陶瓷装饰彩绘的构图

陶瓷装饰彩绘的艺术形式、风格,社会功能的从属性,生产方式的工艺性,这三者是有着一定的相互联系,社会功能的从属性决定其生产方式。陶瓷装饰彩绘在形式上的装饰性也不完全是由个人的爱好,而往往是在适应客观对象的要求,克服工艺制作局限的过程中自然产生的。陶瓷装饰彩绘的装饰性,表现在构图、造型、色彩等多个方面。     

设备性能与胶料变化对垫带质量的影响

从垫带生产所用设备的性能、操作和胶料变化对垫带质量的影响进行了阐述.着重介绍了垫带生产所用设备的结构、垫带胶料的生产及经常出现的质量缺陷、造成的原因和防治办法.对垫带的生产具有一定的参考价值.     

明胶在糖果中的应用示例

明胶在食品工业中的应用主要用于生产明胶凝胶糖果。明胶是动物的骨和皮等结缔组织,通过一系列的工艺处理,降解其所含胶原得到的纯蛋白质产品,蛋白质含量不低于85%。它非常容易交织成不易断裂的链和网状结构,能形成强度很大的凝胶,并且是一种可逆性的亲水胶体。在糖果生产中,明     

PPG:沉淀百年历史,构筑未来蓝图——与PPG工业集团亚太区汽车涂料总经理贺满堂先生一席谈

1883年,美国匹兹堡平板玻璃公司(Pittsburgh Plate Glass)在宾夕法尼亚州注册成立,时值美国南北战争结束不久、《彭德尔顿法》刚刚颁布,政治稳定,经济复苏,大大小小的工业公司如雨后春笋般在广袤的美利坚大陆上争相建立——但当时恐怕没有多少人能想到这个毫不起眼专做平板玻璃的小公司能存在多久。时光荏苒,一晃124年过去了,当年的匹兹堡平板玻璃公司早已经超出了玻璃产业的局限性,成长为全球领先的化工企业,生产及经营涂料、化学品、光学产品、特殊材料、玻璃及玻璃纤维。如今,她有个响亮的名字:PPG工业集团。     

天然抗衰老成分

阳光、环境污染、烟尘和生活压力等会导致皮肤细胞氧化,产生自由基,对肌肤造成干噪、斑点、皱纹、粗糙和松弛等老化伤害.为应对这些对娇嫩肌肤的侵害,人们相继开发出维生素C、维生素E、银杏叶、绿茶以及富含维生素的各种水果,应用于护肤品中.葡萄在被证实具有抗氧化功效之后便成为人们关注的又一个焦点.     

既可照方配药,也能举一反三--评王承遇、陶瑛编著新书《玻璃表面处理技术》

玻璃表面处理是应用物理、化学、机械等方法改变玻璃的表面形态、表面化学组成、表面结构或应力状态,得到要求的物性和功能.发达国家广泛利用表面处理技术开发了新品种、提高了质量、增加了产值.国际上玻璃工业大部分利润来自功能薄膜等二次加工,产值可增加几倍.我国是一个玻璃工业大国,多年来平板玻璃产量占世界第一,日用玻璃也占有重要地位,但产品品种少、质量比较差、设备落后、生产效率低、能源消耗大、污染严重,仍是高投入、重污染、低产出的粗放型生产方式.按照我国科学发展观的要求,将循环经济概念贯彻到发展中,需要进行玻璃产品结构调整、工艺升级换代,生产出科技含量大、附加值高的产品,最有效地利用资源和节约能源,最大限度地减少环境污染,达到生态良性循环,走可持续发展的道路.玻璃表面处理具有低投入、轻污染、高产出的特点,符合循环经济的要求.但我国玻璃表面处理方面与国际先进水平相比仍有一定的差距.除引进的项目外,目前企业规模小、比较分散,大部分仍停留在传统工艺水平上,影响了产品的质量和附加值的提高.近代大规模的玻璃表面处理已不能单凭技艺,需要较高的科学技术水平和进行创新,才能生产一流的产品.为提高科学技术水平,就需要科研和教育,需要培养人才,其中科学技术书籍是必不可少的.     

