纤维复合材料层合板在四点弯曲载荷下的损伤分析

实验测试了T300/7901碳纤维复合材料[0/90]_(8s)层合板在四点弯曲静载下的载荷-位移响应及破坏载荷。基于桥联模型,在商用软件Abaqus/CAE中实现对该层合板在四点弯曲静载条件下的层内以及层间损伤破坏进行模拟分析。分析方法分为四个部分:仅利用组分材料数据,基于桥联模型对单向复合材料层的本构关系建模;利用考虑三维应力的Hashin判据预报复合材料层的纤维拉伸、压缩损伤及基体拉伸、压缩损伤;出现组分材料损伤后对相应材料点采用Camando方法进行刚度退化;在复合材料单层中间插入薄的纯树脂层,通过树脂层的损伤破坏分析层间分层。在Abaqus/Explicit模块中,利用子程序VUMAT完成以上材料建模分析;将模拟结果与实验数据进行对比。结果表明,模拟得到的载荷-位移曲线及破坏载荷与实验结果吻合很好,所提出的材料模型能有效预报纤维复合材料层合板的层内及层间损伤破坏情况。     

复合材料加筋层合板准静态压痕实验研究及数值分析

利用ABAQUS有限元程序所建立了一种基于用户子程序USDFLD和Hashin强度准则的复合材料损伤计算模型,用该模型对复合材料加筋层合板在静压痕力作用下主要发生的纤维拉伸破坏、纤维微屈破坏、基体拉伸破坏、基体压缩破坏、层间拉伸破坏、层间压缩破坏这几种基本损伤模式进行分析。对复合材料加筋层合板在静压痕力作用下进行损伤全过程数值研究,利用该有限元模型预测复合材料层合板静压痕力作用下的荷载-位移曲线以及凹坑深度与静压痕力的关系曲线。数值仿真与实验结果吻合较好,表明该损伤模型方法的可行性。复合材料层合板加筋后拐点处的凹坑深度明显加大,达到0.84mm。通过对加筋板的刚度和强度失效规律的分析,为进一步的复合材料格栅加筋结构(如飞机结构中复合材料后压力框)的性能分析提供参考。     

基于VCCT的复合材料低周疲劳性能研究

基于VCCT建立复合材料低周疲劳模型,对层合板结构分层损伤进行疲劳寿命预测。采用ABAQUS软件通过直接循环法计算复合材料低周疲劳分层扩展情况,在模拟中指定分层扩展所沿的界面,基于VCCT可以计算界面单元裂纹尖端的断裂能量释放率,通过Paris准则来判断疲劳裂纹的产生和扩展。     

复合材料层合板贴补修理失效模式分析与修理参数选择

在对复合材料层合板进行渐进失效分析时,Zinoviev刚度退化模型是最常用的刚度退化模型之一,但是该模型涉及的参数较多并且只能用于二维问题,对其进行简化和改进后,不仅参数减少而且可以扩展至三维,基于此改进的Zinoviev刚度退化模型,结合Shokrieh改进的三维Hashin准则,采用INTER205单元对胶层进行模拟,利用ANSYS软件建立了承受面内拉伸荷载的含圆孔缺陷的复合材料层合板双边贴补修理渐进失效三维有限元模型。此有限元模型的结果和试验结果拟合得比较好,验证了改进的Zinoviev退化模型和有限元模型的有效性。利用此有限元模型分析了承受面内拉伸荷载的双边贴补修理复合材料层合板的失效模式,发现主要破坏模式为胶层的脱胶加速了母板中的纤维失效,导致结构最终失效。最后分析了主要修理参数对修理效果的影响,结果表明:增大补片尺寸可以明显提高修补结构的强度;当补片刚度与母板刚度相同时,修补效果较好;当补片厚度为母板厚度一半时,修补效果最好。     

复合材料层合板静压痕试验及全过程数值分析

复合材料层合板在静压痕力作用下主要发生层间分层、基体开裂、基体压缩破坏、纤维断裂和纤维压坏这几种损伤模式。本文利用ABAQUS有限元程序,对在静压痕力作用下的复合材料层合板建立一个基于Hashin强度准则的全过程模型,并对各层各单元进行损伤演判。利用有限元模型对碳纤维NCF材料层合板在静压痕力作用下的荷载-位移曲线进行预测,并模拟层合板的损伤全过程,以及预测凹坑深度与静压痕力的关系曲线。对层合板进行静压痕试验,测试复合材料层合板在静压痕力作用下的荷载-位移曲线,并在试验过程中用凹坑深度仪测量层合板的凹坑深度。将数值模拟与试验结果比较,两者结果较为吻合。     

