三聚氰胺尾气联产碳铵与多孔硝铵的效益对比

简述了目前三聚氰胺生产装置尾气的几种主要处理方法,即联产纯碱、尿素、碳铵和硝铵。从投资、效益等方面对三聚氰胺尾气联产碳铵和联产多孔硝铵两种方案进行了综合对比,认为联产多孔硝铵有着较好的经济效益和社会效益,比较符合公司的发展需要。     

3000 t/a三聚氰胺与碳铵联产工程建设总结

采用碳铵联产建设三聚氰胺装置,论述了联产法工艺方案的选择和三聚氰胺工程建设过程,对该工程经济效益进行了分析,结果表明：三聚氰胺生产成本比传统法降低20％。     

高纯度二氧化碳与三聚氰胺尾气联产碳酸氢铵工艺尝试

简述了目前三聚氰胺生产装置尾气的3种主要处理方法,即采用氨碳分离制取液氨和食品级二氧化碳、联产尿素和联产碳酸氢铵。介绍了高纯度二氧化碳与三聚氰胺尾气联产碳酸氢铵的工艺、装置、开车情况以及工艺改进,取得了一定的经济效益和环保效益。     

中型尿素装置与多套三胺装置联产的工艺优化

分析了中型尿素装置与三聚氰胺装置联产存在的问题，针对这些问题提出优化控制措施，从而实现了与多套三聚氰胺装置的高效、稳定联产。     

论三聚氰胺与联合制碱联产的联产比及其限制

从联合制碱生产侧面分析和评论三聚氰胺与联合制碱现状,提出一个安全设计的联产比。内容包括:三聚氰胺联产母液吸氨的化学反应、母液Ⅱ吸收三胺尾气的碳酸化过程和联产比的限制,作者希望对近年三聚氰胺与联合制碱联产中的某些不正常情况的解决有所帮助。     

碳铵改产尿素联产三聚氰胺

碳铵改产尿素联产三聚氰胺成都齐达科技开发公司、四川省化工设计院合作开发成功碳酸氢铵改产尿素联产三聚氰胺新工艺，该工艺于１９９２年６月获国家专利。该工艺系用碳酸氢铵制尿素，尿素用于制三聚氰胺，三聚氰胺的尾气回收制碳酸氢铵，用该法可单独生产尿素，也可联产...     

尿素联产三聚氰胺的利弊分析

简要介绍520 kt/a氨气提工艺尿素联产30 kt/a三聚氰胺装置的关联情况。从技术与经济两个方面计算和分析了联产三聚氰胺后对原有尿素装置的影响,并与新增50 kt/a小尿素装置对比,说明尿素联产三聚氰胺的技术经济可行性。     

三聚氰胺与尿素联产工艺及技术改造

河南省中原大化集团有限责任公司采用联产技术对三聚氰胺尾气进行回收,并对原尿素装置进行改造,新增了11万t/a尿素生产装置,并配套增设了尿素水解装置、OAT水解装置、碳铵液回收装置和尿素熔化装置。各装置彼此联系,又相对独立,充分发挥了尿素装置和三聚氰胺装置的联产优势,降低了三聚氰胺的生产成本,确保了污染物的达标排放。     

尿素装置与多套三胺的联产

对常压法和高压法三聚氰胺装置与水溶液全循环法尿素装置联产方式进行了介绍,重点对常压法三聚氰胺装置与尿素装置联产时三胺厂甲铵液的3种处理方案进行了分析比较,确定选用中压解吸装置进行处理方案更为合适。对尿素装置与多套三胺装置联产过程中出现的问题及所进行的优化、改造进行了讨论。     

三聚氰胺装置提产改造实践

针对三聚氰胺尾气联产尿素装置因设备、管道、阀门腐蚀严重导致系统被迫停车、连续运行时间短、产量较低的问题，丰喜临猗公司进行了设备改造：将联产解吸塔筛板的筛孔尺寸从Φ6 mm扩大为Φ10 mm，改造三聚氰胺尾气吸收系统，消除联产装置再沸器的漏点，对三聚氰胺装置的热气管线、结晶器等夹套保温进行改造，处置1^#热气冷却器的泄漏点。改造后，通过增加三聚氰胺载气流量和尾气吸收液循环量，降低尿素系统第一、第二预冷器的温度等工艺调整，设备腐蚀程度降低，系统连续运行时间增加，尿素和三聚氰胺产量也分别由1 250 t/d、125 t/d提高到1 300 t/d和150 t/d。     

轻油裂解法生产氰化钠尾气净化新工艺

介绍了一种氰化钠尾气的净化工艺,将轻油裂解法生产液体氰化钠中富含氢气的尾气净化处理．在脱氰塔内用氢氧化钠溶液吸收尾气中的氰化氢,脱氨塔内用水吸收尾气中的氨气,通过脱氰、脱氰工艺将净化后的含氢气体输送到合成氨车间作为生产液氨的原料。     

利用化肥厂合成氨弛放气调制生产城市煤气

介绍了利用化肥厂生产过程中的弛放气经过脱硫净化,进行掺混调制成城市煤气的工艺过程.合成氨弛放气与半水煤气掺混体积比为31时,为最佳掺混气质,接近人工煤气的质量要求.     

