors. The discrepancy may be attributed to the value of magnetic field intensity at which such measurements were carried out. The similarity of features of n and μ_D with composition leads us to believe that the magnetoresistance may arise from the scattering of conduction electrons by localized electrons involving the s-d exchange interaction.     

Polymorphism of LiGa5O8 and of LiGa5O8-MgGa2O4Solid Solutions

High-temperature X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyses showed that LiGa₅O₈ exists in two polymorphs related by the first-order transition at 1138°±3°C of the low-temperature simple-cubic form, space group (probably) O⁷, to the high-temperature spinel (fcc) form, space group O _h ⁷. The transition is rapid, and the high-temperature form in pure LiGa₅O₈ could not be quenched to room temperature under the conditions used. However, the high-temperature polymorph can be quenched under equilibrium conditions when 40 mol% or more MgGa₂O₄ is present. The subsolidus equilibrium relations in the system MgGa₂O₄-LiGa₅O₈ are discussed.     

Wet Milling of Fe/Al/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/Al/Al2O3 Powder Mixtures

Wet milling of Al₂O₃-aluminide alloy (3A) precursor powders in acetone has been investigated by milling Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures. The influence of the milling process on the physical and chemical properties of the milled powders has been studied. Particle refinement and homogenization were found not to play a dominant role, whereas plastic deformation of the metal particles leads to the formation of dislocations and a highly disarranged polycrystalline structure. Although no chemical reactions among the powder components in Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures were observed, the formation of a nanocrystalline, ordered intermetallic FeAl phase in Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures caused by mechanical alloying was detected. Chemical reactions of Fe and Al particle surfaces with the atmosphere and the milling media lead to the formation of highly porous hydroxides on the particle surfaces. Hence the specific surface area of the powders increases, while the powder density decreases during milling. The fraction of Fe oxidized during milling was determined to be 0.13. The fraction of Al oxidized during milling strongly depends on the metal content of the powder mixture. It ranges between 0.4 and 0.8.     

Expansive properties of the mixture C4ASH12 − 2CS III. Effects of temperature and restraint

The effects of temperature and restraint upon the hydration and the expansion of $\text{C}{}_4\text{A}\text{S}\text{H}{}_{12}\text{? 2}\text{C}\text{S}$ mixture compacts in different contact solutions have been investigated. Temperatures above 20°C do apparently hinder the formation of an impervious felt-like layer of ettringite around the $\text{C}{}_4\text{A}\text{S}\text{H}{}_{12}$ particles, thus greatly reducing the retarding effect of the lime. An uniaxial restraint of 1 Kg/cm² is enough to reduce sensibly the expansions which remain however high (about 100%). The results can be satisfactorily interpreted by the reaction and expansion mechanism hypothesized in our previous papers.     

Raman Study of Glasses of Ba2TiSi2O8 and Ba2TiGe2O8

Raman spectra are reported for fresnoite (Ba₂Ti(Si,Ge)₂O₈ glasses, and comparison is made between the Raman spectra of the corresponding crystalline powders and glasses of Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ and Ba₂TiGe₂O₈. The Ba₂TiGe₂O₈ glass spectra show correspondence with the Ba₂TiGe₂O₈ crystalline Raman spectra; the v _s(Ge–O–Ge) mode occurs at 518 cm⁻¹ in the glass and at 521 cm⁻¹ in the crystalline material. Five-fold coordinated titanium is the majority species present in the Ba₂TiGe₂O₈ glass as revealed by a strong band at 824 cm⁻¹ in the I glass spectrum. The Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ glass spectra are similar to the Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ crystalline spectrum; the strongest band is found at 836 cm⁻¹ in the I glass spectrum. Through comparison with the previous Raman data of other titania silicate glasses, we conclude that the Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ glass has a structure similar to the crystalline phase.     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.     

Dynamic Fracture Characterization of Al2O3 and SiCw/Al2O3

The dynamic stress intensity factors, which were determined with newly developed bar impact facilities and a new data reduction procedure, for an Al₂O₃ ceramic and 29 vol% SiC_w/Al₂O₃ composite were virtually identical, thus indicating that the short SiC whiskers were ineffective under dynamic fracture. SEM studies revealed five distinct fracture morphologies with increased percentage area of transgranular fracture in both materials with rapid crack propagation. Also, the high dynamic stress intensity factor caused multiple microscopic crack planes to form and then join as the crack advanced.