大规格瓷质砖坯体干燥过程的二维传热传质研究

引用建立于Whitaker的体积平均方程和Darcy定律基础上的多孔介质内部热质传递的等效耦合扩散模型,寻求出一组关于液体饱和度、温度和气相压力的新支配方程,应用该方程组对瓷质砖坯体二维干燥过程进行了数值分析;将传统干燥器与新型干燥器的模拟数据进行比较,以期获得某些定性或定量的结论,用以指导实际生产过程.     

气流干燥器的数学模型研究

在聚氯乙烯干燥过程中,目前通常采用的是气流-旋风两段式干燥,通过对固体干燥原理、干燥过程的分析,将干燥过程分为表面汽化干燥与升温干燥2个阶段,根据气流干燥器的特点,结合各个阶段传质、传热的特点,分段建立了传质速率、传热速率方程,物料衡算、热量衡算方程。通过对气流干燥器的分析研究,确定了计算机模拟过程中的各个参数,从而确立了气流干燥器的数学模型。     

内加热式热泵干燥装置的结构与性能分析

内加热式热泵干燥装置可提高干燥器出口空气的温度和相对湿度,增加空气从物料中吸纳水蒸气的能力。介绍了内加热式热泵干燥装置的结构和工作原理,建立了其SMER计算方程,并对干燥器进口空气温度、干燥器出口空气温度和相对湿度、除湿器出口空气温度对SMER的影响进行了计算和分析。     

热泵干燥装置的特性方程及其应用分析

以应用最广泛的封闭式热泵干燥装置为例,建立了其SMER计算方程。在此基础上,对SMER随干燥器进口空气温度、干燥器出口空气温度和蒸发器出口空气温度而变化的规律进行了计算和分析。结果表明,其他两个参数一定时,SMER随干燥器出口空气温度上升而降低,随蒸发器出口空气温度上升而增加,但当干燥器进口空气温度取适宜值时,SMER存在最大值。     

基于单片机的立式干燥器控制系统的研究

在陶瓷墙地砖坯体干燥过程中,坯体在干燥器内的运动至关重要;对基于单片机的立式干燥器控制系统进行了研究,并对立式干燥器的结构以及控制参数和流程进行分析,使干燥过程有序的进行,从而提高生产率和产品质量.     

乙烯装置裂解气干燥器运行周期的优化

裂解气干燥器是采用深冷分离技术的乙烯生产装置中的重要设备.以裂解气干燥器实际运行周期低于设计周期为切入点,通过对干燥器工艺流程和分子筛再生脱水过程分析,明确了限制干燥器运行周期的主要因素为进干燥器的裂解气温度、干燥器再生阶段操作条件、再生次数频繁等.通过进行床层水穿透测试,调整裂解气温度,优化再生操作步骤和降低再生操作...     

油页岩干燥特性实验研究

以柳树河油页岩颗粒为原料,在恒温介质干燥器内进行油页岩干燥动力学研究,考察干燥介质温度和颗粒直径对油页岩干燥性能的影响,采用薄层干燥模型中的Lewis模型,对油页岩干燥实验数据进行模拟,确定油页岩干燥方程和干燥速率方程,建立油页岩干燥常数表达式。研究结果表明:薄层干燥模型中Lewis模型能较好的描述油页岩在恒温介质干燥器内的干燥过程;其干燥过程主要发生在降速干燥阶段;200℃时油页岩无性质变化,干燥达到平衡时,油页岩含水量可降到0.5%左右,油页岩表观活化能为17～19kJ/mol。     

双桨叶干燥器在聚碳酸酯干燥中的应用

介绍了双桨叶式干燥器的流程及结构特点,使用双桨叶干燥器对聚碳酸酯树脂粉料进行干燥处理,通过绘制干燥曲线,初步验证了双桨叶干燥器在聚碳酸酯干燥过程中应用的可行性。     

强化气固两相并流干燥传递过程的模型与计算

对气固两相并流流动的干燥过程的强化方式进行了研究，对脉冲流动中气固两相的运动与传递方程提出了模型并进行了数值计算，同时对相同条件下直管型干燥器的干燥过程进行了计算与比较。实际应用结果表明，该计算模型能较好地反应气固两相并流流动干燥过程的规律。     

