惰质组含量对上湾煤液化性能的影响

对不同惰质组分含量的上湾煤样进行了高压釜煤液化实验。在反应温度440～465℃,氢初压7～11 MPa条件下,研究了5种不同惰质组含量的上湾煤的液化性能。结果表明:在反应温度为440～465℃内,随着温度的升高,除惰质组含量最高的5号煤样在温度高于465℃时转化率开始下降以外,其余不同惰质组含量的4种煤的转化率、油产率、气产率和氢耗均随着温度的升高而增加,沥青烯产率随温度的升高而减小;随着氢初压的增加,不同显微组含量的煤的转化率和油产率增加,沥青烯产率减小。惰质组含量越高,煤的转化率和油收率越低。     

工艺因素对神东煤直接液化性能的影响

采用间歇式高压釜,模拟示范工程反应条件,在不同反应温度和停留时间下,考察了神东煤直接液化性能.结果表明,随着反应温度的提高,转化率增加,油产率先增加后降低,气产率增加,沥青质产率减少;随着停留时间的增加,转化率增加,油产率和气产率均增加,沥青质产率下降;适宜的反应温度和停留时间分别为455℃和120 min.     

两种西部煤的化学结构及加氢液化性能

为探究西部煤的加氢液化反应性能,对新疆淖毛湖煤和内蒙古不连沟煤在间歇高压反应釜中进行了加氢液化实验,借助固体13 C-NMR和FTIR分析手段,对比研究了不同类型碳和官能团在两种煤及反应中间产物沥青质(PAA)中的分布.结果发现:淖毛湖煤的转化率和油产率分别为96.33%和47.86%,明显高于不连沟煤的转化率(76.18%)和油产率(23.44%).煤中脂肪碳和芳香碳所占比例是造成加氢液化反应转化率差异的主要因素,脂肪类和芳香类官能团的含量与反应性的关系分别呈正相关和负相关;液化油产率与原料煤中亚甲基碳和次甲基碳含量有关;与原煤相比,沥青质中的脂肪碳比例减少而芳香碳比例增加,说明脂肪碳是加氢过程中发生裂解加氢的主要活性结构.     

新疆东疆褐煤直接加氢液化特性

为实现新疆东疆煤的清洁高效利用,对新疆东疆褐煤进行煤质与组成分析,以新疆东疆褐煤与加氢溶剂为原料,在500 m L搅拌式高压釜中进行加氢液化的过程调控试验,考察了反应温度、反应压力和停留时间对氢耗率、气产率、转化率、油产率、沥青质产率的影响规律,探究了不同工艺参数对液化性能及各类产物分布的内在作用机制,进行了0. 01 t/d连续试验的验证,并深入解析了液化初级油品的结构组成特征。结果表明,新疆东疆褐煤液化活性组分高达90%,具有高挥发分和高H/C原子比的煤质特征,在反应温度430℃,反应压力15 MPa和60 min的缓和反应条件下,煤的转化率高达94%,油产率57%,依然呈现出与传统反应条件(反应温度450℃,反应压力17 MPa,反应时间60min)相当的反应性能和液化效果,是一种适宜直接加氢液化的优质原料,反应条件的缓和使反应器温控更加平稳,有利于降低大型液化设备的能耗。过程调控表明,反应温度升至430℃,有效促进了煤和沥青质向油和气的转化,导致转化率和油产率增加;高氢压有利于氢气在液化体系中的溶解,有利于稳定自由基碎片,增强了沥青质中稠环芳烃加氢向小分子的转化; 30 min新疆东疆褐煤已呈现出良好的液化效果和反应性能,时间延长至90 min,铁系催化剂的活性相Fe7S8在加氢液化反应过程中逐渐转变为Fe9S10,甚至是FeS等非活性态,催化能力明显降低,引发了沥青质的缩聚反应,导致沥青质产率升高,转化率和油产率下降。0. 01 t/d新疆东疆褐煤连续试验获得的直接加氢液化初级油保留了煤的一些结构组成特征,具有高密度、高芳烃、高氮低硫的特点,220℃馏分油20℃密度为851. 2 kg/m~3,220～350℃馏分油20℃密度为953. 5 kg/m-3,2种馏分初级油的主要组成为单环芳烃,均为60%左右,这是由多环芳烃易加氢生成单环芳烃,而单环芳烃加氢或开环反应较为困难所致。220℃馏分油氮含量为2 500×10~(-6),220～350℃馏分油氮含量为4 800×10~(-6),均比各自的硫含量高一个数量级。     

