表面裂纹疲劳扩展形貌变化规律的研究

首先进行了１６Ｍｎ板材半椭圆表面裂纹疲劳扩展试验。试验结果表明，采用Ｎｅｗｍａｎ－ｒａｊｕ应力强度因子时，表面裂纹深度方向和表面方向的扩展速率均符合Ｐａｒｉｓ公式。在此基础上，从Ｎｅｗｍａｎ－Ｒａｊｕ应力强度因子计算式和Ｐａｒｉｓ疲劳裂纹扩展速率公式出发，通过理论和数值分析，建立了３类表面裂纹在受拉伸、弯曲、和拉弯组合加载下的疲劳扩展形貌统一表达式，并通过疲劳试验结果对其进行了考核。结果表明，采用统一表达式预测裂纹形貌的各项统计指标均优于其他两种表达式     

模拟压力容器接管的新型十字试板的角裂纹疲劳扩展性能

用新型十字试板进行了双轴载荷下的角裂纹疲劳扩展性能的研究,以模拟压力容器接管处角裂纹的疲劳扩展行为。试板角裂纹尖端的应力强度因子采用三维边界元法计算,裂纹疲劳扩展的形貌变化采用降载勾线法记录。试验结果表明,裂纹疲劳扩展规律与双向载荷比及裂纹初始形状有关,裂纹沿长度方向的扩展速率可以用 Paris 公式表示,但在深度方向则不然。     

最大荷载对硬质聚氯乙烯疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

为研究相同应力比下最大疲劳荷载对硬质聚氯乙烯（UPVC）疲劳裂纹扩展的影响，开展了单边缺口三点弯曲SE(B)试件Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹扩展试验，基于Paris公式绘制了疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线，对试件断口微观形貌进行对比分析。结果表明：在不同荷载条件下，随着最大荷载降低，UPVC疲劳寿命增加；UPVC疲劳断裂过程符合次级断裂模式，最大荷载越大，断口微孔洞、纤维拉丝越明显。     

双向载荷条件下Ⅰ型裂纹的疲劳扩展

研究了双轴向应力状态下Ⅰ型穿透裂纹的疲劳扩展规律，采用构形合理且经精确标定应力强度因子值的双向十字形试样，在电液伺服双轴向疲劳试验机上对低合金钢（１６ＭｎＲ）进行了多种载荷比的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验，得到了双轴向应力状态下的Ｐａｒｉｓ方程，为目前按缺陷评定规范依据单轴向疲劳试验所得数据对工程构件进行疲劳评定提供参考数据，并就当前研究者们对于双向应力场中横向载荷对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响的不同看法进行分析探讨。     

16MnR钢表面裂纹的疲劳扩展

报告了在 P_x∶P_y=0,0.5和1三种双轴载荷作用下,对倾斜角等于0°、30°和45°的表面裂纹所作的疲劳扩展研究。讨论了表面裂纹扩展速率的计算方法,指出必须考虑不同的裂纹倾斜角和不同的双轴载荷比造成的裂纹扩展驱动力的变化对斜表面裂纹扩展速率的影响。因而采用裂纹投影法来处理斜表面裂纹的疲劳扩展问题并提出了修正的 Paris 方程。按照修正的 Paris 方程,根据不同的双轴载荷比和裂纹倾斜角分组整理了试验数据,并作了回归分析、假设检验,给出了含表面裂纹的16MnR 板材在三种不同的双轴载荷比情况下的裂纹扩展速率方程。     

横向载荷对含表面裂纹对焊接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响的研究

研究了双向载荷作用下对焊接头表面裂纹的疲劳扩展规律。采用经精确标定应力强度因子幅值的双向十字形试样,在电液伺服双轴向疲劳试验机上对母材分别为16MnR 和 Q235-B 这两种钢的对焊试板进行了疲劳裂纹扩展试验。同时,将其结果分别与单向应力下对焊接头及母材的疲劳扩展速率进行了比较,为制定我国在役压力容器缺陷评定规范提供了参考数据。     

焊件疲劳裂纹扩展速率的预测

疲劳是工程中最常见的现象之一,焊件的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的研究为进行疲劳寿命预测提供了基础。本文通过对一定存活率下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的预测回归分析,得到一个既准确又简便的方法求解 Paris 公式。     

2.25Cr-1Mo复杂应力状态下低周疲劳寿命预测

通过对无预裂纹圆柱形缺口试件的常温、高温低周疲劳总寿命试验以及对带有预裂纹圆柱形缺口试件的常温、高温裂纹扩展寿命试验,并利用ＮＨＲＤＳ有限元程序进行了缺口附近轴对称问题的循环应力和应变计算,研究了非均匀分布复杂应力状态下低周疲劳寿命。结果表明,２ ．２５Ｃｒ １Ｍｏ 材料复杂应力状态下低周疲劳总寿命和裂纹扩展寿命可采用当量形式的Ｍａｎｓｏｎ Ｃｏｆｆｉｎ 公式进行表征。     