《石油化工设备设计选用手册》——《干燥器》分册出版发行

本书内容以工程应用、设计选用为主,阐述了干燥过程的基础原理,介绍了箱式干燥器、带式干燥器、气流干燥器、流化床干燥器、喷雾干燥器、回转圆筒干燥器、转鼓干燥器、搅拌式干燥器、冷冻干燥器、微波干燥     

Drying of Suspensions in the Draft Tube Spouted Bed

A draft tube spouted bed dryer with inert particles was used for drying suspensions. The effects of the operating conditions on dryer throughput and product quality were investigated. Experiments were performed in a cylindrical column 215 mm in diameter with a draft tube 70 mm in diameter and 900 mm in length. The bed was made of polyethylene particles, 3.3 mm in diameter with a density of 921 kg/m³. The fungicide Zineb, calcium carbonate, calcium stearate and pure water were used as feeding materials. A drying model using the continuity and momentum equations for turbulent accelerating two‐phase flows and conventional rate equations is proposed and discussed. The work is relevant for estimating dryer performance.     

A Three-Dimensional Simulation of a Spray Dryer Fitted with a Rotary Atomizer

Spray dryers fitted with rotary atomizers are commonly used in diverse industries to produce engineered powders on a large scale. Scale-up of such units is still largely empirical and based on prior experience and know-how. In the present study, a three-dimensional spray dryer with rotary atomizer is investigated numerically with a commercial CFD code. Continuous-phase, i.e., air, conservation equations are formulated in the Eulerian model while the droplet or particle equations are set up in the Lagrangian model. Two-way coupling between the continuous and dispersed phases is taken into account in the governing equations. The stochastic approach is used to predict the particle trajectories. The RNG k - ε turbulence model was used. Typical results, viz. air velocity, temperature, humidity profiles, and particle trajectories are presented and discussed. Compared with the pressure nozzle spray dryer, more volume of drying chamber is used effectively by the rotating disc type spray dryer. It is found that evaporation and drying take place mainly in the region and in the vicinity of first contact between air and spray. A parametric study is presented and, where appropriate, comparison is made with experimental data obtained with the simulated spray dryer.     

UNSTEADY-STATE SIMULATION OF A MDLTI-STAGE CONCURRENT-FLOW MAIZE DRYER

An unsteady - state model of concurrent-flow maize drying was developed. It consists of a set of four partial differential equations (PDE) which are solved by finite differences. The PDE model was verified by comparing it to the steady-state concurrent-flow dryer simulation. The model was used for the development of a process model which in turn is to be employed for the design of an automatic control system of a two-stage concurrent-flow dryer.     

UNSTEADY-STATE SIMULATION OF A MDLTI-STAGE CONCURRENT-FLOW MAIZE DRYER

An unsteady - state model of concurrent-flow maize drying was developed. It consists of a set of four partial differential equations (PDE) which are solved by finite differences. The PDE model was verified by comparing it to the steady-state concurrent-flow dryer simulation. The model was used for the development of a process model which in turn is to be employed for the design of an automatic control system of a two-stage concurrent-flow dryer.     

A Three-Dimensional Simulation of a Spray Dryer Fitted with a Rotary Atomizer

Abstract

Spray dryers fitted with rotary atomizers are commonly used in diverse industries to produce engineered powders on a large scale. Scale-up of such units is still largely empirical and based on prior experience and know-how. In the present study, a three-dimensional spray dryer with rotary atomizer is investigated numerically with a commercial CFD code. Continuous-phase, i.e., air, conservation equations are formulated in the Eulerian model while the droplet or particle equations are set up in the Lagrangian model. Two-way coupling between the continuous and dispersed phases is taken into account in the governing equations. The stochastic approach is used to predict the particle trajectories. The RNG k ? ? turbulence model was used. Typical results, viz. air velocity, temperature, humidity profiles, and particle trajectories are presented and discussed. Compared with the pressure nozzle spray dryer, more volume of drying chamber is used effectively by the rotating disc type spray dryer. It is found that evaporation and drying take place mainly in the region and in the vicinity of first contact between air and spray. A parametric study is presented and, where appropriate, comparison is made with experimental data obtained with the simulated spray dryer.     