一种煤直接液化复合催化剂的研究

研制了一种复合催化剂,考察了催化剂对神东煤直接液化的催化活性,主要考察了催化剂粒度等因素对直接液化反应的影响,并与煤炭科学研究总院自主研发的863催化剂进行对比.研究结果表明,随着复合催化剂粒径变小,煤液化的转化率和油产率增加;中间产物沥青烯和前沥青烯组分产率基本不变,气产率和氢耗率降低.与863铁基催化剂相比,小于74μm的复合催化剂的催化效果要优于后者.该催化剂中含有一定的镍,镍的强加氢作用使得煤液化反应转化率增加,油产率增加.     

新疆淖毛湖煤直接液化反应行为研究

为研究新疆淖毛湖煤直接液化反应特性和产品分布规律,在0.5 L间歇式高压釜中,以四氢萘为溶剂,纳米氧化铁为催化剂及S为助剂,考察了不同反应温度、反应时间条件对煤转化率和液化产物收率的影响。结果表明:淖毛湖煤易液化,在反应器温度刚加热到425℃时,煤转化率和液化油收率已分别达到96.6%、56.68%;随着反应温度的升高以及反应时间的延长,煤转化率、氢耗、气体产率、油收率逐渐增加,而沥青类物质产率下降,水产率基本保持不变;当反应温度进一步增加以及反应时间继续延长,轻质油将会发生裂解,导致气体产率进一步增加,而油收率有所降低。当反应温度为455℃、反应时间为80 min时,煤转化率达到99.6%,油、沥青和气体收率分别为73.42%、1.64%、16.61%,氢耗为4.85%。基于液化试验结果,建立了5集总的反应动力学模型,采用优化算法获得动力学模型参数,煤转化率、沥青类物质和油气收率的模拟值和试验值的相对误差分别为0.5%、1.0%、8.0%。     

一种煤直接液化复合催化剂的研究

研制了一种复合催化剂,考察了催化剂对神东煤直接液化的催化活性.主要研究了催化剂粒度等因素对直接液化反应的影响,并与煤炭科学研究总院自主研发的863催化剂进行对比.结果表明,随着复合催化剂粒径变小,煤液化的转化率和油产率增加;中间产物沥青烯和前沥青烯组分产率基本不变,气产率和氢耗率降低.与863铁基催化剂相比,小于74μm的复合催化剂催化效果要优于后者.该催化剂中含有一定镍,镍的强加氢作用使得煤液化反应转化率和油产率增加.     

新疆淖毛湖煤加氢液化特性及液化产物中氢的分布规律

以新疆淖毛湖煤和四氢萘为原料,在2L高压釜中进行加氢液化实验,开展新疆淖毛湖煤直接液化过程调控研究,考查了温度、压力、时间及催化剂对氢耗、气产率、转化率、油产率和沥青类物质产率的影响规律,探讨了复杂多相体系液化产物中氢的分布规律,揭示了煤直接加氢液化反应与氢分布规律的内在联系.结果表明:在420℃,15MPa和60min的反应条件下,淖毛湖煤的转化率为94%,油产率为65%,是适宜直接液化的优良煤种;氢较均匀地分布在淖毛湖煤加氢液化的轻质产物(水、150℃馏分油、150℃～260℃馏分油和260℃～350℃馏分油)中,在350℃重质馏分油中分布最高,接近30%;氢在液化产物中的分布与加氢液化反应效果呈现出正相关特征.     

