专家呼吁:新建建筑保温材料须具备阻燃功能

<正>近年来,我国专家多次呼吁,必须对易燃和可燃材料进行阻燃处理以降低火灾危害,并要求新建建筑的保温材料必须具备阻燃功能。阻燃剂是用来阻止材料被引燃及抑制火焰传播的助剂,主要用于天然高分子材料和合成材料。含有阻燃剂     

无卤阻燃聚烯烃电缆料及其与阻燃剂相容性的研究进展

随着城市化的进行,电力电缆取代架空线路进行能源输送和分配的需求不断增加,聚烯烃正逐渐成为电力电缆的主要基体材料。聚烯烃属于易燃材料,为了减少电缆引起的火灾事件并考虑到环保要求,在材料中加入无卤阻燃剂是目前提高聚烯烃电缆材料阻燃性能的主要方式。首先归纳了无卤阻燃聚烯烃电缆的基体材料和基料改性方法,其次介绍了无卤阻燃剂的分类和阻燃机理,最后综述了提高基体和无卤阻燃剂相容性的最新研究进展。     

阻燃涂料中阻燃剂的研究进展

阻燃涂料是一种功能性材料,当火灾发生时可以起到装饰和保护基材的作用。阻燃涂料一般由基料和阻燃剂两部分组成。对近些年来阻燃涂料的发展以及应用于阻燃涂料的阻燃剂进行了详细的介绍。阻燃剂主要包括:卤素阻燃剂、磷氮阻燃剂、膨胀阻燃剂、生物质阻燃剂和石墨烯阻燃剂。对阻燃涂料在环氧树脂、聚氨酯等领域的应用进行了阐述,另外对新型生物质阻燃剂、石墨烯阻燃剂的应用进行了介绍,对阻燃涂料及阻燃剂未来的发展进行了叙述。     

低水硼酸锌的微波合成及应用研究

现代工业的发展和人民生活水平的提高,高分子材料的应用越来越广泛,但高分子材料的易燃性阻碍了其应用领域,对材料进行必要的阻燃改性,可以减小火灾损失,提高人类环境安全水平.当前,阻燃问题越来越受到世界各国的重视,应用阻燃剂提高塑料及有机高分子聚合材料的燃点温度是降低可燃性的有效措施.     

十溴二苯乙烷对ABS阻燃性能分析与展望

通过十溴二苯乙烷对ABS在活化能、燃烧性能、轰然时间、火灾性能指数、烟及毒气的释放等参数的分析,可知十溴二苯乙烷对ABS具有较好的阻燃效果,但是存在发烟量大的缺点。环保型低烟低卤低毒的复合阻燃剂是将两种或两种以上阻燃剂复配实用,使各成分性能互补,相互增强彼此的作用效果,即产生协同效应,可以达到降低阻燃剂用量,降低阻燃材料成本,提高材料阻燃性能、加工性能及物理机械性能等目的,是阻燃剂发展的必然趋势。     

大分子阻燃剂的研究进展

随着高分子材料的快速发展和对阻燃要求的不断提高,发展新型阻燃技术、开发新型阻燃剂已成为解决高分子阻燃材料应用的关键。当前高分子阻燃材料产业对阻燃剂提出高效、与基体相容性好、不易迁移、不易吸湿、热稳定性优良、阻燃效果佳等需求。通过调查近年来国内外大分子阻燃剂的研究进展,发现含磷含氮的大分子阻燃剂存在广阔的应用前景。     

高分子材料阻燃技术的研究

高分子材料属于易燃物质,针对其阻燃技术的研究是当今社会火灾防治领域的重要内容。目前常用的方法有添加阻燃剂技术,可添加的阻燃剂有卤系、磷系、氮系及有机硅阻燃剂,同时也可结合微胶囊技术、纳米技术和膨胀技术,从而制备出满足应用要求的高性能阻燃材料。     

高分子材料阻燃技术的应用及发展探究

随着合成材料工业的不断发展,高分子材料在机械工业、农业等领域有着广泛的应用。但一般高分子材料的防火性能不佳,需要通过添加阻燃剂来提高材料的抗燃性,从而降低火灾危险性,保证生命财产安全。对此,笔者主要分析了高分子材料阻燃剂的分类,探究了阻燃技术的应用与发展趋势。     