合成氨尾气脱水系统及控制方案

合成氨尾气深度脱水后,可用低温技术回收其中的有用气体,如甲烷、氩气、氢气等。文章介绍了合成氨尾气脱水系统的设计和控制方案设计的关键点。     

Optimization of Gas Scrubbing in the Calcination of Struvite

During the calcination of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) in the process of recycling to obtain phosphoric acid, ammonia is released in addition to water and carbon dioxide. With a gas scrubber, e.g., in the form of a bubble column reactor, ammonia can be recovered as a usable valuable material. With water as an inexpensive and effective absorbent, almost complete absorption (92 %) of the ammonia from the exhaust air can be achieved.     

煤制合成氨副产二氧化碳废气的资源化利用

二氧化碳废气的资源化利用是煤制合成氨生产企业实现节能减排,保护生态环境,发展循环经济,实现可持续发展的重要课题。介绍了二氧化碳的主要应用,提出了煤制合成氨副产二氧化碳废气资源化利用的主要途径与建议。     

A Brief Overview on Automotive Exhaust Gas Sensors Based on Electroceramics

Nowadays, ceramic exhaust gas sensors are installed in quantities of millions in automotive exhaust gas systems. Almost any automobile being powered by a gasoline combustion engine is equipped with at least one zirconia exhaust gas oxygen sensor (λ probe) for detection of the air-to-fuel ratio λ. The first part of this short overview focuses on potentiometric as well as on amperometric zirconia exhaust gas oxygen sensors. It is remarkable that in the past years a leap in manufacturing technology has occurred from classical ceramic technology to tape and thick-film technology. The advent of novel combustion concepts like lean-burn operating gasoline direct injection required novel exhaust gas aftertreatment concepts. It pushed the development of the NO _x sensor, which is manufactured in the same technology. It is also shown how development of exhaust gas sensors has always to be considered in interaction with exhaust gas aftertreatment systems. This elucidates why novel sensors have gained in importance just recently when stricter emission regulations were announced, meaning that the time is ripe for novel exhaust gas aftertreatment concepts. Appropriate sensors—ammonia sensors, hydrocarbon sensors, and particulate matter sensors—are still in the R&D stage. Several possible sensor principles are discussed. The materials that are used for sensors in the automotive exhaust are electroceramics. Besides ion-conducting zirconia and zirconia cermets, electrically insulating alumina is used for substrate purposes. Novel functional materials in the R&D state are strontium–iron titanate for temperature-independent resistive oxygen sensing and zeolites for selective detection of specific gases like hydrocarbons or ammonia.     

低温液氨储罐的冰机选型设计

介绍了低温液氨储罐的操作工况和条件,阐述了冰机为低温液氨储罐保冷的工艺流程。详细给出了冰机吸气量、制冷量的计算公式和计算过程,介绍了冰机的型式和其他参数的确定,并通过计算结果为低温液氨储罐选择了合适的保压和保安冰机。     

氨制冷系统中的节能技术

介绍了氨制冷系统设计中的节能,并从防止蒸发温度过低、防止冷凝压力高、排气温度过高、压缩机的运行及检修等方面介绍了氨制冷系统运行中的节能。     

Combustion and emissions characteristics of compression-ignition engine using dual ammonia-diesel fuel

This study investigated the combustion and emissions characteristics of a compression-ignition engine using a dual-fuel approach with ammonia and diesel fuel. Ammonia can be regarded as a hydrogen carrier and used as a fuel, and its combustion does not produce carbon dioxide. In this study, ammonia vapor was introduced into the intake manifold and diesel fuel was injected into the cylinder to initiate combustion. The test engine was a four-cylinder, turbocharged diesel engine with slight modifications to the intake manifold for ammonia induction. An ammonia fueling system was developed, and various combinations of ammonia and diesel fuel were successfully tested. One scheme was to use different combinations of ammonia and diesel fuel to achieve a constant engine power. The other was to use a small quantity of diesel fuel and vary the amount of ammonia to achieve variable engine power. Under the constant engine power operation, in order to achieve favorable fuel efficiency, the preferred operation range was to use 40-60% energy provided by diesel fuel in conjunction with 60-40% energy supplied by ammonia. Exhaust carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions using the dual-fuel approach were generally higher than those of using pure diesel fuel to achieve the same power output, while NO_x emissions varied with different fueling combinations. NO_x emissions could be reduced if ammonia accounted for less than 40% of the total fuel energy due to the lower combustion temperature resulting in lower thermal NO_x. If ammonia accounted for the majority of the fuel energy, NO_x emissions increased significantly due to the fuel-bound nitrogen. On the other hand, soot emissions could be reduced significantly if a significant amount of ammonia was used due to the lack of carbon present in the combination of fuels. Despite the overall high ammonia conversion efficiency (nearly 100%), exhaust ammonia emissions ranged from 1000 to 3000 ppmV and further after-treatment will be required due to health concerns. On the other hand, the variable engine power operation resulted in relatively poor fuel efficiency and high exhaust ammonia emissions due to the lack of diesel energy to initiate effective combustion of the lean ammonia-air mixture. The in-cylinder pressure history was also analyzed, and results indicated that ignition delay increased with increasing amounts of ammonia due to its high resistance to autoignition. The peak cylinder pressure also decreased because of the lower combustion temperature of ammonia. It is recommended that further combustion optimization using direct ammonia/diesel injection strategies be performed to increase the combustion efficiency and reduce exhaust ammonia emissions.     

磷铵洗氨生产浓氨水工艺的应用

对磷铵洗氨吸收和解吸单元的工艺原理及工艺控制进行了阐述,并对开工以来的生产操作情况进行了跟踪,针对生产中遇到的管道堵塞、尾气排放等问题进行了分析,优化了生产操作和工艺,提高了脱氨效率。