秸秆与兖州煤共液化反应条件的研究

在高压反应釜内,以四氢萘为供氢溶剂,Fe2O3＋S为催化剂,研究了温度、反应时间、初始氢压、配比对兖州煤与秸秆共液化的影响。结果表明,提高反应温度,转化率、油产率增加;延长反应时间对转化率、油产率的影响较小;升高初始氢压,转化率、油产率刚开始增加,6 MPa以后增幅趋缓;在m（秸秆）∶m（兖州煤）=0.5∶9.5时,共液化的油产率为60.45%,比兖州煤单独液化的油产率提高了4.17%;在m（兖州煤）∶m（秸秆）=9.5∶0.5,440℃,8 MPa,90 min的条件下,共液化转化率和油产率达到最大,分别为83.58%和63.1%。     

溶胀煤制备及煤加氢液化性能的研究

在自然和微波条件下,对五彩湾煤进行溶胀处理,进行煤质、电镜、热解、煤的结构-化学指数分类、加氢液化产率和液化残渣热解的分析。实验结果表明:五彩湾煤自然溶胀煤样和微波溶胀煤样的层状和裂纹显著增加,失重量明显增大。煤加氢液化测试结果表明,在氢初压6.0 MPa、溶煤比1.75:1、反应温度450℃和反应时间60 min条件下,气产率由原煤的9.7%,降低到两种溶胀煤均在3.4%左右;油产率由原煤的55.2%,提高到自然溶胀煤的70.1%和微波溶胀煤的74.0%;转化率由原煤的76.8%,增加到自然溶胀煤的82.1%和微波溶胀煤的84.8%。可见,经过溶胀处理,煤加氢液化效果显著。     

Steam gasification of an australian bituminous coal in a fluidized bed

To produce low calorific value gas, Australian coal has been gasified with air and steam in a fluidized bed reactor (0.1 m-I.Dx1.6 m-high) at atmospheric pressure. The effects of fluidizing gas velocity (2–5 U_f/U_mf), reaction temperature (750–900 °C), air/coal ratio (1.6-3.2), and steam/coal ratio (0.63–1.26) on gas composition, gas yield, gas calorific value of the product gas and carbon conversion have been determined. The calorific value and yield of the product gas, cold gas efficiency, and carbon conversion increase with increasing fluidization gas velocity and reaction temperature. With increasing air/coal ratio, carbon conversion, cold gas efficiency and yield of the product gas increase, but the calorific value of the product gas decreases. When steam/coal ratio is increased, cold gas efficiency, yield and calorific value of the product gas increase, but carbon conversion is little changed. Unburned carbon fraction of cyclone fine decreases with increasing fluidization gas velocity, reaction temperature and air/coal ratio, but is nearly constant with increasing steam/coal ratio. Overall carbon conversion decreases with increasing fluidization velocity and air/ coal ratio, but increases with increasing reaction temperature. The particle entrainment rate increases with increasing fluidization velocity, but decreases with increasing reaction temperature. This paper is dedicated to Professor Dong Sup Doh on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

内旋式移动床煤热解新工艺开发及试验

采用2t/d外热内旋式移动床热解试验装置，通过控制反应器物料热解区及粉尘沉降气室区的温度，研究了内旋式移动床工艺温度分布对13mm以下神木煤热解产物产率及性质的影响规律。结果表明：物料热解温度控制为650℃和700℃时，煤料均实现了较好热解，半焦挥发分V_daf降低至10.36%～11.95%；相同物料热解温度，提高粉尘沉降气室温度后，辐射传热作用增强，半焦和焦油产率降低，煤气产率升高；在物料热解温度700℃，粉尘沉降气室温度500℃时，焦油收率Tar_d最高，为7.44%；物料热解温度为650℃，焦油模拟蒸馏360℃以下馏分含量为63.3%～72.0%，物料热解温度700℃时为67.5%～72.2%；相同物料热解温度，提高粉尘沉降气室温度后，焦油中轻油组分减少，洗油和沥青质含量增加，煤气中氢气含量增加；粉尘沉降气室温度达到550℃时，挥发物二次反应作用明显强于450℃和500℃；各工艺条件下，焦油中喹啉不溶物含量均低于1%，最低为0.51%。     