阻燃尼龙的研究进展

从聚合物材料的火灾隐患出发,简单介绍了尼龙材料阻燃的基本途径,综述了尼龙用的各种阻燃剂及其阻燃机理,以及近年来国内外阻燃尼龙的发展状况和研究进展,并展望了阻燃尼龙的发展趋势。     

防火涂料简况

近年来,国内在阻燃剂和阻燃材料的研制方面有了较大的发展,特别是为了适应建筑装修方面消防法规的要求,全国已有不少单位进行防火(阻燃)涂料的研究和生产,这对防正初期火灾和减缓火灾的蔓延意义重大,为我国的消防事业作出无可估量的贡     

Chemical exposure and flammability risks of upholstered furniture

Upholstered furniture remains a consumer fire hazard. Flame retardant technologies are necessary but may present a health risk from chemical exposure. This study developed methodologies for measuring exposure to flame retardants and flammability performance, comparing the effectiveness of differing flammability reduction strategies on upholstered chairs with and without added flame retardants and the use of a barrier material. The chemical analysis focused on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and flame retardants. Open flame tests were conducted on chair assemblies, and smolder resistance tests were conducted on chair materials. Results showed that VOC inhalation exposure during consumer use was low for all chair types. However, VOCs were significantly elevated during the chair burns. The organophosphorus flame retardant used in this study was found in air, settled dust and dermal transfer samples. The chairs with a barrier material demonstrated significantly lower flammability hazards when compared to the other chair types. All assembled chairs did not meet the criteria for smolder testing, suggesting a lack of correlation with open‐flame performance. This study demonstrated that combined human health and flammability advantages may be achieved for upholstered chairs constructed with an effective fire barrier material without any added flame retardants.     

聚烯烃无卤阻燃剂概况与发展方向

高分子材料用途广泛,但高分子材料大多数易燃烧,有些高分子材料燃烧时会产生大量的有害气体和烟雾,由此产生的火灾隐患成为全球关注的问题。添加有效的阻燃剂,使高分子材料具有难燃性、自熄性和消烟性,是目前阻燃技术中较普遍的方法。阻燃剂可分为含卤阻燃剂、无卤阻燃剂。目前,含卤阻燃剂仍占主导地位,但其发烟量大,燃烧时放出卤化氢气体,造成二次公害,所以高分子材料阻燃已趋向于无卤化。无卤阻燃剂有阻燃效果好、低烟、无毒等优点,因此,越来越受到重视。综述了目前常用的聚乙烯、聚丙烯塑料无卤阻燃剂的种类,相关产品及阻燃剂的发展方向。     

An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials: application,technology, and future directions

Flame retardancy of polymeric materials is conducted to provide fire protection to flammable consumer goods, as well as to mitigate fire growth in a wide range of fires. This paper is a general overview of commercial flame retardant technology. It covers the drivers behind why flame retardants are used today, the current technologies in use, how they are applied, and where the field of flame retardant research is headed. The paper is not a full review of the technology, but rather a general overview of this entire field of applied science and is designed to get the reader started on the fundamentals behind this technology. This paper is based upon presentations given by the authors in late 2009 at the Flame Retardants and Fire Fighters meeting held at NIST. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

木材及木塑复合材料的阻燃性能研究进展

木材阻燃机理主要有覆盖理论、热理论、不燃气体冲淡理论、自由基捕集理论、炭量增加和挥发物减少理论;人造板阻燃处理主要是在生产工序中添加阻燃剂和成板处理两种方法,高压处理法是目前最重要的工业化方法;以FRW阻燃剂、BL-环保阻燃剂为代表的磷-氮-硼系阻燃剂仍旧是木材阻燃剂的主流。对于木塑复合材料的阻燃研究尚处于起步阶段,一般采用对木纤维和基体分别阻燃的手段;研制高效膨胀型木材阻燃剂和将纳米技术应用于木材阻燃剂制造,开发阻燃效率高、低烟、低毒、环境友好等多功能复合阻燃剂将是今后阻燃剂研究领域的发展方向。     