交变载荷作用下纤维增强密封复合材料界面脱黏研究

界面脱黏是纤维增强密封复合材料界面破坏的主要表现形式,其可视为一种特殊的裂纹扩展。本文基于剪滞模型研究了纤维增强密封复合材料中纤维和基体界面在交变载荷作用下的裂纹扩展规律。在考虑疲劳加载引起的脱黏界面损伤和损伤分布不均匀性以及材料泊松比影响的基础上,建立了等效Paris公式,得到了疲劳裂纹扩展长度、扩展速率、界面上摩擦系数和加载次数之间的关系。     

氧化锆增韧陶瓷的室温动态疲劳

用动态疲劳试验法研究了３Ｙ－ＴＺＰ和３Ｙ－ＴＺＰ／Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（２０ｗｔ％）陶瓷在空气中的室温动态疲劳，并讨论了疲劳慢裂纹扩展特性。另外利用动态疲劳数据对两种陶瓷的平均寿命进行了预测。两种陶瓷材料在室温下均存在着慢裂纹扩展，主要是由空气中水蒸汽的应力腐蚀所造成的，且裂纹是沿晶界玻璃相扩展的。相变诱发的表面压应力和裂纹尖端的正应变可提高疲劳抗力。在８００ＭＰａ应力作用下，３Ｙ－ＴＺＰ和３Ｙ－ＴＺＰ／Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（２０ｗｔ％）的平均寿命分别为２４ｍｉｎ和７２ｈ，平均寿命随应力的增大而缩短．     

Fatigue Crack Propagation in Ceria-Partially-Stabilized Zirconia (Ce-TZP)-Alumina Composites

Fatigue crack propagation rates in tension-tension load cycling were measured in ZrO₂-12 mol% CeO₂-10 wt% Al₂O₃ ceramics using precracked and annealed compact tension specimens. The fatigue crack growth behavior was examined for Ce-TZPs of different transformation yield stresses obtained by sintering for 2 h at temperatures of 1500°C (type A), 1475°C (type B), 1450°C (type C), and 1425°C (type D). The threshold stress-intensity range, ΔK_th, for initiation of fatigue crack propagation increased systematically with decreasing transformation yield stress obtained with increasing sintering temperature. However, the critical stress-intensity range for fast fracture, ΔK_c, as well as the stress-intensity exponent in a power-law correlation (log (da/d N ) vs log ΔK) were relatively insensitive to the transformation yield stress. The fatigue crack growth behavior was also strongly influenced by the history of crack shielding via the development of the crack-tip transformation zones. In particular, the threshold stess-intensity range, Δ K _th, increased with increasing size of the transformation zone formed in prior quasi-static loading. Crack growth rates under sustained peak loads were also measured and found to be significantly lower and occurred at higher peak stress intensities as compared to the fatigue crack growth rates. Calculations of crack shielding from the transformation zones indicated that the enhanced crack growth susceptibility of Ce-TZP ceramics in fatigue is not due to reduced zone shielding. Alternate mechanisms that can lead to reduced crack shielding in tension-tension cyclic loading and result in higher crack-growth rates are explored.     

弯曲载荷作用下孔边角裂纹的应力强度因子与疲劳扩展规律

本文运用边界元方法提出了弯曲载荷作用下,平板中孔单边角裂纹裂尖的应力强度因子(SIF)的计算式。并通过实验研究了孔单边角裂纹在交变的弯矩作用下,裂纹的形貌变化规律及裂纹扩展速率,指出角裂纹沿长度方向的扩展可以用Paris公式来描述,而沿深度方向则不然,但两者之间具有幂函数的关系。     

Threshold Stress for Crack Healing of Mullite Reinforced by SiC Whiskers and SiC Particles and Resultant Fatigue Strength at the Healing Temperature

A mullite/SiC whisker/SiC particle multi-composite, having excellent crack-healing ability and mechanical properties, was hot pressed in order to investigate the crack-healing behavior under stress and the resultant fatigue strength at the temperature of healing. A semi-elliptical surface crack 100 μm in surface length was introduced on each specimen. The pre-cracked specimens were crack healed under cyclic or constant stress by using a three-point bending stress at 1473 K, and the resultant bending strength and cyclic fatigue strength were measured at 1473 K. The pre-crack on the surface of the specimens could be healed even under stress. The threshold stresses for crack healing, as determined by evaluating the strengths of crack-healed specimens at a healing temperature of 1473 K, were 170 MPa for both constant and cyclic stresses, corresponding to 77% of the bending strength of the pre-cracked specimens. The static and cyclic fatigue behaviors of crack-healed specimens were also investigated at a healing temperature of 1473 K.     