2006～2007年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2006年7月～2007年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2006～2007年世界塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

BP神经网络在平板硫化机热板温度场的应用研究

平板硫化机电加热式热板的瞬态导热过程,由于存在多种影响因素,是一个比较复杂的过程.但在特定的环境中,相邻热管之间的管间距是影响热板温度场分布的主要因素.由于热板温差和管间距之间是高度非线性关系,所以本文利用BP神经网络对热板温差进行模型预测,通过训练和验证两个过程,结果表明BP神经网络不但能较好地拟合已知数据,还具有良好的预测功能,为工程设计提供了参考依据.     

可见光响应纳米TiO2-xNx光催化研究进展

TiO2是宽禁带(Eg=3.2ev)半导体材料,只能吸收少于5%的太阳光能,这限制了TiO2的实际应用,而金属离子掺杂、染料光敏化以及复合半导体均存在一定的缺陷.掺氮的TiO2(TiO2-xNx)可以克服这些缺陷并将吸光范围扩展到可见光区,具有令人欣慰的前景.本文就目前对TiO2-xNx光催化剂的制备以及在环境保护中实际应用的研究状况进行综述,并提出未来TiO2-xNx的研究趋势.     

木质素/LDPE-EVA复合材料及其发泡材料的制备

研究了天然可降解高分子材料木质素与LDPE-EVA的共混性能及进一步制备发泡材料的力学性能，共混物SEM图表明，在增容剂LDPE-g-MAH的作用下，木质素均匀地分散于LDPE-EVA基体中，并明显形成了一定的过渡层；DSC曲线分析表明，木质素/LDPE-EVA共混物有且只有一个介于两者吸热峰之间的吸热峰，进一步说明了两者具有较好的相容性。综合看来，10份LDPE-g-MAH增容20份含量的木质素与100份55/45的LDPE-EVA配以0.5份交联剂在130℃下混合具有较好的共混性能。同时,采用模塑发泡能得到具有优良力学性能和较好形貌的木质素/LDPE-EVA发泡材料。     

Scrap of magnesia parts,the reasons for it,and means of reducing it

Conclusions The most common and characteristic forms of scrap of magnesia parts differing in form, dimensions, and composition are shown. These include deviations of the dimensions from the nominal, breaking off of the corners and edges, nonuniformity, welding together, spots, voids, fire cracks, spalls, and cracks of different origin.The reasons for formation of scrap were determined. The primary of them are the reduced quality of the raw material (chromite, magnesite) with a larger quantity of impurities containing limited silicon and calcium oxides, sometimes insufficient density, grain size, and completeness of hydration of the magnesite powders, nonconformity of the bunker, proportioning, mixing, and pressing equipment to the requirements of modern production of progressive high-quality refractories, the insufficiently high binding capacity of lignosulfonates, deviations in the quality of assembly and finishing of press equipment and automatic ejectors, of the car floor lining, and in firing conditions, a high variation in density of the green parts, and nonuniform heating and cooling in the volume of the parts and of the whole charge during firing. More than 50% of the total scrap of all forms is due to firing scrap of parts.The primary means of reducing or eliminating scrap of parts and simultaneously increasing their quality based on the reasons for formation of different forms of it were noted. These above all else, are increasing the volumes and improving and introduction of new methods of concentration of magnesite and chromite, a successive increase in the share of chrome concentrates, chromium-containing broken parts, and powders by firing of magnesite and caustic dust in the production of magnesia refractory parts as the result of a decrease in the share of commercial natural chromite and magnesite, the use in the production of parts of high-quality type PMSP-93 powder produced in shaft kilns and used as the charge for production of fused materials, the use of the prospect of processes for production of dense periclase powders uniform in chemical analysis from recovered caustic dust, replacement of obsolete mixing and press equipment by more modern, increasing the strength of green parts by above all else improving the binding properties of LST and increasing pressing pressure, forming of the taper of parts by the side plates of the die, improving the quality of assembly and increasing the reliability of functioning of press equipment and automatic ejectors, improving car floor linings, introduction of new methods and increasing the volumes of production of progressive unfired refractories in place of certain forms of fired parts, observation of all production parameters, and a relationship of the wages of labor to the quantity of scrap and the quality of refractories.Introduction of the new management system and the active work of the quality groups created will open up and lead to the action of unutilized reserves for reduction of scrap.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 31–38, February, 1989.     