修复对含分层损伤复合材料层合板振动特性的影响

本文工作是通过对含不同大小分层层合板结构分析,讨论拉伸和剪切修复刚度对含层间分层损伤复合材料层合板振动特性的影响.基于修补分层损伤结构变形特点,将含损层合板的基板、上子板和下子板采用Mindlin板单元离散,而损伤区修复效应以虚拟连接单元模拟,建立相应的有限元分析模型和计算方法.通过对含损层合板的振动分析,讨论并验证本文提出的修复分层损伤模拟连接单元模型的可能性和正确性,依据拉抻和剪切修复刚度对含损层合板固有频率的分别影响与综合影响,得到对分层损伤复合材料层合板修补的指导性原则.     

记及压应力的内聚力单元及其厚度对复合材料分层损伤预测的影响

内聚力单元可以同时预测分层的起始和扩展,但单元尺寸对计算结果影响较大,而且无法模拟压应力导致的界面失效。首先,建立不同内聚力单元计算厚度的双悬臂梁模型、端边加载模型和冲击动力学模型,模拟分层损伤演化过程,研究内聚力单元厚度对载荷-位移曲线和界面损伤面积的影响;然后,通过子程序自定义内聚力单元的本构关系,考虑压缩应力引起的复合材料层间界面失效;最后,分析考虑压应力引起的界面层失效对复合材料冲击响应的影响。计算结果表明:内聚力单元厚度对界面层的损伤面积影响明显;相同的载荷条件下,内聚力单元厚度越大,界面损伤面积越小;考虑压缩应力引起的界面层失效,界面损伤面积较大且界面失效包含压缩和剪切两种失效模式。     

纤维波纹对复合材料层合板刚度影响研究

从实验及数值模拟两个方面研究均一波纹缺陷对复合材料层合板刚度影响。采用VARI成型工艺制作复合材料波纹板试样,通过压缩测试测得其主杨氏模量和泊松比。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS构建复合材料波纹板模型,预测压缩载荷下复合材料波纹板的刚度,研究纤维体积分数和波纹比对刚度影响。结果表明,纤维波纹对复合材料刚度有很大的影响,尤其是Ex的下降趋势非常明显;在纤维最大偏转角处,试样易发生剪切破坏;波纹比对波纹板刚度影响的变化趋势几乎不受纤维体积含量的影响,实验结果与ANSYS模拟结果有较好的一致性。     

碳填料/天然橡胶复合材料热导率及层间接触热阻对微波加热效果的影响

摘要：制备炭黑/天然橡胶（NR）、石墨烯/NR和碳纳米管/NR复合材料,采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究复合材料热导率和层间接触热阻对微波加热的影响。结果表明：炭黑、石墨烯和碳纳米管自身热导率越大,复合材料的热导率越大,层间接触热阻越小;通过增大填料用量来增大复合材料的热导率和减小层间接触热阻具有一定的局限性,需考虑复合材料的配方设计适用性和经济性;复合材料的热导率对微波加热过程中高、低温区域分布规律和微波加热效率基本无影响,但影响复合材料的温度分布均匀性。为保证微波加热硫化均匀性,多层复合材料的层间接触热阻不可忽略。     

复合材料拐角的抗冲击性能实验研究

由于树脂基复合材料层合板对冲击作用比较敏感,因此,在使用过程中受到低能冲击时,极易产生不可见损伤,造成复合材料在强度和刚度上的损失,严重威胁结构的安全使用性。本文借助四点弯曲实验分别对五种不同铺层的乙烯基树脂/玻纤复合材料拐角在不同能量冲击后的弯曲刚度衰减进行了测试,讨论了不同铺层和冲击能量对复合材料拐角抗冲性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着冲击能量的增加,冲击损伤越明显,剩余弯曲刚度越低,各种铺层冲击破坏面积与刚度下降呈现基本一致的趋势;相邻铺层的铺层角相差越小,复合材料拐角的弯曲刚度越大,冲击后弯曲刚度损耗越小,[45°/0°/-45°/90°]铺层的冲击后刚度损失率最低,正交铺层的试样组抗冲击性能最差。     

An experimental examination of fracture criteria using brittle polystyrene

A four-point bend test was performed on injection-molded bar-shaped polystyrene specimens with notches of varying depths. The material investigated was found to be linear elastic and brittle. From the load–displacement curves, various fracture toughness parameters based on energy release rate theories and stress–intensity factors were calculated. The stress concentrations arising from the presence of finite size notches with finite root radii were also calculated. The local stress at crack initiation was found to be nearly constant for all specimens investigated while the fracture toughness parameters based on energy release rates were not constant. A distinct change in the crack propagation behavior was observed when the curvature of the stiffness vs. notch depth curve changed sign, clearly defining the onset of unstable crack growth.     

