黑卟啉无掺杂空穴传输材料在钙钛矿太阳能电池上的应用

制备高空穴迁移率的空穴传输材料对钙钛矿太阳能电池的商业化应用具有重要意义.合成了一种热稳定性好、对可见光谱全吸收的黑卟啉分子5,10,15,20-四[3,5-二(叔丁基)苯基]-β,β'-四萘醌[6,7-g]锌卟啉(T1),通过UV-Vis、循环伏安、SEM、TGA考察了T1的光物理性质、电化学、热稳定性能及成膜性.结果表明,T1的最高占据分子轨道能级为–5.13 eV,与2,2',7,7'-四(N,N'-二对甲氧基苯胺)-9,9'-螺二芴(spiro-OMeTAD)(–5.11 eV)相近,能很好地与钙钛矿材料甲胺铅碘相匹配.在不使用传统掺杂剂的条件下,以T1为空穴传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池的短路电流、开路电压、填充因子及光电转换效率分别为23.86 mA/cm2、0.91 V、61.9％和13.43％,其光电转换效率优于相同条件下制备的基于spiro-OMeTAD的钙钛矿太阳能电池(11.63％).     

钙钛矿太阳能电池中D-A-D型空穴传输材料的研究进展

钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)由于具有快速提升的光电转换效率、制备成本低、可溶液加工等优点而获得了广泛关注.空穴传输材料(HTM)负责空穴抽取和防止电荷复合,可提高PSCs的效率和稳定性,是PSCs中的重要组成部分.线型给体-受体-给体(D-A-D)结构的有机小分子空穴传输材料的结构简单,合成难度低.另外,吸电子单元的引入可以降低最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)能级,提高材料的稳定性,而且线型D-A-D构型有利于增强分子内电荷转移,提高材料的空穴传输能力.综述了2009年以来线型D-A-D类空穴传输材料在PSCs中的应用.详细介绍了各空穴传输材料分子结构对PSCs的光电转换效率和器件稳定性等性能的影响.最后,对未来线型D-A-D型空穴传输材料的发展进行了展望.     

聚合物PTAA分子量对刮涂钙钛矿性能的影响与研究

高分子聚合物聚[双(4-苯基)(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)胺](PTAA)与钙钛矿材料存在匹配的能级,广泛用作倒置钙钛矿太阳能电池(p-i-n PSCs)的空穴传输材料。然而不同分子量的空穴传输材料会导致不同的载流子迁移率和器件性能。因此,本文选取三种不同分子量的PTAA制备空穴传输层。接触角结果显示,中间分子量的PTAA(M-PTAA)层具有优异的疏水性。在此基础上刮涂得到的准二维钙钛矿薄膜(M-PP)表现出最优的表面形貌和最高的结晶度。TRPL测试进一步证实M-PP薄膜中的空穴能更好的被PTAA传输层转移,由此制备的p-i-n PSCs实现了高达15.79%的能量转换效率(PCE)。     

钙钛矿太阳能电池中D-A-D型空穴传输材料的研究进展

钙钛矿太阳能电池(Perovskite Solar Cells, PSCs)作为一种新型太阳能电池,由于其短时间内快速提升的光电转换效率而获得了全世界范围内的广泛关注。空穴传输材料(Hole Transporting Materials, HTM)是钙钛矿太阳能电池的重要组成部分,因此,设计开发经济、高效、稳定的HTM对PSCs的发展具有重要意义。本文综述了2009年以来线型给体-受体-给体(Donor-Acceptor-Donor, D-A-D)结构有机小分子空穴传输材料在PSCs中的应用,详细介绍了各空穴传输材料分子结构对PSCs的光电转换效率和器件稳定性等性能的影响。在此基础上,对未来线型D-A-D型空穴传输材料的发展进行了展望。     