Special Features Of Stabilization Of The Growth Process In Plasma-arc Growth Of Single Crystals Of Refractory Compounds From SHS Products

Problems of the stability of the growth process in growing single crystals of refractory compounds (carbides and bondes of transition metals) by the method of plasma-arc remelting are considered. The main reasons behind the loss of stability of the spatial configuration of the melt (a shift of the anode lock-on of the arc from the center of the molten pool, disturbance of the symmetry of the plasma jet, superheating of the melt) are considered. The effect of cyclic perturbations in the crystallization system that appear upon replenishment on the fluctuation of the energy characteristics of the arc, the temperature of the melt, and the displacements of the crystallization surface is described. It is established that the crystallization rate and the process of coarsening of the crystallites in the formation of a columnar structure in the ingot depend on the frequency of feeding new portions and on their mass.     

Investigation of conditions of spherulite formation in mixtures of crystalline and amorphous polymers

The supermolecular structure of mixtures of crystalline polymers (low pressure and high pressure polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene) with an amorphous polymer (atactic polypropylene) from the point of view of the influence of the amorphous component on the morphology of the crystalline component has been investigated. The criterion of changes in the morphological state of larger supermolecular formations was the microscopic image of the samples obtained with an optical microscope, both between crossed nicols and in phase contrast. It has been established that the formation of typical spherulites depends on the amount of admixture of the amorphous polymer and also on the treatment of the samples. Upon crystallization in presence of a small amount of solvent (p-xylene), formation of typical spherulites of the crystalline component of the mixture can be observed while the same mixture in case of evaporation of the solvent presents a granulated refractive structure without typical spherulites, regardless of the rate of cooling. The probable role of the solvent is to facilitate mutual segregation of the microphases of both polymers in consequence of decrease in viscosity of the mixture. It has been further shown that even after briefly heating the mixture to a temperature of 220°C., before crystallization, spherulites do not form; on the contrary, spherulites originally present disappear and a structure consisting of smaller refractive formations of crystalline polymer is obtained. The formation of this structure, emerging after destruction of spherulites, might be attributed to an increase of interpenetration of both polymers and to an increase of the contact surfaces between components of the mixture.     

Some special features of open-hearth furnace bottoms

Conclusions The peculiar feature of the formation of hearths fettled with fine-grained chromemagnesite powder compared with those fettled with metallurgical magnesite powder is the formation of a more clearly expressed crystalline concretion of periclase as a result of the fine grain size composition of the powder and the presence in it of grains of chromite which help the process of hearth formation.Wear of the hearths made of chromemagnesite and magnesite powders is due mainly to one and the same factor — destruction of the crystalline concretion of periclase under the action of iron-silicate melt in the slag. The process of destruction of the hearths made from chromemagnesite powder occurs more slowly owing to the more complete formation of the concretion of crystals of periclase in these hearths, which is probably the basic cause of the higher resistance.Investigation of samples of hearth taken from the site of an accidental escape of metal through the bottom, showed that they contained crystals of iron spinel which is probably due to the local supersaturation of the hearth with iron oxides.     

聚羧酸减水剂影响抗裂性能的机理研究

通过实验,以混凝土28d的拉压比大小为评价混凝土抗裂性能的优劣，分析了合成聚羧酸减水剂的羧基、氨基、磺酸基、羟基、酯基等各官能团比例，聚醚支链的长短，减水剂分子量大小等因素对混凝土抗裂性能的影响。初步探讨了聚羧酸减水剂提高混凝土抗劈裂性能机理。     

Maternal Melatonin Deficiency Leads to Endocrine Pathologies in Children in Early Ontogenesis