Mathematical Modeling the Drying of Poplar Wood Particles in a Closed-Loop Triple Pass Rotary Dryer

Closed-loop drying systems are an attractive alternative to conventional drying systems because they provide a wide range of potential advantages. Consequently, type of drying process is attracting increased interest. Rotary drying of wood particles can be assumed as an incorporated process involving fluid–solid interactions and simultaneous heat and mass transfer within and between the particles. Understanding these mechanisms during rotary drying processes may result in determination of the optimum drying parameters and improved dryer design. In this study, due to the complexity and nonlinearity of the momentum, heat, and mass transfer equations, a computerized mathematical model of a closed-loop triple-pass concurrent rotary dryer was developed to simulate the drying behavior of poplar wood particles within the dryer drums. Wood particle moisture content and temperature, drying air temperature, and drying air humidity ratio along the drums lengths can be simulated using this model. The model presented in this work has been shown to successfully predict the steady-state behavior of a concurrent rotary dryer and can be used to analyze the effects of various drying process parameters on the performance of the closed-loop triple-pass rotary dryer to determine the optimum drying parameters. The model was also used to simulate the performance of industrial closed-loop rotary dryers under various operating conditions.     

STEAM DRYING OF WOOD CHIPS IN PNEUMATIC CONVEYING DRYERS

A model for a pneumatic conveying dryer is presented. Although the main emphasis is put on superheated steam drying of wood chips, it can be used for other porous materials as well

The model includes a comprehensive two-dimensional model for the drying of single wood chips which accounts for the main physical mechanisms occurring in wood during drying. The external drying conditions in a pneumatic conveying dryer were calculated by applying the mass, heat and momentum equations for each incremental step in dryer length. A plug flow assumption was made for the dryer model and the single particle and dryer models were solved in an iterative manner. The non-spherical nature of wood chips were accounted for by measuring the drag and heat transfer coefficients

Model calculations illustrate the complex interactions between steam, particles and walls which occur in a flash dryer. The drying rate varies in a very complex manner through the dryer. The internal resistance to mass transfer becomes very important in The drying of less permeable wood species such as spruce. Two effects were observed as the particle size was increased: firstly the heat transfer rate decreased, and secondly the residence time increased. To some extent, these effects compensate for each other, however, the net result is that larger chips have a higher final moisture content.     

STEAM DRYING OF WOOD CHIPS IN PNEUMATIC CONVEYING DRYERS

ABSTRACT

A model for a pneumatic conveying dryer is presented. Although the main emphasis is put on superheated steam drying of wood chips, it can be used for other porous materials as well

The model includes a comprehensive two-dimensional model for the drying of single wood chips which accounts for the main physical mechanisms occurring in wood during drying. The external drying conditions in a pneumatic conveying dryer were calculated by applying the mass, heat and momentum equations for each incremental step in dryer length. A plug flow assumption was made for the dryer model and the single particle and dryer models were solved in an iterative manner. The non-spherical nature of wood chips were accounted for by measuring the drag and heat transfer coefficients

Model calculations illustrate the complex interactions between steam, particles and walls which occur in a flash dryer. The drying rate varies in a very complex manner through the dryer. The internal resistance to mass transfer becomes very important in The drying of less permeable wood species such as spruce. Two effects were observed as the particle size was increased: firstly the heat transfer rate decreased, and secondly the residence time increased. To some extent, these effects compensate for each other, however, the net result is that larger chips have a higher final moisture content.     

Modeling and design of an industrial dryer with convective and radiant heating

Industrial equipment for drying polymeric coatings normally consists of a series of zones, each with a controlled temperature and airflow. Drying of a polymer–solvent solution is strongly affected by the variation of diffusivity, solvent vapor pressure, and solvent activity with temperature and composition. The equations of mass transfer by diffusion and of heat transfer by conduction and radiation describe changes in composition and temperature within the shrinking coating. This system of equations is solved by Galerkin's method with finite element basis functions. The boundary conditions on dryer airflow and temperature change at the entrance to each zone. In a few test cases, the predictions show how evaporative cooling can slow drying in early zones where the coating temperature drops below the dryer temperature, whereas in later zones the coating temperature rapidly approaches the dryer temperature. Infrared heating can be used to reduce the extent of evaporative cooling. In the test cases and experiments, “blistering” occurs in later zones where high oven temperature causes the solvent partial pressure to rise; dryer parameters can be chosen to maintain solvent partial pressure just below ambient pressure in order to avoid “blistering” with least sacrifice of process speed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.