空穴传输材料在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用

近年来,钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)作为一种新兴高效率光伏电池得到了飞速的发展。作为PSCs中的重要组成部分之一,空穴传输层(HTL)起到促进空穴传输和阻挡电子迁移的作用,同时也影响着器件的光电性能、稳定性和生产成本。因此,寻找成本低廉、空穴迁移率高的空穴传输材料就显得尤为重要。本文将空穴传输材料划分为有机和无机材料两大类,综述了其在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用,并重点介绍了基于这些空穴传输材料的电池的光伏性能。     

氧化镍在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用

近年来,有机-无机卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)的发展迅速,已证明的光电转换效率(PCE)从3.8%快速增长至25.5%。钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能在很大程度上取决于其组成成分以及电子和空穴传输层(ETLs和HTLs)的选择。无机空穴传输材料因较好的稳定性、较高的空穴迁移率以及较宽的光学带隙,受到广泛关注。NiO_x膜因高透明度、工艺通用性、高性价比以及易于在串联器件中集成等优点,被广泛应用于倒置PSCs中。本文简单介绍了NiO_x薄膜的物理方法和化学方法两种表面改性策略,对基于NiO_x的钙钛矿太阳能电池进行了总结与展望。     

spiro-OMeTAD类钙钛矿太阳能电池空穴传输材料性能研究

为探究钙钛矿电池中空穴传输材料类spiro-OMeTAD化合物的传输性能,运用Marcus电荷转移理论和量子化学方法,研究了spiro-OMeTAD及其4种衍生物的空穴传输性质随着结构改变的变化规律。     

NH_4I界面修饰SnO_2的平面钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能研究

近年来,钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)受到研究者的广大关注,其光电转换效率(PCE)在短短十年间已经从原先的3.8%提升至25.5%。高效率的PSCs往往需要昂贵的空穴传输层以及金电极,并且其存在着较多的界面缺陷问题,所以无空穴传输层的碳对电极的PSCs受到了广泛的关注。其中电子传输层的自身的界面缺陷影响了器件的稳定性以及光电性能。本工作将采用碘化铵界面修饰的方法减少氧化锡电子传输层的界面氧空位缺陷。结果表明碘化铵的界面修饰对钙钛矿薄膜形貌生长有益。碘化铵界面修饰时,平面碳对电极钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率从12.450%提升到了13.772%。     

F3EACl修饰层对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能提升的研究

一般来说,钙钛矿表面的陷阱和晶界(GBs)对钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)的性能和长期稳定性非常不利。本研究用一种含有F原子的三氟乙胺盐酸盐(F₃EACl)作为改性层,沉积在钙钛矿(PVSK)层和空穴传输层(HTL)之间,以钝化钙钛矿表面上的陷阱和GBs。通过对F₃EACl修饰后钙钛矿薄膜结晶性、钙钛矿薄膜形貌、钙钛矿薄膜光物理性质以及电池光伏性能的研究发现,F₃EACl与钙钛矿形成的N—H···F氢键作用以及F₃EA⁺和钙钛矿中的I-之间的相互作用能够钝化钙钛矿表面的缺陷,从而提高器件的性能和稳定性。此外,F₃EACl改性层还可以调节钙钛矿层与HTL之间的能级分布,进而提高空穴的提取效率。结果显示,F₃EACl修饰后的PSCs的能量转换效率(PCE)从19.15%提高到22.45%。这表明F₃EACl是一种用来钝化钙钛矿陷阱比较好的材料,可提升PSCs的性能和稳定性。     

碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池光吸收层的研究现状

钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)具有优异的光电性能和光电转化效率,碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池采用稳定的碳材料作为传输空穴的对电极,不仅工艺简单、价格低廉,而且大大提高了PSCs的稳定性。但是,C-PSCs的光电性能受到钙钛矿光吸收层/碳对电极界面接触程度的限制,同时,传统的有机-无机杂化CH3NH3PbI3(MAPbI3)光吸收层自身稳定性差,对C-PSCs性能产生不利的影响。两步法制备的钙钛矿光吸收层平整度高、致密性好;无机钙钛矿光吸收层稳定性能优异,是未来PSCs发展的方向,本文综述了C-PSCs光吸收层的研究现状,为科研工作者提供一定的参考。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.