The review summarizes the results of experimental and clinical studies aimed at elucidating the causes and pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of endocrine pathology in children. The modern data on the role of epigenetic influences in the early ontogenesis of unfavorable factors that violate the patterns of the formation of regulatory mechanisms during periods of critical development of fetal organs and systems and contribute to the delayed development of pathological conditions are considered. The mechanisms of the participation of melatonin in the regulation of metabolic processes and the key role of maternal melatonin in the formation of the circadian system of regulation in the fetus and in the protection of the genetic program of its morphofunctional development during pregnancy complications are presented. Melatonin, by controlling DNA methylation and histone modification, prevents changes in gene expression that are directly related to the programming of endocrine pathology in offspring. Deficiency and absence of the circadian rhythm of maternal melatonin underlies violations of the genetic program for the development of hormonal and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of the functional systems of the child, which determines the programming and implementation of endocrine pathology in early ontogenesis, contributing to its development in later life. The significance of this factor in the pathophysiological mechanisms of endocrine disorders determines a new approach to risk assessment and timely prevention of offspring diseases even at the stage of family planning.     

浅谈我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态预警系统的构建

本文首先从我国陶瓷产品贸易现状出发，阐述了建立我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态预警系统的意义，然后指出建立我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态预警系统的总体思路，并在此基础上论述建立我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态分析预警系统的主要步骤。     

Some problems of separation of mixtures

The paths of the development of research and the change of priorities in the area of separation of mixtures are tracked by the example of analysis of the works of the laboratory founded by N.M. Zhavoronkov in 1945. The studies performed encompass a wide range of basic problems of heat and mass transfer in gas absorption, distillation (including vacuum, molecular, etc.), fractional crystallization, and melting. The subjects of the works under consideration include separation of isotopes of light elements, design of mass-transfer apparatuses with high unit power, investigation of the mechanism and kinetics of separation processes, studies of separation enhancement methods, and development of hybrid energy-and resource-saving processes and equipment.     

Application of Sonic Moduli of Elasticity and Rigidity to Testing of Heavy Refractories

The application of A.S.T.M. C 215-51 T (Tentative Method of Test for Fundamental Transverse Frequency of Concrete Specimens for Calculating Young's Modulus of Elasticity) to the nondestructive testing of 1- by 1- by 7-in. laboratory fire-clay specimens and standard 9-in. fire-clay and high-alumina refractory brick is reviewed. Both room-temperature measurements and hot sonic modulus of elasticity measurements to 1700°F. are analyzed. Sonic moduli of elasticity and rigidity are compared with modulus of rupture by a theory of measurements and statistical analysis. The limits of uncertainty of the average of modulus of rupture are shown to be a function of the degree of verification whereas in the case of both sonic moduli they are not. Limits of uncertainty of the average of sonic moduli data are usually of the same order as errors calculated from the precision of measurements. In the case of modulus of rupture of well-vitrified clays, the uncertainty of the average is much greater than calculated error limits. Sonic moduli differentiate statistically between two samples of 60% alumina brick whereas modulus of rupture does not. If Poisson's ratio is assumed to be zero rather than the conventional one-sixth, ratios of sonic modulus of elasticity to rigidity are shown to approximate the theoretical ratio more closely. Effects of nonuniform density to displace normal nodes are illustrated. Hot sonic modulus of elasticity is shown to reflect changes due to crystallographic inversions, deterioration of chemical bond in unfired brick, and development of sintered bond in unfired brick.     

不脱蛋白质壳聚糖制备工艺

采用D -近似最优设计法系统地研究了NaOH质量分数、碱处理时间及碱处理温度这三个主要因素对制备壳聚糖的影响 :当碱液质量分数增加时 ,壳聚糖的脱乙酰度增加 ,但其速度却在减小 ,当碱液质量分数达到 40 %时 ,脱乙酰度出现峰值 ,约为 90 % ,而后增加碱液质量分数时 ,脱乙酰度反而下降 ;随着反应温度的升高 ,其脱乙酰度几乎线性递增 ,当温度达到 2 0 0℃附近时 ,曲线趋于平直并且脱乙酰度达到最大 ;随着反应时间的增加 ,脱乙酰度开始呈线性增加 ,当反应时间超过 5 0min后 ,脱乙酰度有下降趋势 ;在一定碱液质量分数 (4 0 % )条件下 ,脱乙酰度随着温度的增加而增加 ,因此 ,若需获得较高质量的壳聚糖 ,必须提高反应温度