The effect of silicon carbide whiskers on the Mode I interlaminar fracture of carbon fiber composites

This paper reports on the Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness improvement of carbon fiber-epoxy composites as a result of incorporating SiC whiskers in the epoxy matrix. Five laminates of unidirectional carbon fiber-epoxy composites at different weight fractions of SiC whiskers were manufactured using hand layup vacuum bagging process. Optical and scanning electron microscopic analysis were conducted to give an insight into the fracture morphogoloy, failure mechanisms, and the energy dissipation mechanisms created by the presence of the whiskers in the composite. Experimental results showed that composites containing 5 wt% whiskers exhibited 67% increase in the crack initiation interlaminar fracture toughness G_IC, whereas it exhibited 55% increase in the maximum G_IC compared to pristine composite. The optical and SEM fractographs revealed a strong relation between the microstructure of the fractured surfaces and the energy release rate trend of the composites.     

Interlaminar fracture toughness of selectively stitched thick carbon fibre reinforced polymer fabric composite laminates

Abstract

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer fabric specimens prepared from selectively stitched thick laminates have been tested under mode I (tension) and mode II (shear) loading, similar to already established tests used for thin unidirectional specimens. The respective interlaminar fracture toughness characteristics were derived for laminates of different stitching configurations. Results indicated significant interlaminar fracture toughness increase for all stitched samples compared with non-stitched samples, especially under mode I loading. It was concluded from parametric investigations that carbon thread stitching is more effective than its aramid counterpart in improving interlaminar fracture toughness. This is attributable to its higher stiffness and better bonding to the carbon fibre reinforced polymer system compared with the aramid thread.     

A novel technique for measuring the impact properties of a tough polyethylene

A novel technique is described which enables reliable fracture toughness measurements to be made in impact test on relatively small specimens of a tough polyethylene. Composite specimens have been made in which a tough polyethylene is sandwiched between two layers of a more brittle polyethylene. The overall fracture toughness is interpreted on the basis of simple additivity of the strain energy release rate associated with each of the component layers. Brittle plane strain failures were obtained for specimens in which the relative thickness of the layers was varied over a substantial range and the fracture toughness of each layer determined by suitable extrapolation. The fracture toughness of the brittle layer obtained in this way agreed well with direct measurements on that material.     

Effect of thermoplastic veils on interlaminar fracture toughness of a glass fiber/vinyl ester composite

The effects of two thermoplastic micro‐veils, polyamide (PA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) veil, on the interlaminar fracture toughness of a glass fiber/vinyl ester (GF/VE) composite were investigated. The veils incorporated into the composite as interleaving materials were first characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), contact angle and tensile testing in order determine the best candidate as toughening agent for the GF/VE composite. Composite laminates were manufactured by vacuum‐assisted resin infusion process. Double cantilever beam (DCB) testing was performed to investigate the Mode I type interlaminar fracture toughness of the composites, which was characterized by critical strain energy release rate (G _IC). An increased G _IC was obtained by incorporating the PA veil, but it changed negligibly by the addition of the PET veil. The analysis of the composites fracture surface via SEM revealed increased fiber bridging between adjacent plies in the case of PA veil interleaved composites which played a key role in enhancing the Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness. However, the PET veil present in the interlaminar region did not take part in any energy absorbing mechanism during the delamination, thus keeping the G _IC of the composite unaltered. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2501–2508, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Low‐velocity impacts in continuous glass fiber/polypropylene composites

The low‐velocity impact behavior of a continuous glass fiber/polypropylene composite was investigated. Optical microscopy and ultrasonic scanning were used to determine the impact‐induced damage. At low impact energy, the predominant damage mechanism observed was matrix cracking, while at high energy the damage mechanisms observed were delamination, plastic deformation, which produced a residual specimen curvature, and a small amount of fiber breakage at the edge of the indentation on the impacted face of the specimens. The impact load vs. time signals were recorded during impact and showed that the load corresponding to the onset of delamination was independent of the impact energy in the range tested. The load at which the onset of delamination occurred corresponded to the values obtained by performing a linear regression of the delaminated area, obtained by ultrasonic scanning, as a function of the impact force. Tensile and flexural tests performed on impacted specimens showed that the tensile and flexural residual strengths and the flexural modulus decreased with increasing incident impact energy, while the post‐impact residual tensile modulus remained constant. The dynamic interlaminar fracture toughness was evaluated from the critical dynamic (impact) strain energy release rate of specimens with a delamination simulated by an embedded insert. The results are compared with the interlaminar fracture toughness values obtained during subcritical steady crack growth.     

