Die Herstellung von Kakaoerzeugnissen unter Anwendung von Pflugscharmischern

Manufacture of Cocoa Products Using Plough Share Mixers Various problems arise during mixing and thermal treatment of powdered material in the production and further processing cocoa powder. Means for solving such problems are shown. An effective process of mixing and the plough share mixers used for the same are described; these nearly automatic mixers are widely applicable. A further development of these mixers, the so-called DRUVATHERM-units, enable the combination of several mechnical processes, such as mixing, pulverizing of agglomerates, moistening, coating, tempering, cooling, drying and carrying out reaction processes under pressure or vacuum and at higher temperature. These new type of units can compete with conventional driers and roasters. They open new economical paths in the conventional treatment of products in cocoa industry as well.     

Thermochemische Depolymerisation von Lignin zur Gewinnung von Aromaten

In order to develop a valorization strategy for lignin, commercially available Kraft lignin was converted with sub‐ and supercritical water in a high‐pressure vessel. The effects of reaction temperature and phase state on product formation were investigated by GC‐MS analysis. The basic information of these experiments serves to develop processes for the production of aromatic‐based chemicals from biomass.     

Funktionalisierung von Ultrafiltrationsmembranen zur Integration von spezifischen Adsorbereigenschaften

By integrating a water‐soluble polymer, which has the ability to complex heavy metal ions into ultrafiltration membranes, the separation process could be enhanced to enable also filtration of these species. In this work, a membrane and an adsorber polymer were functionalized with complementary reactive groups so that the adsorber polymer could be immobilized in the porous support layer of the ultrafiltration membrane via click reaction. The separation performances and membrane characteristics of the synthesized membranes are comparable to those of conventional UF membranes.     

Industrielle Verarbeitung von Speisefetten im Lichte von Umweltfragen

Industrial Processing of Edible Fats with Reference to Environmental Problems The edible oil industry is a rather nominal cause of environmental pollution. Within this industry, the sources pollution of the atmosphere and the output of sewage and other wastes are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Possible measures to counteract the pollution are indicated. It has been shown that a significant contribution of the edible fat industry is the removal of contaminants from the environment that enter the raw materials by various means. The contaminants are removed by the process of refining.     

Verwendung von N-chlor-nylon 66 zur oxydation von alkoholen

N-Chlor-Nylon 66, obtained through a treatment of Nylon 66 with tert-butylhypochlorite, can be used for oxidation of alcohols. The influence of the reaction medium and the content of chlorine on the yield has been investigated. The formed ketones, aldehydes and esters have been determined by gaschromatrography. Oxidation reactions proceed under mild conditions (e. g. 35°C) and often give higher yields than the analogous reactions with low-molecular N-halogen-amides.     

Herstellung von polycapronamid in anwesenheit von ethoxyliertem ethylendiamin

The possibility of increasing the electrical conductivity of polycaproamide, using ethoxyl ethylene diamine with 44, 80, 120, 150 und 200 mol ethyl oxide, has been investigated. Using these products as additives in the polymer mass, in quantities of 1 to 8%, the specific electrical resistance decreases two orders of magnitude in comparison with nonmodified polycaproamide. By means of IR-spectroscopy, it has been proved that antistatics containing a certain amount of free amino groups, its number decreases with the increasing degree of ethoxyirane as they have a regulating effect during the process of polymerization of ε-caprolactam. As a result of that the molecular mass of polycapronamide decreases and the amount of low molecular compounds in it increases. The process of polymerization in the presence of ethylene diamine 44 and 200 has been investigated and it was found that those products increase the rate of polymerization at the beginning of the process.     

Auslegung von Blasensäulen mithilfe von Compartmentmodellen

In bubble columns, the phenomena of mass and heat transfer as well as the reaction are closely linked to the complex fluid dynamics. Compartment modeling offers the opportunity to integrate these phenomena while enabling an axial and radial distribution with acceptable computing effort. This article includes methods for generating the compartment geometry and fluid dynamic parameters of this modeling approach, facilitating the opportunity to optimize an industrial bubble column.     

Definition von Destillationslinien bei der Trennung von Mehrstoffgemischen

Definition of Distillation Lines in the Separation of Multicomponent Mixtures. In recent years “distillation lines” have been used for the assessment of the separation behaviour of multicomponent mixtures, with these distillation lines being defined differently by different authors. The theory of distillation of multicomponent mixtures shows that it is appropriate to distinguish between residue lines and rectification lines. While the profile of residue lines is determined solely by the thermodynamic phase equilibrium, that of rectification lines also depends upon the mass transfer model used. By analogy with VDI Guideline 2761: “Thermal Separation Processes in Process Engineering”, it is proposed that residue lines and rectification lines are designated by the collective term distillation lines.     

Darstellung der Festigkeitseigenschaften von Anstrichfilmen bei Variation von Pigmentierung und Quellzustand in Form von Bruch-Enveloppen

Representation of the Durability Properties of Paint Films as a Function of Pigmentation and the State of Swelling Tensile strength and ruptural elongation of paint films can be represented in an uniform manner in the form of rupture envelope diagram according to the concept of T. Smith. In this representation, the visco-elastic states and the technological behaviour can be easily recognized. Films of linseed oil alkyd resins, that are pigmented with Pb₃O₄, MgO and ZnO, showed a displacement in the state of elastic energy. This effect is diminished in a swollen state due to the plastifying action of water. Systems with inactive pigments, such as urea resin/Fe₂O₃ and PVC-Copolymer/TiO₂ did not exhibit any significant alteration of the visco-elastic character during transformation from the dry to the swollen state.