胜利煤与秸秆共液化的研究

选用胜利褐煤和玉米秸秆为原料,在高压反应釜内,对其共液化反应性进行了研究。利用索氏抽提对液相产物进行了分离,系统地考察了反应温度、原料配比、初始氢压和反应时间对胜利煤和秸秆共液化的影响。研究结果表明:秸秆能够有效地促进胜利煤的转化,提高油产率。在反应温度420℃、初始氢压9MPa、秸秆/胜利煤质量配比=2/8和反应时间60min时,胜利煤和秸秆共液化的转化率和油产率分别为99.74%、65.30%。     

流化床稀相段对焦油裂解的影响

为降低煤在热解过程中的焦油产率 ,在一流化床稀相段考察了温度和停留时间对焦油裂解的影响 .结果表明 :焦油转化率随着温度和停留时间的增加而明显提高 ,但其增长幅度却逐渐变小 ,说明继续升高温度和停留时间对降低焦油产率的作用在逐渐减小 .同时温度或停留时间的增加也促进了 H2 ,CO和 CO2 产率的增长 ,对脂肪烃类的影响比较复杂 .在不同温度下 ,气体热值随停留时间的增加均呈下降趋势 .     

Rapid devolatilization and hydrogasification of bituminous coal

Rapid devolatilization and hydrogasification of a Pittsburgh Seam bituminous coal were studied and an appropriate coal conversion (weight loss) model was developed that accounts for thermal decomposition of the coal, secondary char-forming reactions of volatiles, and homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions involving hydrogen. Approximately monolayer samples of coal particles supported on wire mesh heating elements were electrically heated in hydrogen, helium, and mixtures thereof. Coal weight loss (volatiles yield) was measured as a function of residence time (0–20 s), heating rate (65–10000 °C/s), final temperature (400–1100 °C), total pressure (0.0001–7 MPa), hydrogen partial pressure (0–7 MPa), and particle size (70–1000 μm). Volatiles yield under these conditions increases significantly with decreasing pressure, decreasing particle size, increasing hydrogen partial pressure and increasing final temperature, but only slightly with increasing heating rate. The data support the view that coal conversion under these conditions involves numerous parallel thermal decomposition reactions forming primary volatiles and initiating a sequence of secondary reactions leading to char. Intermediates in this char-forming sequence can escape as tar if residence time in the presence of hot coal surfaces is sufficiently short (e.g. low pressures and small particles well dispersed). Hydrogen at sufficiently high partial pressure can interrupt the char-forming sequence thereby increasing volatile yield. Rate of total product generation is largely controlled by coal pyrolysis while competition between mass transfer, secondary reactions, and rapid hydrogenation affects only the relative proportions of volatile and solid products formed.     

Co-liquefaction of lignite and sawdust under syngas

Individual and co-liquefaction of lignite and sawdust (CLLS) under syngas was performed in an autoclave and the effects of temperature, initial syngas pressure, reaction time and ratio of solvent to coal and biomass on the product distribution of CLLS were studied. Sawdust is easier to be liquefied than lignite and the addition of sawdust promotes the liquefaction of lignite. There is some positive synergetic effect during CLLS. In the range of the experimental conditions investigated, the oil yield of CLLS increases with the increase of temperature, reaction time (10-30 min) and the ratio of the solvent to the feedstock (0-3), but varies little with the increase of initial syngas pressure. Accordingly, the total conversion, the yield of preasphaltene and asphaltene (PA + A) and gas, changes by the difference in operation conditions of liquefaction. The gas products are mainly CO and CO₂ with a few C₁-C₄ components. The syngas can replace the pure hydrogen during CLLS. The optimized operation conditions in the present work for CLLS are as follows: syngas, temperature 360 °C, initial cold pressure 3.5 MPa, reaction time 30 min, the ratio of solvent to coal and sawdust 3:1. Water gas shift reaction occurs between CO in the syngas and H₂O from coal and sawdust moisture during the co-liquefaction, producing the active hydrogen which increases the conversion of liquefaction and decreases the hydrogen consumption.     