Effect of residual stresses on fatigue crack growth behavior of aluminum substrate repaired with a bonded composite patch

Composite patches bonded to cracked metallic aircraft structures have been shown to be a highly cost-effective method for extending the service life of the structures. The fatigue crack growth behavior of pre-cracked 7075-T6 aluminum substrate with the 12.7-mm V-notch crack repaired with boron/epoxy composite patches was investigated. 1-ply, 2-ply, 3-ply and 4-ply composite patches were studied. The residual stresses due to mismatch of the coefficients of thermal expansion between the aluminum plate and boron/epoxy composite patch were calculated based on the classical equation. The effects of the residual stresses and patch layers on fatigue lifetime, fatigue crack growth rate, and fatigue failure mode of the repaired plates were examined experimentally. A modified analytical model, based on Rose's analytical solution and Paris power law, was developed for this research. This model considered the residual stress effect and successfully predicted the fatigue lifetime of the patched plates. Results showed that the composite patch had two competing impacts on the structure. The composite patch could cause residual tensile stress in the aluminum substrate, which could consequently increase the crack growth rate. Moreover, reinforcement with the composite patch could also retard the crack propagation in the aluminum plate. If a 4-ply composite patch was used, it resulted in high residual stresses and effectively would not extend the fatigue lifetime of cracked aluminum plates.     

Arrest of Fatigue Cracks in Transformation-Toughened Ceramics

A theoretical model based on the theory of complex potentials and dislocation formalism is used to simulate fatigue crack growth in a transformation-toughened ceramic. The effective stress-intensity factor is calculated during crack growth, because it is believed to determine the crack-growth rate similar to the Paris-type growth law. For certain combinations of transformation strength and load, the effective stress-intensity factor decreases to zero, indicating crack arrest. A detailed parametric study of this phenomenon reveals that the applied load and minimum transformation strength parameter necessary to cause crack arrest are linearly related, independent of initial crack length. This suggests that a threshold stress similar to the endurance limit in the conventional stress/life (S/N) approach should be used instead of the threshold stress-intensity factor in the design of transformation-toughened ceramics against fatigue.     

Crack Shielding in Ce-TZP/Al2O3 Composites: Comparison of Fatigue and Sustained Load Crack Growth Specimens

Crack shielding stress intensities in in situ loaded compact tension specimens of two types of ceria-partially-stabilized zirconia/alumina (Ce-TZP/Al₂O₃) composites with prior histories of subcritical crack growth in sustained and tension-tension fatigue loading were directly assessed using laser Raman spectroscopy. Crack-tip stress fields within the transformation zones were measured by measuring a stress-induced frequency shift of a peak corresponding to the tetragonal phase. The peak shift as a function of the applied stress was separately calibrated using a ball-on-ring flexure test. Total crack shielding stress intensity was estimated from the far-field applied stress intensity and the local crack-tip stress intensity assessed from the measured near-crack-tip stresses. The shielding stress intensities were consistently lower in the fatigue specimens than in the sustained load crack growth specimens. The reduced crack shielding developed in the fatigue specimens was independently confirmed by measurements of larger crack-opening displacement under far-field applied load as compared to the sustained load crack growth specimens. Thus, diminished crack shielding was a major factor contributing to the higher subcritical crack growth rates exhibited by the Ce-TZP/Al₂O₃ composites in tension–tension cyclic fatigue. Calculations of zone shielding considering only the dilatational strains in the transformation zones accounted for 81% and 86% of the measured values in the sustained load crack growth specimens, but significantly overestimated the shielding in the fatigue specimens. Possible reasons for the diminished crack shielding in the fatigue specimens are discussed.     

Kinetics of fatigue and creep crack propagation in PVC pipe

The kinetics of creep and fatigue crack growth in PVC pipe were studied in order to develop a methodology for predicting long‐term creep fracture from short‐term fatigue tests. Fatigue and creep crack propagation followed the conventional Paris law formulations with the same power 2.7: da/dt = A_fΔK^2.7_I and da/dt = BK^2.7_I, respectively. The activation energy for creep crack propagation, obtained from the temperature dependence of the Paris law prefactor, allowed extrapolation of high temperature creep fracture to low temperature creep crack growth rates. The activation energy for fatigue crack propagation was much lower than that for creep. Therefore, fatigue and creep could not be directly correlated by using the prefactor in the covenentional Paris law formulations. Furthermore, a unique value of the Paris law prefactor did not describe frequency and R‐ratio (amplitude) effects in fatigue crack propagation. Nevertheless, conformity of crack growth rates measured under all conditions to the same Paris law power suggested that correlation should be sought in alternative formulations of the crack growth rate.     

Cyclic Fatigue Crack Growth in Three-Point Bending PZT Ceramics under Electromechanical Loading

This paper investigates experimentally and analytically the cyclic fatigue crack growth in piezoelectric ceramics under electromechanical loading. Cyclic crack growth tests were conducted on lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics subjected to dc electric fields, and a finite element analysis was used to calculate the maximum energy release rate for the permeable crack model. Based on bending experiments using single-edge precracked-beam specimens, cyclic fatigue crack growth rates are found to be sensitive to the maximum energy release rate and applied dc electric fields. Possible mechanisms for crack growth were discussed by scanning electron microscope examination of the fracture surface of the PZT ceramics.