Study of the electrical properties of flame retardant poly(vinylchloride) using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy

Since the large fire at the Brown Ferry cable plant which occurred at noon on March 22, 1975 in Alabama, attention has been given to the use of flame retardant cable in buildings to meet fire safety requirements. Flame retardants are used in wire and cable applications to prevent the conversion of an electric spark into fire and subsequently to prevent the spread of fire throughout a structure along the wiring. There are many substances used as flame retardants in wires and cables. In Egypt, Multi‐Purpose Reactor insulation and jacket cables have been constructed from a flame retardant substance, poly(vinylchloride) (PVC). In the present work, elemental and X‐ray fluorescence analyses have been performed to determine the composition of PVC in the jacket cable samples. In addition, the conductivity (σ), permittivity (?′), and dielectric loss (?″) as well as positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) are measured in the temperature range 30 to 140 °C. It is found that the amount of chlorine in the flame‐retardant PVC (FRPVC) jacket cable is significantly higher (5%) than the conventional PVC jacket cable. Inverse relationships between σ and free volume size and fractions (V, f) through the temperature range are obtained. However, a distinct positive relationship between σ and I₂ above 100°C is found. The results of PAL and electrical measurements indicate that FRPVC has good electrical insulation properties below 100°C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 638–644, 2005     

某些满足特殊应用要求的环保型阻燃剂

综述了几种环保型、高性能阻燃剂(以次膦酸盐为基的工程塑料用无卤阻燃剂、电子层压线路板用无卤反应型阻燃剂、软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料用低雾值无卤阻燃剂及工程塑料用溴代苯乙烯共聚物)的独特性能及应用范畴，预期它们在一些高新技术领域具有应用前景。     

Reactive Modification of Thermoplastic and Thermoset Polymers using Flame Retardants: An Overview

Flame retardants are the chemicals used in thermoplastics, thermosets, textiles and coatings to arrest the spread of fire. There are basically two methods to improve flame retardancy, namely additive and reactive. It was observed that the reactive modification enhances flame retardancy of polymer to the greater extent than the additive route. Hence in this review, more emphasis is given to the reactive approach. The following review depicts various flame retardants that can be incorporated to thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, their mechanism of action and their combined effect on flame retardant properties of a polymer system in which they are incorporated in.     

无卤阻燃剂合成及应用研究进展

从绿色环保的角度出发,对比了含卤阻燃剂对环境的危害和无卤绿色阻燃剂的低毒、低烟和高效阻燃的特点,介绍了磷系阻燃剂、膨胀型阻燃剂、硅系阻燃剂、无机金属阻燃剂以及生物基阻燃剂的合成方法及其在相关高分子材料中的应用研究进展。分析表明,磷氮等复配阻燃剂和合成新型的P,N,Si等多元素一体的阻燃剂,不仅阻燃效果好,对基体材料的其它性能影响也小。尤其是生物基阻燃剂,满足对绿色环保和可持续发展的需求,将成为未来阻燃剂开发的热点。     

无卤阻燃聚氨酯泡沫塑料的性能研究

以多元醇、二异氰酸酯、聚磷酸铵(APP)、三聚氰胺(MA)等为原料,采用一步法,制得阻燃聚氨酯泡沫塑料。研究了不同阻燃剂的用量对聚氨酯泡沫的力学性能、热性能和阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,材料拉伸强度随阻燃剂添加量的增加而增加;材料的极限氧指数和在500℃时的分解残留量均随复合阻燃剂添加量的增加先增大后减小;APP/MA复合阻燃剂的效果好于单组分APP。     

稀土氧化物在聚烯烃电缆中的协同阻燃作用

为了研究稀土氧化物与无机阻燃剂的协同作用,将氧化铈、氧化镧加入到含有铝镁复合阻燃剂的EVA/HDPE阻燃体系中,制备了含有稀土氧化物的复合阻燃材料.测定了复合材料的极限氧指数、力学性能,并对复合材料的微观形貌进行了研究.结果表明:稀土金属氧化物对无机阻燃体系有明显的协同阻燃增效作用.稀土氧化物可以改善无机阻燃剂在基体树脂中的均匀分散,复合材料的力学性能有所改善.