滴管炉内不同煤阶煤焦水蒸气气化反应特性

在滴管炉内对煤焦与水蒸气气化反应进行了实验研究,考察了煤阶、气化温度、水蒸气与进料煤焦质量比（气焦比）对气化气体产物释放特性以及煤焦转化率的影响。实验温度为1100、1200、1300和1400℃,气焦比分别为0.4：1、0.6：1和1：1。研究发现：滴管炉内不同煤焦的水蒸气气化气体产物以H₂含量最高,CH₄含量最低。不同煤阶热解焦、气化温度以及气焦比的变化影响滴管炉内水蒸气气化产物气体组成和转化率的高低。随气化温度的升高,神府煤焦和北宿煤焦气化气体产物中H₂和CO产率不断增大,H₂/CO的比值则逐渐减小,碳转化率有不断增加的趋势。在气化温度大于1200℃的条件下,当气焦比从0.4：1增至0.6：1,神府煤焦和北宿煤焦的碳转化率变化幅度不大（5%以内）;当气焦比从0.6：1增至1：1,北宿煤焦的碳转化率略微降低,而神府煤焦的碳转化率增幅则在15%以上。     

兖州煤与大庆减压渣油共处理的研究

采用大庆减压渣油与兖州煤共处理，详细考察了共处理过程对煤液化转化率的影响，并借助棒状薄层色谱（ＴＬＣ－ＦＩＤ）通过对原料组成的考察，论证了大庆减压渣油在共处理过程的作用。结果表明，大庆减压渣油是煤液化的不良溶剂，当它与兖州煤共处理时，能降低兖州煤的液化能力。共处理过程中延长反应时间与升高反应温度有类似的效果，均使甲苯不溶物－前沥青烯含量降低，促进煤液化产物向小分子方向转化。在共处理中大庆减压渣油在     

内构件固定床反应器中不同水分煤的热解特性

通过在有无内构件(传热板和中心集气管)固定床反应器中研究不同水分含量煤的热解特性,考察了两反应器中煤料的升温特性、热解产物分布、焦油品质以及气体产物组成和半焦热值。结果表明,内构件可以强化传热和调节热解产物在反应器内的流动,相对无内构件反应器,有内构件反应器的反应时间缩短近一半。在有内构件反应器中,当煤水分增加,导致煤热解反应要求的时间延长,焦油中轻质组分(沸点低于360℃)含量明显升高,焦油收率先增加后降低,热解水和热解气产率升高,而无内构件反应器的热解产物无明显差异。当加热温度900℃时,煤水分从0.41%(本文中无特殊说明的均为质量分数) 增加至11.68%,焦油产率从9.21%增长到10.74%;当煤水分增加到15.93%,焦油产量下降到10.26%。两反应器气体平均组成随水分增加的变化趋势相似,气体热值均随水分增加呈下降趋势。     

Influence of temperature on the hydrogenation of Australian Loy-Yang brown coal. 1. Oxygen removal from coal and product distribution

A study is made of the composition of the solid, liquid and gaseous fractions produced by hydrogenation of Australian Loy-Yang brown coal at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C. The high oxygen content of the coal (25.5 wt%) is not found to result in a proportionally higher hydrogen consumption when compared to previously published results for a coal with approximately half the oxygen content. Oxygen is found to be removed from the coal mainly as carbon dioxide and water, most probably by decarboxylation and dehydration reactions. At temperatures up to ≈400 °C hydrogen is consumed almost solely by transference from the solvent tetralin to the coal. By this temperature both the maximum degree of conversion and the maximum oil yield are reached. The heavy oil fraction at 400 °C is composed mainly of asphaltenes and preasphaltenes. Above 400 °C hydrogen is consumed from both solvent and gas. A major part of this appears to be involved in the stabilization of decomposition products from the tetralin. The yield of pentane-soluble material is relatively constant up to 450 °C, however, at higher temperatures conversion of asphaltenes and preasphaltenes to pentane-solubles occurs in conjunction with gasification to C₁–C₃ hydrocarbons. Despite the fact hydrogen consumption and oxygen removal both increase with rising hydrogenation temperature, the H/C atomic ratio for the three heavy oil fractions decreases over the same range.