Effect of fiber orientation on Mode I fracture toughness of CFRP

The effect of fiber orientations on fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) in Mode I loading was investigated using double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens, based on mesoscopic mechanics. Mesoscopic interlaminar fracture toughness of 0//0 interphase of CFRP was evaluated with mesoscopic finite element models using experimental data. The fracture surface roughness was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Then the mesoscopic interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP was correlated with the fracture surface roughness. Additionally, the change of the Mode I macroscopic fracture toughness of CFRP was experimentally measured with changing the numbers of 0 and ±θ layers of DCB specimens. The correlation between the fracture toughness of 0//0 and θ//?θ interphases was discussed and a novel procedure was proposed to predict the macroscopic fracture toughness of θ//?θ interphase using finite element method (FEM). The fracture toughness of θ//?θ interphase analyzed by FEM was finally compared with the experimental results to verify the proposed prediction procedure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Toughening mechanism of heterogeneous aliphatic polyurethanes

Highly cross-linked polyurethanes have a high elastic modulus and creep resistance, but they undergo a brittle fracture below the glass transition temperature. The lack of substantial toughness in these polymers limits their use in practical engineering applications. One method that has shown promise in recent years is the creation of local regions of reduced modulus that absorb strain energy and act to toughen the polymer. For instance, rubbers are typically added to epoxy which phase separate upon polymerization and create local elastic regions that significantly toughen the polymer. Here a variety of two-phase polyurethanes in the form of single inclusions is designed to study the toughening mechanism of the local regions of reduced modulus with an embedded crack. Synthesized heterogeneous polyurethanes show a transition from brittle to ductile behavior in addition to a drastic increase in the maximum load that the polymer can withstand. Fracture mechanics experiments demonstrate that a small reduction in the inclusion's Young's modulus (∼10%) leads to an increase in the toughness by factor of 7 (∼700%). The finite element method and digital image correlation are utilized to study this toughening mechanism. Optical strain measurements confirm the numerical simulation results and possible toughening and strengthening mechanisms.     

Finite element analysis of composite T-joints used in wind turbine blades

Abstract

This paper presents a finite element (FE) analysis of the fracture behaviour of composite T-joints with various fibre reinforcement architectures subjected to pull-out loading. The FE model accounts for the effect of interface strength and interlaminar fracture energy on the ultimate load to failure; a linear softening fracture based law is adopted to describe crack growth in the form of delamination. The numerical simulation shows that the failure load increases with increasing interlaminar strength, which controls delamination initiation. The FE also demonstrates that the failure load increases with increasing interface fracture energy and the delamination propagation depends largely upon the fracture energy, which is enhanced by introducing interlaminar veils or through-thickness tuft yarns (stitching). Predictions were validated using experimental data for E-glass fibre/epoxy T-joints subjected to a tensile pull-out loading. The load–displacement response from the FE analysis is in a good agreement with measurements, illustrating the effectiveness of through thickness tufting that results to progressive, a more ‘ductile’, rather than abrupt catastrophic failure.     

Mechanical Behavior and Fracture Toughness of Poly(L‐lactic acid)‐Natural Fiber Composites Modified with Hyperbranched Polymers

Summary: The use of hyperbranched polymers (HBP) with hydroxy functionality as modifiers for poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLLA)‐flax fiber composites is presented. HBP concentrations were varied from 0 to 50% v/v and the static and dynamic tensile properties were investigated along with interlaminar fracture toughness. Upon addition of HBP, the tensile modulus and dynamic storage modulus (E′) both diminished, although a greater decline was noticed in the static modulus. The elongation of the composites with HBP showed a pronounced increase as large as 314% at 50% v/v HBP. The loss factor (tan δ) indicated a lowering of the glass transition temperature (T_g) due to a change in crystal morphology from large, mixed perfection spherulites to finer, smaller spherulites. The change in T_g could have also resulted from some of the HBP being miscible in the amorphous phase, which caused a plasticizing effect of the PLLA. The interlaminar fracture toughness measured as the critical strain energy release rate (G_IC) was significantly influenced by HBP. At 10% v/v HBP, G_IC was at least double that of the unmodified composite and a rise as great as 250% was achieved with 50% v/v. The main factor contributing to high fracture toughness in this study was better wetting of the fibers by the matrix when the HBP was present. With improved ductility of the matrix, it caused ductile tearing along the fiber‐matrix interface during crack propagation.

ESEM photograph of propagation region of the interlaminar fracture toughness specimens with 30% v/v of HBP.